Flicker mitigation in a doubly fed induction generator wind turbine system

This paper describes a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) control for wind energy generation. The DFIG model is established and the adopted control strategies for machine side and grid side converters are described. Flicker phenomenon is defined and its emission of variable speed wind turbine with DFIG during continuous operation is studied. Calculation of flicker severity is evaluated using flickermeter. Appropriate vector power control of the machine side converter is proposed and applied to achieve flicker mitigation.     

双馈感应风力发电机实现LVRT控制策略研究

根据最新的风电场接入电网规定,在电网发生故障情况下风力发电机组应能保持与电网的连接。电网电压跌落是电网故障常见的形式之一,所以如何提高双馈感应风力发电机组低电压穿越能力成为了当今风电技术的研究热点。本文根据低电压穿越技术的基本原则,通过改进转子侧的控制策略和增加保护电路的方案来实现低电压穿越技术。通过仿真研究表明,改进的控制策略可以有效的抑制转子侧过电流,能够有效的提高双馈感应风力发电机在故障期间的低电压穿越能力。     

Output feedback control of wind energy conversion system involving a doubly fed induction generator

This paper deals with the problem of controlling a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), by IGBT‐based back‐to‐back rectifier‐inverter. The goal of control is to maximize wind energy extraction letting the wind turbine rotor operate in a variable‐speed mode. Interestingly, the present study features the achievement of the above energetic goal without resorting to sensors for wind velocity. The control strategy involves: (i) an output feedback non‐linear regulator designed by the backstepping technique and based on the use of a high gain observer; (ii) a sensorless online reference‐speed optimizer designed using the turbine power characteristic to achieve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) requirement. It is formally shown that the proposed controller actually meets its control objectives. This theoretical result is confirmed by several simulations.     

Robust nonlinear controller design of wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator by using Hamiltonian energy approach

Based on Hamiltonian energy theory, this paper proposes a robust nonlinear controller for the wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), such that the closed-loop system can achieve its stability. Furthermore, in the presence of disturbances, the closed-loop system is finite-gain L2 stable by the Hamiltonian controller. The Hamiltonian energy approach provides us a physical insight and gives a new way to the controller design. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed method is effective and has its advantage.     

Energy-based modeling and control for grid-side converter of doubly fed wind generator

To avoid dealing with the zero dynamics limitation brought by the bidirectional power flow through the back-to-back converter in a doubly fed wind generator,a new energy-based modeling and control approach for the gridside converter is presented.During the modeling process,the grid-side converter is divided into two subsystems with the feedback interconnection structure,and the interactive matrix of the model takes into account the concrete port structure. Then,an energy-based controller is proposed to realize the grid-side control objectives based on the new model.Simulation studies are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink.Comparative results between the proportional-integral controller and the energy-based controller show that the latter one can obtain faster convergence rate and global stability as the load current varies.Moreover,the energy-based controller is also competent for grid-side control when simulated in a 2 MW wind energy conversion system with random wind.     

Power control of a doubly fed induction generator connected to the power grid

In this paper, the regulation control problem of the active and reactive power at the common connection point between a doubly fed induction generator and the grid is approached. The proposed controller is developed exploiting the passivity properties of the considered model for the control system. It is considered the existence of a wind turbine that delivers a time-varying torque to the generation unit which exhibits a highly nonlinear structure due to the variations of the wind speed. From a theoretical perspective, the main feature of the contribution lies in the fact that it is formally proved that the equilibrium point of the closed-loop system that corresponds to the desired power exhibits practical global asymptotic stability properties. This characteristic is obtained applying well-known theory from the perturbed nonlinear dynamical systems theory. However, in the numerical evaluation of the proposed controller, it is illustrated how these properties are indeed stronger since asymptotic stability is achieved.     

Intelligent-controlled doubly fed induction generator system using PFNN

An intelligent-controlled doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) system using probabilistic fuzzy neural network (PFNN) is proposed in this study. This system can be applied as a stand-alone power supply system or as the emergency power system when the electricity grid fails for all sub-synchronous, synchronous, and super-synchronous conditions. The rotor side converter is controlled using the field-oriented control to produce three-phase stator voltages with constant magnitude and frequency at different rotor speeds. Moreover, the grid side converter, which is also controlled using field-oriented control, is primarily implemented to maintain the magnitude of the DC-link voltage. Furthermore, an intelligent PFNN controller is proposed for both the rotor and grid side converters to improve the transient and steady-state responses of the DFIG system at different operating conditions. The network structure, online learning algorithm, and convergence analyses of the PFNN are introduced in detail. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed control scheme is verified using some experimental results.     

功率硬件在环双馈风机仿真系统

基于模型设计开发的理念设计了功率硬件在环双馈风机仿真系统。该仿真系统由上位机、转速采集卡、变频器、异步电机硬件在环仿真实际风机,双馈电机采用模块式背靠背双PWM变流器控制。变流器采用双控制器控制,NI通用控制器进行PWM驱动控制,TI-28335 DSP辅助控制,NI控制器的程序由Simulink模型直接生成,辅助控制器运行普通控制算法、逻辑、软件保护,可根据实验需求配置两者的输出控制量。该系统能够完成各种复杂工况的研究,可以由Simulink模型直接生成控制器运行代码,能够快速实现变流器的复杂控制算法,提高科研效率,降低测试成本。     

Dynamic performance improvement of an isolated wind turbine induction generator

A dynamic model of a variable speed stand alone wind generation system is developed. The transient performance of the system under variable wind gust and other disturbance conditions has been studied. It has been observed that a stand alone generator is very vulnerable to transient disturbances in the system. A variable susceptance excitation control system, installed at the generator terminal, has been shown to improve the dynamic performance of the system following transient disturbances. Additional pole-placement based PI and PID controllers in the excitation control circuit are shown to control the violently oscillating and even growing transients very effectively. The robustness of the proposed controller has been tested for various disturbances and also for a range of operation.     

Doubly-fed wind turbine generator control: A bond graph approach

In this contribution, a bond graph doubly-fed wind turbine generator control is proposed. The control law is derived from the inverse model of the doubly-fed induction generator, which allows a different structure for the torque control to be obtained. The bond graph methodology and the concept of bicausality are applied to derive the control law. The robustness of the proposed control is verified and the simulation of the complete model is conducted for constant and variable wind speed operation conditions, respectively.     

Power control of a doubly fed induction machine via output feedback

A new output feedback control algorithm for a doubly fed induction machine (DFIM) is presented. The asymptotic regulation of active and reactive power is achieved by means of direct closed-loop control of active and reactive components of the stator current vector, presented in a line-voltage-oriented reference frame. To get the maximum generality of the solution, the usual assumption of negligible stator resistance is not made. A full-order DFIM model is used for the control algorithm development. The proposed control system is robust with respect to bounded machine parameter variations and errors on rotor position measurement. In the paper, it is also shown how the proposed current control algorithm can be modified in order to achieve asymptotic active current tracking and zero reactive current stabilization during steady state. An extension for the speed control objective and output EMF control during the excitation–synchronization stage are also presented. Simulation and experimental tests demonstrate high dynamic performance and robustness of the control algorithm for typical operating conditions. The proposed controller is suitable for both energy generation and electrical drive application with restricted speed variation range.     

双馈风机自适应神经分散协调预测控制

目前,双馈感应发电机转子侧励磁控制系统均依据"孤立"模型设计."孤立"模型忽略了各子系统之间、各控制器之间的相互作用,因此这种控制器仅对改善本系统的控制特性有一定作用.针对以上情况,提出了一种自适应神经分散协调控制策略,并将其应用于双馈感应发电机转子侧励磁控制系统仿真研究中.首先,利用电力关联测量法建立了基于本地变量的双馈风机关联测量模型.其次,以关联测量模型作为预测模型,采用多模型预测控制器对双馈风机转子侧励磁系统进行控制.最后,利用可在线调整的人工神经网络作为多模型加权控制器以补偿双馈风机强非线性、工作区间变化范围大的特点.主导特征值分析和动态仿真表明:该控制策略不仅实现了高精度的最大功率跟踪控制,而且在电力系统故障时可提供持续的、充足的阻尼.     

Dynamic state estimation of a doubly fed induction generator based on a comprehensive nonlinear model

One important challenge in controller design for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) or dynamic analysis of networks with DFIGs, is its nonlinearity besides invisibility of some important state variables. In this paper, a state estimation algorithm based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is proposed for grid connected DFIG. A complete 15th order nonlinear model of DFIG equipped with a nonlinear controller is utilized, and all state equations are derived in appropriate form to be used for EKF. The results of the proposed state estimation algorithm can be used for modeling and analysis of any disturbance such as wind speed variations or faults occurrence in the network. To obtain electrical measures required for state estimation, a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is utilized and all measurement and process noise are modeled. Accuracy of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by five different case studies covering the effect of initial guess for state variables, the effect of process and measurement noises, variation in wind speed and occurrence of a solid short circuit close to the DFIG. The simulation results demonstrate robustness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm in estimating dynamic state variables.     

Robust nonlinear control strategy to maximize energy capture in a variable speed wind turbine with an internal induction generator

This paper proposes a control strategy to maximize the wind energy captured in a variable speed wind turbine,with an internal induction generator,at low to medium wind speeds.The proposed strategy cont...     

基于PR调节器的双馈感应风力发电机控制研究

针对传统的双dq、PI调节器控制策略在不对称跌落下所带来的延时问题,提出了一种基于PR调节器的控制策略:采用功率闭环得到转子侧变换器所需的正序电流给定量,通过抑制电磁转矩二倍频来计算负序电流给定量。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果表明,基于PR调节器的控制策略很好地解决了延时问题,且与双dq、PI调节器控制策略相比,控制性能更优。     

Intelligent control of doubly‐fed induction generator systems using PIDNNs

An intelligent control for a stand‐alone doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG) system using a proportional‐integral‐derivative neural network (PIDNN) is proposed in this study. This system can be applied as a stand‐alone power supply system or as the emergency power system when the electricity grid fails for all sub‐synchronous, synchronous, and super‐synchronous conditions. The rotor side converter is controlled using field‐oriented control to produce 3‐phase stator voltages with constant magnitude and frequency at different rotor speeds. Moreover, the grid side converter, which is also controlled using field‐oriented control, is primarily implemented to maintain the magnitude of the DC‐link voltage. Furthermore, the intelligent PIDNN controller is proposed for both the rotor and grid side converters to improve the transient and steady‐state responses of the DFIG system for different operating conditions. Both the network structure and online learning algorithm are introduced in detail. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed control scheme is verified through experimentation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

直驱式永磁风力发电机软并网与功率调节的控制集成

为实现直驱式永磁同步风力发电机无冲击并网与风能最大跟踪控制, 设计了一种软并网与功率调节一体化的控制集成装置. 基于广义功角特性, 提出了一种对逆变器输出功率进行直接控制, 从而实现最大风能跟踪的控制策略. 新的控制策略可使发电机的转速按所期待的动态运动, 因而具有良好的静态与动态性能. 另外, 该控制律中对电机参数具有很强的鲁棒性, 因而该控制器能适应各种不同参数的同步风力发电机, 成为同步风力发电并网与功率调节的独立装置.     

Efficient residuals pre-processing for diagnosing multi-class faults in a doubly fed induction generator,under missing data scenarios

This paper focuses on the development of a pre-processing module to generate the latent residuals for sensor fault diagnosis in a doubly fed induction generator of a wind turbine. The pre-processing module bridges a gap between the residual generation and decision modules. The inputs of the pre-processing module are batches of residuals generated by a combined set of observers that are robust to operating point changes. The outputs of the pre-processing module are the latent residuals which are progressively fed into the decision module, a dynamic weighting ensemble of fault classifiers that incrementally learns the residuals-faults relationships and dynamically classifies the faults including multiple new classes.The pre-processing module consists of the Wold cross-validation algorithm along with the non-linear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) that projects the residual to the new feature space, extracts the latent information among the residuals and estimates the optimal number of principal components to form the latent residuals. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of this approach, even in the incomplete scenarios, i.e., the missing data in the batches of generated residuals due to sensor failures.     

兆瓦级风电机组变桨距过程动态仿真

在分析风电机组变桨距调节原理的基础上,建立了包含风力机、变桨距执行系统、变桨距控制算法、变桨速率、动态尾流、塔架动态、传感器响应的变桨距风电机组整体动态数学模型。以此为基础,运用MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真模拟平台搭建了变桨距风电机组动态仿真模型。以阵风为例,运用该模型对一台1.5 MW的风电机组进行了变桨距过程动态特性仿真。仿真结果与简化模型仿真结果对比表明：建立的模型能很好地描述变桨距过程中的机械转矩过冲、桨距角滞后等动态特性,弥补了现有各种模型过于简化的不足。