一种适用于H.264的时域差错掩盖改进算法

视频压缩码流在信道传输时 ,由于受到信道带宽或者稳定性的影响 ,容易发生数据的损坏或者丢失 ,这样不仅会对当前的视频帧产生影响 ,而且差错会延续到随后的视频帧 ,因此 ,需要采用某种技术来降低差错的影响。针对这一问题 ,在对最新视频压缩标准 H.2 6 4研究的基础上 ,基于 H.2 6 4标准的框架 ,对已有的差错掩盖算法进行了改进 ,提出了适合 H.2 6 4编码标准的时域子块匹配差错掩盖算法。该算法首先采用 8× 8的子块代替 16× 16的宏块 ,作为差错掩盖的运算单元 ,然后对不同的子块采用不同的边界像素 ,利用边界匹配算法 ,并通过改进的 1/ 4像素精度菱形搜索法在参考帧内找到最佳匹配块。实验结果证明 ,由于该算法有效地利用了 H.2 6 4压缩码流里的信息 ,因此 ,同传统的时域差错掩盖算法相比 ,对差错信号有更好的恢复效果。     

一种基于小波分析的多分辨运动补偿视频编码器的设计

为了在甚低比特率下实现对数字视频的有效压缩和编码,提出了一种混合的多分辨运动补偿零树视频编码方案。在该编码方案中,运动矢量的获取采用了可变块大小的多分辨运动估计算法,运动估算在小波域中进行。编码器的核心部分是同基于内容的自适应量化方法相结合的预测误差帧的小波零树编码,它产生了一种具有嵌入特征的比特流,从而为精确的速率控制和基于内容的位流调节提供了可能。基于上述编码方案的实验表明:在甚低比特率下,所提出的编码方案在峰值信噪比和恢复视频的主观质量方面都具有较好的性能。     

码率可分级小波视频编码算法的研究

对于多种视频传输业务,传统的分层可分级性已不能很好地满足要求,编码器需要提供码率可分级性.采用改进的零树小波编码算法生成了高性能的嵌入式码流,实现了一个码率可分级视频编解码器.而在码率可分级编解码算法中,同一码流需要在较大的码率范围内保持编码效率.目前的解决方案在目标码率提高时,重建图像的质量得不到有效的改善.指出了码率可分级编码算法不仅要考虑误差扩散问题,还要考虑帧间依赖关系,并提出了一种新的算法.实验结果表明,该算法使同一码流能在多种码率下提供更好的重建图像的质量,而且所提算法可用于其他采用运动补偿算     

一种适用于无线视频传输I帧的稳健容错算法

在没有服务质量保证的无线传输环境中，按照传统视频编码标准压缩的码流很容易遭到破坏，这在I帧中尤为突出。因此需要对传统视频压缩标准加以改进以提高在无线传输环境中的自身容错性能。针对这一问题提出了一种用于提高视频流I帧容错能力的算法。该算法首先对视频流中不同部分对发生在自身的码位错误所引起误差传播的敏感度进行分析，然后以此分析结果和I帧重建中码流信息的不同重要性作为决定I帧码流中重要信息的原则，最终通过对这些I帧中的重要信息加以保护、提取和集中，以减少发生帧内误差传播范围。通过H.263＋baseline测试码流在加性高斯白噪声无线信道仿真实验的结果可以证明，该算法在增加少量冗余信息和计算复杂度的情况下，相比参考算法在主观和客观质量上都有较大幅度的提高。     

跳帧转码的运动矢量合成研究

由于终端设备、通信网络的异构性，视频服务需要提供跳帧转码功能，而直接使用输入码流运动矢量的视频跳帧算法导致视频质量下降严重．在前向主导运动矢量选择算法的基础上，讨论了运动矢量合成时运动矢量越界和主导帧内块不同处理方法对视频质量的影响，提出基于帧内刷新结构的前向主导运动矢量选择算法．实验结果表明，该算法可以有效阻断错误漂移，降低码率，提高视频质量．     

Digital video watermarking based on intra prediction modes for audio video coding standard

Digital video watermarking provides means for carrying information targeted for synchronization, error resilience or copyright protection. However, it is difficult to get a good trade-off between the embedding capacity, imperceptibility and efficiency. In this paper, a novel digital video watermarking algorithm based on intra prediction modes of AVS (audio video coding standard) is proposed. The algorithm hides one bit in each qualified intra 8 × 8 luma block by modifying intra 8 × 8 prediction modes based on the mapping rules between the modes and hidden bits. The specific positions of the host 8 × 8 blocks are determined by the features of every block and a position template indicated by the key. Watermark information can be retrieved by decoding the intra prediction modes from bitstream, requiring neither original media nor complete video decoding. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has little impact on video quality and video stream features. A comparatively high embedding rate is obtained with little impact on bit rate.     

DVC中基于亚像素MCI的边信息重建

为了提高边信息重建质量从而提升分布式视频编码的压缩性能,在引入一种基于整像素运动补偿内插(MCI)的边信息重建算法的基础上,提出基于1/2像素和基于1/4像素的亚像素MCI边信息重建算法。实验结果表明,2种算法能有效提高边信息质量,在不改变编码端复杂度的情况下,明显提升视频编码系统的率失真性能。     

Online smoothness with dropping partial data based on advanced video coding stream

Most studies of smoothing video stream compute the required bit rate of video transmission to satisfy all the transmitted data. In this paper, our proposed online smoothing with tolerable data dropping algorithm can adjust the bit rate as smooth as possible. Several multimedia encoding schemes, such as advanced video coding (AVC), can support partial data dropping to adapt to available bandwidth network. The AVC stream can be adapted by smoothing algorithm to ensure video quality for a given set of constraints where these constraints may be either static after the session set up or may dynamically change over the session duration. Our algorithm is based on the online minimum variance bandwidth allocation algorithm to look ahead a window of frames, dynamically adjusting the required bit rate such that ensuring smoothness when the buffer encounters underflow or overflow for video stream. Furthermore, we add the scheme of data dropping into this algorithm to increase the possibility of smoothing bit rates. The experimental results show the peak rate, the average ratio of dropped data, and the coefficient of variation for five test sequences with different content characteristics such as the average frame size, the peak/mean ratio of frame size, and the average frame bit rate. Experimental parameters are varied by window sizes and tolerable dropping ratios. The algorithm can significantly reduce the peak rate and the coefficient of variation when the transmitted packets are allowed dropping by a user-defined dropping ratio.     

Optimal Coding of Multilayer and Multiversion Video Streams

Traditional video servers partially cope with heterogeneous client populations by maintaining a few versions of the same stream with different bit rates. More recent video servers leverage multilayer scalable coding techniques to customize the quality for individual clients. In both cases, heuristic, error-prone, techniques are currently used by administrators to determine either the rate of each stream version, or the granularity and rate of each layer in a multilayer scalable stream. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to determine the optimal rate and encoding granularity of each layer in a scalable video stream that maximizes a system-defined utility function for a given client distribution. The proposed algorithm can be used to compute the optimal rates of multiversion streams as well. Our algorithm is general in the sense that it can employ arbitrary utility functions for clients. We implement our algorithm and verify its optimality, and we show how various structuring of scalable video streams affect the client utilities. To demonstrate the generality of our algorithm, we consider three utility functions in our experiments. These utility functions model various aspects of streaming systems, including the effective rate received by clients, the mismatch between client bandwidth and received stream rate, and the client-perceived quality in terms of PSNR. We compare our algorithm against a heuristic algorithm that has been used before in the literature, and we show that our algorithm outperforms it in all cases.     

基于运动矢量细化的帧率上变换与HEVC结合的视频压缩算法

将帧率变换技术与新型视频压缩编码标准HEVC相结合有利于提升视频的压缩效率。针对直接利用HEVC码流信息中的低帧率视频的运动矢量进行帧率上变换时效果不理想的问题,文中提出了一种基于运动矢量细化的帧率上变换与HEVC结合的视频压缩算法。首先,在编码端对原始视频进行抽帧,降低视频帧率;其次,对低帧率视频进行HEVC编解码;然后,在解码端与从HEVC码流中提取出的运动矢量相结合,利用前向-后向联合运动估计对其进行进一步的细化,使细化后的运动矢量更加接近于对象的真实运动;最后,利用基于运动补偿的帧率上变换技术将视频序列恢复至原始帧率。实验结果表明,与HEVC标准相比,所提算法在同等视频质量下可节省一定的码率。同时,与其他算法相比,在节省码率相同的情况下,所提算法重建视频的PSNR值平均可提升0.5 dB。     

分布式视频编码中关键帧丢失错误保护

目的 分布式视频编码较其传统视频编码具有编码简单、误码鲁棒性高等特点,可以很好地满足如无人机航拍、无线监控等新型视频业务的需求。在分布式视频编码中,视频图像被交替分为关键帧和Wyner-Ziv帧,由于受到信道衰落和干扰等因素的影响,采用传统帧内编码方式的关键帧的误码鲁棒性远不如基于信道编码的Wyner-Ziv帧。关键帧能否正确传输和解码对于Wyner-Ziv帧能否正确解码起着决定性的作用,进而影响着整个系统的压缩效率和率失真性能。为此针对关键帧在异构网络中的鲁棒性传输问题,提出一种基于小波域的关键帧质量可分级保护传输方案。方法 在编码端对关键帧同时进行传统的帧内视频编码和基于小波域的Wyner-Ziv编码,解码端将经过错误隐藏后的误码关键帧作为基本层,Wyner-Ziv编码产生的校验信息码流作为增强层。为了提高系统的分层特性以便使系统的码率适应不同的网络条件,进一步将小波分解后图像的各个不同层的低频带和高频带组合成不同的增强层,根据不同信道环境,传输不同层的Wyner-Ziv校验数据。同时对误码情况下关键帧的虚拟噪声模型进行了改进,利用第1个增强层已解码重建的频带与其对应边信息来获得第2个和第3个增强层对应频带的更加符合实际的虚拟信道模型的估计。结果 针对不同的视频序列在关键帧误码率为1%20%时,相比较于传统的帧内错误隐藏算法,所提方案可以提高视频重建图像的主观质量和整体系统的率失真性能。例如在关键帧误码率为5%时,通过传输第1个增强层,不同的视频序列峰值信噪比（PSNR）提升可达25 dB左右;如果继续传输第2个增强层的校验信息,视频图像的PSNR也可以提升0.51.6 dB左右;如果3个增强层的校验信息都传输的话,基本上可以达到无误码情况下关键帧的PSNR。结论 本文所提方案可以很好地解决分布式视频编码系统中的关键帧在实际信道传输过程中可能出现的误码问题,同时采用的分层传输方案可以适应不同网络的信道情况。     

Optimal entropy-constrained non-uniform scalar quantizer design for low bit-rate pixel domain DVC

In this paper, an optimal entropy-constrained non-uniform scalar quantizer is proposed for the pixel domain DVC. The uniform quantizer is efficient for the hybrid video coding since the residual signals conforming to a single-variance Laplacian distribution. However, the uniform quantizer is not optimal for pixel domain distributed video coding (DVC). This is because the uniform quantizer is not adaptive to the joint distribution of the source and the SI, especially for low level quantization. The signal distribution of pixel domain DVC conforms to the mixture model with multi-variance. The optimal non-uniform quantizer is designed according to the joint distribution, the error between the source and the SI can be decreased. As a result, the bit rate can be saved and the video quality won’t sacrifice too much. Accordingly, a better R-D trade-off can be achieved. First, the quantization level is fixed and the optimal RD trade-off is achieved by using a Lagrangian function J(Q). The rate and distortion components is designed based on P(Y|Q). The conditional probability density function of SI Y depend on quantization partitions Q, P(Y|Q), is approximated by a Guassian mixture model at encocder. Since the SI can not be accessed at encoder, an estimation of P(Y|Q) based on the distribution of the source is proposed. Next, J(Q) is optimized by an iterative Lloyd-Max algorithm with a novel quantization partition updating algorithm. To guarantee the convergence of J(Q), the monotonicity of the interval in which the endpoints of the quantizer lie must be satisfied. Then, a quantizer partition updating algorithm which considers the extreme points of the histogram of the source is proposed. Consequently, the entropy-constrained optimal non-uniform quantization partitions are derived and a better RD trade-off is achieved by applying them. Experiment results show that the proposed scheme can improve the performance by 0.5 dB averagely compared to the uniform scalar quantization.     

一种适用于无线视频传输Ⅰ帧的稳健容错算法

在没有服务质量保证的无线传输环境中,按照传统视频编码标准压缩的码流很容易遭到破坏,这在Ⅰ帧中尤为突出.因此需要对传统视频压缩标准加以改进以提高在无线传输环境中的自身容错性能.针对这一问题提出了一种用于提高视频流Ⅰ帧容错能力的算法.该算法首先对视频流中不同部分对发生在自身的码位错误所引起误差传播的敏感度进行分析,然后以此分析结果和Ⅰ帧重建中码流信息的不同重要性作为决定Ⅰ帧码流中重要信息的原则,最终通过对这些Ⅰ帧中的重要信息加以保护、提取和集中,以减少发生帧内误差传播范围.通过H.263+baseline测试码流在加性高斯白噪声无线信道仿真实验的结果可以证明,该算法在增加少量冗余信息和计算复杂度的情况下,相比参考算法在主观和客观质量上都有较大幅度的提高.     

基于LDPC的码率自适应分布式视频编码

为了在分布式视频编码（DVC）中取得更好的压缩性能,将校验节点的合并和分裂进行有机结合,提出了一种码率自适应LDPC（RALDPC）编码新方法。该方法首先基于PEG算法构造高压缩比LDPC码字;然后由行均匀分裂得到低压缩比码字;最后通过合并或分裂校验矩阵对应的行来适度调整码率。为保证码字性能,还提出了校验节点合并的3个限制条件,并基于RALDPC提出了一种码率自适应DVC编码方案。实验结果表明,与当前基于Turbo码的DVC方案相比,在原信息和边信息高度或中度相关时,编码性能提高了0.1～0.7dB。     

H.264/SVC比特自适应分配的等级B帧码率控制算法

为减少码率控制中实际输出码率与目标码率之间的误差,改善视频序列编码尾部质量下降的缺陷,同时针对可伸缩视频编码中码率控制算法的不足,提出一种自适应比特分配的码率控制算法。算法基于对根据相邻图像帧之间的相关性以及对恒定质量的考虑,在图像组(GOP)之间平均分配目标比特,而在GOP内部则根据编码复杂度自适应分配目标比特,同时适当调整初始量化参数(QP),再根据目标比特分别计算P帧、B帧的QP。对不同的视频序列进行了实验测试,其结果验证了算法的准确性和有效性。     

结合帧率变换与HEVC标准的新型视频压缩编码算法

相比于之前主流的H.264视频压缩编码标准,HEVC在保证重建视频质量相同的前提下,可以将码率降低近50%,节省了传输所需的带宽.即便如此,由于一些特定的网络带宽限制,为继续改善HEVC视频编码性能,进一步提升对视频的压缩效率仍然是当前研究的热点.本文提出一种HEVC标准编码与帧率变换方法相结合的新型的视频压缩编码算法,首先在编码端,提出一种自适应抽帧方法,降低原视频帧率,减少所需传输数据量,对低帧率视频进行编解码;在解码端,结合从HEVC传输码流中提取的运动信息以及针对HEVC编码特定的视频帧的分块模式信息等,对丢失帧运动信息进行估计;最后,通过本文提出的改进基于块覆盖双向运动补偿插帧方法对视频进行恢复重建.实验结果证实了本文所提算法的有效性.     

基于H.264运动矢量域的脆弱水印算法研究

针对H.264/AVC的编码特征,提出一种基于H.264/AVC低比特率视频流的脆弱水印算法。该算法在视频编码端的P帧经过运动矢量搜索和运动矢量预测之后,提取运动矢量残差,将水印嵌入在运动矢量残差中。在视频的解码端进行水印提取和检测,检测不需要原始视频的参与。该算法具有较小的码率变化、视频失真,以及较强的脆弱性。     

Enhancing wireless video streaming using lightweight approximate authentication

In this paper, we propose a novel lightweight approximate authentication algorithm that provides efficient protection for wireless video streaming where attacks on the stream are possible, but classical integrity protection algorithms are impractical because bit errors occur naturally. The benefits of the proposed algorithm over other algorithms are fast execution and small message authentication code size. Moreover, the approximate authentication supports error resilient video decoding by dropping seriously damaged packets, thus improving the perceived quality of the video stream. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated via numerical analysis, simulations and measurements over modeled and real wireless channels.     

一种基于信源信道联合的最优速率分配算法

针对视频数据在无线信道上可靠传输问题,提出了一种基于信源信道联合的最优速率分配算法。该算法在网络带宽一定的情况下,从信源、信道及差错弹性能力权衡考虑,引入了信源解码器的抗误码性能指标,根据不同的信道状态确定信源信道编码的最优速率分配方案,从而获得最大的可解码长度,并最终获取最佳重建视频质量。仿真结果表明,该方案与传统的联合信源信道速率分配算法相比可获得更高的性能增益,适合于视频数据在无线网络上传输。     

一种频域块匹配+预判全零系数的运动估计算法

用 H.2 63标准对低码率图像编码时 ,编码器的复杂性主要取决于运动估计、离散余弦变换等运算 ,为了减少编码器的运算量、提高编码速度 ,提出一种有效的频域块匹配 +预判全零系数的运动估计算法。这种算法充分利用离散余弦变换的特点 ,在频域内使用块匹配法进行运动估计 ,并将预判全零系数和运动搜索相结合。实验表明该算法不仅可以有效地提高编码速度 ,而且可以较好地保持 H.2 63高压缩比及运动图像的质量等特性。本文用该算法研制了甚低码率视频编码器的软件 ,该软件编码器可以在 PSTN上实现实时编解码 ,具有较大的使用价值。