Considerations on performance evaluation of cavity-backed slotantenna using the FDTD technique

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is considered a versatile and efficient tool for the solution of Maxwell's equations in complex structures for any time dependence. We show an antenna feed model suitable for performance evaluation of a cavity-backed slot antenna using the FDTD technique. The gap voltage and the coaxial feed models are examined, and their input characteristics and absolute gains are compared. Analytical results show that the input characteristics are estimated with fewer time steps for the coaxial model than for the conventional gap voltage model. Furthermore, we show how to calculate absolute gains and radiation patterns using the coaxial model and a sinusoidal voltage source at the desired frequency. The computed results of the absolute gain converge after the fifteenth period of the voltage source for the coaxial model and are in good agreement with the experimental results. On the other hand, the absolute gain is observed to fluctuate when the gap voltage model is used. The performance evaluation and comparison reveals that the coaxial model is an appropriate feed model for use in the analysis of the performance of the cavity-backed slot antenna using the FDTD technique. The good agreement of the FDTD results with the experimental measurements demonstrates the effectiveness of the model and the method proposed     

Slot spiral antenna

When compared to printed cavity-backed spirals, slot spiral antennas offer the possibility of designs that are conformal and very thin. We discuss the physical characteristics of a cavity-backed slot spiral, as well as the associated infinite balun and termination designs. Simulations of the proposed cavity-backed spiral are presented and used to optimize the antenna's various parameters. Comparisons of measurements and calculations are also given, to validate the gain and axial-ratio computations. Several options for miniaturizing this design, using capacitive and inductive loadings, are also presented     

背腔式窄缝天线在有耗介质中的特性

本文利用矩量法与并矢格林函数相结合,研究了背腔式窄缝天线在有耗介质中的特性。对于矩阵单元的双重级数,采用泊松求和公式改善了级数的收敛性;对于矩阵单元的二重积分,分别采用积分中值定理及椭圆积分予以简化。本文的数值结果分别给出了有耗介质及天线结构参数对输入阻抗的影响,为天线设计提供了依据。     

一种小型平面超宽带天线的设计与研究

提出了一种新颖的小型平面超宽带(UWB)天线.该天线由微带槽天线的基本结构变形而来,为获得超宽带频率特性,设计时馈电微带线采用了渐变结构的叉形调谐支节,金属底板的开槽设计成对称多边形.首先通过数值计算来获得最佳的天线几何尺寸,并制作了实际的样品.对天线的反射特性、方向图以及增益都进行了测试,然后利用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法计算了天线收发脉冲信号的保真度.研究结果显示该天线具有良好的超宽带特性.     

一种新型 SIW 背腔缝隙天线的研究

介绍了一种新型基片集成波导背腔六边形缝隙线极化天线。背腔缝隙天线是一种技术成熟的天线类型,但是笨重的体积限制了传统金属腔体缝隙天线的发展。基于基片集成波导结构的背腔缝隙天线以其低损耗、高功率容量、高增益 以及易集成等诸多优点而备受关注。文中设计了一款基于基片集成波导加开六边形缝隙的背腔天线,通过CST软件仿真,并制作了天线实物进行测试。天线的中心工作频率为10 GHz,增益为4. 87 dB,带宽为147 MHz。     

Wide‐Band T‐Shaped Microstrip‐Fed Twin‐Slot Array Antenna

A numerical simulation and an experimental implementation of T‐shaped microstrip‐fed printed slot array antenna are presented in this paper. The proposed antenna with relative permittivity 4.3 and thickness 1.0mm is analyzed by the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. The dependence of design parameters on the bandwidth characteristics is investigated. The measured bandwidth of twin‐slot array antenna is from 1.37 GHz to 2.388 GHz, which is approximately 53.9 % for return loss less than or equal to ‐10 dB. The bandwidth of twin‐slot is about 1.06 % larger than that of single‐slot antenna. The measured results are in good agreement with the FDTD results.     

Dielectric rod antenna based on image NRD guide coupled to rectangular waveguide

A dielectric rod antenna based on an image NRD guide fed by a slot in the broad wall of a rectangular waveguide is proposed. This configuration is developed for the use in the design of an array of this antenna. The antenna characteristics are investigated using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique. Measured results at 30 GHz band are presented to validate the numerical analysis.     

小型化八边形基片集成波导背腔缝隙天线

提出一款新颖的W波段八边形基片集成波导(SIW)背腔缝隙天线。相较传统的缝隙天线，具有体积小、易加工、Q值高、成本低等优点，且易于成阵。通过调节天线背腔缝隙的长度、宽度，以及SIW腔体的尺寸优化天线的辐射特性，通过电磁仿真软件HFSS对模型进行仿真优化，确定了天线的最优结构。仿真实验结果表明，所设计的天线相对带宽约4.5%，方向性优良，中心频率点谐振深度<-31 dB，天线最大增益达到5 dBi，满足设计要求，验证了设计的正确性。所设计的SIW背腔缝隙天线拓宽了数字通信的可用频谱，是一种新的尝试，可为以后的研究提供新的参考思路。     

Radiation of High-Gain Cavity-Backed Slot Antennas Through a Two-Layer Superstrate

The radiation of cavity-backed slot (CBS) antennas through a two-layer superstrate is studied in this paper. A novel transmission-line model is proposed to explain the gain-enhancement effect of the superstrate on cavity-backed slot antennas. Experimental result showed that a single cavity-backed slot antenna can achieve a high gain of 16.7 dBi through a properly designed superstrate, and this gain-enhancement property is valid for array configurations, as well. A rotationally arranged four-slot array, covered by the superstrate, is also investigated, to demonstrate that good circular polarization and high gain can be obtained from the superstrate-covered slot antennas.     

一种新型超宽带平面天线的FDTD分析

本文分析了一种具有超宽带特性的平面喇叭天线的阻抗和辐射特性.这种平面喇叭采用了新型的平衡馈电方式,结构简单,性能良好.采用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)分析天线时,吸收边界采用了完全匹配层技术(PML),并用环路径分方法(CP)处理了喇叭脊间窄缝,计算结果与实测数据比较,两者十分吻合.     

遗传算法在优化设计宽频微带天线中的应用

将遗传算法与FDTD法结合优化设计出了一种宽频微带天线.文中简要讨论了遗传算法的操作过程,并介绍了减少遗传算法与FDTD法结合优化微带天线计算量的方法.与初始矩形微带天线相比,优化后天线的阻抗带宽增加了三倍多.     

Development of a Cavity-Backed Broadband Circularly Polarized Slot/Strip Loop Antenna With a Simple Feeding Structure

A cavity-backed loop antenna is developed for producing broadband circularly polarized (CP) radiation. The antenna configuration consists of a slot loop and a strip loop. The slot loop radiates a CP wave at a lower frequency while the strip loop produces CP radiation at a higher frequency. A combination of the two frequencies leads to a bandwidth enhancement. The slot/strip loop antenna is fed by a single straight microstrip line. It is demonstrated that the cavity-backed slot/strip loop antenna can achieve an axial ratio (les 3 dB) bandwidth of 19% with good impedance matching. The antenna configuration is described and the operating principles for broadband circular polarization and impedance matching are analyzed. The antenna performance is confirmed by experimental results.     

A mathematical model for the impedance of the cavity-backed slot antenna

A mathematical model is derived that relates the impedance of a cavity-backed slot antenna to that of an identical slot which is free to radiate on both sides of a large ground plane. The model, which utilizes empirical constants from a previous experimental investigation, provides a continuously variable function of frequency and cavity depth for the impedance of a cavity-backed slot of fixed length and cavity cross section. This function is then compared with previously found experimental values and two theoretical solutions, one using a variational method and the other using the complex Poynting theorem.     

一种基于缝隙天线阻抗的带缝腔体谐振频率计算方法

电磁波经缝隙进入机箱腔体后,会在某些频率点形成驻波而发生电磁谐振,导致腔体屏蔽效能急剧下降.为快速准确预测谐振频率以指导屏蔽腔体设计,本文基于缝隙天线阻抗理论提出一种带缝腔体谐振频率的计算方法.将电磁场用自由空间和腔体格林函数表示,根据缝隙处的边界条件建立等效磁流源的积分方程.通过矩量法求解积分方程,计算出腔体输入阻抗.根据谐振发生时电抗为零或电阻最小,可从频率-阻抗曲线获得谐振频率.本文方法不仅能预测缝隙谐振和低阶模式腔体谐振,还能预测出高阶谐振.与实验和CST仿真结果对比验证了本文方法的准确性及快速性.最后用本文方法分析了腔体和缝隙尺寸以及缝隙位置对谐振频率的影响.     

A monolithic active conical horn antenna array for millimeter and submillimeter wave applications

In this paper, a novel active integrated conical horn array is presented. Specifically, a 95 GHz quasioptically fed mixer integrated with an annular slot ring antenna was used as the basic element of the proposed active system. For efficient reception, a low cost micro-machined conical horn array was fabricated and placed on the top of active elements. A modified nonorthogonal finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach was applied for analyzing the basic conical horn antenna and a hybrid matrix manipulation technique for efficient antenna array modeling. The proposed active conical horn antenna array was fabricated and measured. Numerical simulations have verified the design at its distributed stages presenting very good agreement with the experimental data.     

应用于Wi-Fi频段的背腔式缝隙天线设计

采用波导反射模型分析了背腔深度对缝隙天线辐射特性的影响, 通过仿真计算, 确定了当背腔深度等于四分之一波导波长时, 金属背腔会使缝隙天线的输入电阻加倍, 但对输入电抗产生影响较小, 根据以上仿真结果, 提出了一种有效的背腔式缝隙天线的输入阻抗电路模型, 分析了馈电位置和缝隙长度对天线谐振点的影响, 为缝隙天线的多频点设计提供了理论依据.结合仿真工具, 设计了两类工作于Wi-Fi频段的背腔式缝隙天线:第一类天线工作于室外2.4 GHz频段; 第二类天线可以同时工作于2.4 GHz和5.2 GHz频段.最后, 对天线的S₁₁系数进行了实测, 实测与仿真结果基本一致.     

Size reduction of cavity-backed slot antennas

A technique for reducing the dimensions of the cavity of a cavity-backed slot antenna (CBSA) is presented, which facilitates proper fabrication and integration of miniaturized slot antennas on multilayer substrates. This is accomplished by replacing the solid metal around the traditional slot antennas with a specific metallic pattern that can be viewed as a series of parallel strip lines placed around the slot antenna. This metallic pattern is then modified by designing the parallel strips in a compact fashion to reduce the overall antenna dimensions and obtain a reduced-size CBSA. It is shown that, for a simple straight slot antenna, the overall occupied volume of the modified cavity backing the slot antenna can be reduced by more than 65% without affecting the high radiation efficiency of the antenna. A number of traditional cavity backed slot antennas and the proposed modified CBSAs are designed, fabricated, and measured. The reduced-size CBSAs show a very low input VSWR, low cross-polarized radiation levels, and high radiation efficiency. Despite their small ground plane size, the proposed cavity backed slot antennas have front-to-back ratio (FTBR) values in the range of 6-7 dB.     

Analysis of hemispherical cavity-backed slot antenna

The input impedance of the hemispherical cavity-backed slot antenna is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The mode-matching method and moment method are used to find the Green's function of the cavity and the equivalent magnetic current of the slot, respectively. The effects of slot length and cavity radius on the input impedance are studied     

Stacking resonators to increase the bandwidth of low-profile antennas

A method of increasing the bandwidth of low-profile cavity-hacked slot and microstrip patch antennas without appreciably adding to the antenna dimensions is presented. This idea incorporates the stacking of structures which have close resonant frequencies. Energy is coupled between cavities via carefully placed slots in the common wall. An approximate two-and-a-half fold increase in input impedance bandwidth has been observed for a certain cavity-backed slot antenna.     

Theoretical and experimental study of the input impedance of thecylindrical cavity-backed rectangular slot antennas

The authors study the input impedance of a cylindrical cavity-backed slot antenna based on mode matching and the complex Poynting theorem. Two cavity-backed slot antennas were fabricated to verify the theory. The numerical results agree very well with measurements. Two resonant frequencies were found from the input impedance. One resonant frequency is attributed to the rectangular slot and the other is due to the cavity. The slot length controls the first resonant frequency and has a much stronger effect on the input impedance at the antenna operating frequency as compared with the cavity length