随机孔径对非均质多孔泡沫材料渗透性影响的数值模拟

根据多孔泡沫材料的微观结构,建立了非均质多孔泡沫材料随机模型,引入孔隙均匀度参数表征孔径的随机分布,采用Ansys有限元软件对非均质多孔泡沫材料内空气的流动过程进行数值模拟,提出了非均质多孔泡沫材料渗透率的函数式,研究了随机孔径对非均质泡沫材料渗透性的影响。结果表明:所建立模型的模拟结果与参考文献的试验结果吻合较好;孔隙率和孔隙均匀度同时影响非均质多孔泡沫材料的渗透率,孔隙率越大渗透率越大,孔隙均匀度越大渗透率越小。     

碳纤维复合材料孔隙率的超声评价方法研究

孔隙是碳纤维复合材料内部最常见的缺陷之一,空隙的大小及分布对构件的力学性能有重大影响。以热压成型的碳纤维单向增强复合材料为检测对象,利用超声衰减法和非线性超声检测方法对三种孔隙率不同的试样进行对比试验,提取超声检测的特征参量,实现了对碳纤维复合材料孔隙率大小的表征。     

基于随机子空间和统计模型的输电塔损伤识别

针对输电塔结构,给出一种基于随机子空间结合统计模型的损伤诊断方法,利用输电塔振动响应信号挖掘数据统计特征并构建高灵敏损伤诊断指标实现输电塔结构局部构件的损伤检测。首先,获取输电塔结构的瞬态动力响应数据;其次,利用随机子空间法识别模态参数,构造名义模态参数,并定义一个与参数识别过程相关的残差向量表征结构动力参数变化;最后,计算该残差对结构参数的灵敏度,并构造残差灵敏度的χ2统计量作为结构损伤诊断指标。通过数值模拟及现场试验对某足尺输电塔结构进行分析,结果表明,上述方法可有效对输电塔结构局部构件的螺栓松动、杆件破坏等损伤进行识别。     

低孔隙率碳纤维复合材料的时频模型和局部孔隙检测

本文研究了孔隙率不高于1%的低孔隙率碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)的时频模型和局部孔隙检测方法。将现有的超声波在CFRP内传播的频域模型扩展到时频模型,通过仿真验证了共振结构噪声的存在,研究了共振结构噪声和局部孔隙形成的缺陷回波的频率差异。在此基础上,提出应用变分模态分解分离高频随机噪声和共振结构噪声,提取包含缺陷回波的低频成分进行局部孔隙检测。提出能量函数和瞬时增益的概念,以克服由于声波能量随传播距离降低而造成的近表面信号对远表面信号的遮蔽效果。对低孔隙率CFRP试块的实验表明,基于变分模态分解和瞬时增益的方法能够有效抑制噪声干扰、克服遮蔽效应,实现局部孔隙的准确检测。     

极小子样下参数随机分布的电主轴可靠性分析

对某型号电主轴进行了极小子样下的可靠性分析,将虚拟增广法和Boot-strap法结合,对原始试验样本虚拟扩展,建立了参数服从随机分布的退化模型和电主轴可靠度函数,并利用Bayes验前分布,对该随机系数下电主轴可靠度函数进行修正,得到修正后的可靠度函数。将修正后随机系数下电主轴可靠度函数曲线与伪寿命下得到的可靠度函数曲线进行对比。结果表明,随机系数法得到的可靠度函数具有更高的精度,同时也避免了将模型参数看作固定值即采用伪寿命法进行可靠性评估时产生的误差。进一步说明根据极小子样试验数据可以通过该方法得到同类产品的退化特征,具有一定的适用性。     

基于随机过程的磨料面形成方法研究

利用Monte Carlo方法结合打靶法建立了适用于磨料磨损的磨料面仿真模型,该方法产生的磨料随机分布模型能够真实的反应磨料表面情况,并通过MatLab程序以随机分布的磨料位置及形状参数仿真了磨料表面三维形貌。该方法考虑了在磨损过程中,磨料的磨损及塑性变形,更加真实地反应了磨料磨损情况。该磨料面可用于磨料磨损过程中磨料与磨料面之间的相对运动仿真过程,为磨料磨损的仿真研究提供了理论基础。     

小孔隙率碳纤维复合材料的富树脂超声检测

针对孔隙率接近0的小孔隙率碳纤维复合材料(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite,CFRP)的富树脂检测需求,提出富树脂超声检测技术。对超声检测信号中的噪声消除方法、衰减抑制方法和富树脂检测的多视图成像技术进行研究,并开发小孔隙率CFRP富树脂超声检测软件。首先提出共振频率估计方法,通过低通滤波抑制高频随机噪声。其次根据频率差异,应用变分模态分解算法分离并消除共振结构噪声,提取低频成分。该低频成分包括表面回波、底面回波、富树脂反射信号和由层间反射信号、材料散射噪声等构成的相干噪声。再次,引入瞬时幅值比修正低频成分的幅值衰减并描述被检测小孔隙率CFRP的局部反射能力。最后,应用Otsu多阈值方法自适应获得富树脂识别的阈值,消除相干噪声的影响,完成富树脂识别。进一步对小孔隙率CFRP的超声检测结果进行多视图成像,在三维视图、C扫描视图和B扫描视图内识别富树脂。结果表明:变分模态分解的分量数为2,Otsu多阈值的类别数为3时,能够准确识别小孔隙率CFRP超声检测信号中的富树脂反射信号;采用0.15作为多视图成像的阈值,可简洁有效地描述富树脂在小孔隙率CFRP中的分布。     

随机参数弹性连杆在平稳随机激励下的动力可靠性分析

研究随机参数弹性连杆机构在平稳随机激励下的动力响应分析。利用拓广的随机因子法,从求解系统固有频率的瑞利商公式出发,得出物理参数和几何参数均为随机变量的弹性连杆时变固有频率的均值和方差。从动力平稳随机响应在频域上的表达式出发,利用求解随机变量函数的矩法和数字特征的代数综合法,计算出随机参数弹性连杆机构在平稳随机激励下弹性位移和速度的均方值的均值、方差表达式,由动力可靠度的公式导出其动力可靠度的均值和方差的计算公式。通过算例,分析机构物理参数和几何尺寸的随机性对机构动力可靠度随机性的影响。     

碳纤维复合材料孔隙含量超声反射波频域建模测试研究

用超声反射法对碳纤维复合材料试块进行孔隙含量检测,探讨基于超声反射波频谱分析理论建模与实验标定的碳纤维复合材料孔隙率测试方法。对碳纤维复合材料超声反射波信号频域特征参数进行实验分析和讨论,利用信号的频域特征参数无损检测碳纤维复合材料微孔隙含量,实验结果表明,该方法是一种有效的技术途径。     

盒形件固体颗粒介质板材成形工艺研究

固体颗粒介质板材成形工艺是采用固体颗粒微珠代替刚性凸(凹)模(或弹性体、液体)的作用对板材拉深成形的新工艺。选用非金属固体颗粒介质——GM颗粒作为研究对象,以固体颗粒介质在高应力水平下的体积压缩试验和摩擦强度试验为基础,应用散体力学理论中扩展的Drucker-Prager线性模型构建固体颗粒介质有限元材料模型。以具有非轴对称性的方盒形件为代表,进行固体颗粒介质成形工艺的有限元模拟,研究成形过程中板材的流动特征和壁厚分布规律。工艺试验成功得到方盒形零件,将加载曲线、成形过程变形特征和壁厚分布曲线与数值模拟结果比对较为吻合。分析表明,采用以散体力学为基础建立的固体颗粒介质材料模型进行工艺模拟,能够得到与试验较为接近的变形特征和力能参数,可以应用于制定工艺方案的依据,为该技术在板材成形中的应用起到指导和借鉴作用。     

Identification of Localized Void Defects in Composite by Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Ultrasonic Backscattered Signal

Voids usually have a detrimental effect on the performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). This paper presents a nonlinear dynamic method, known as recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), for the identification of localized void defects. First, five standard CFRP specimens with known porosity ranging from 0.2 to 5.94% are tested using ultrasonic pulse-echo technique, and the obtained backscattered signals are subsequently analyzed by RQA. The result shows that two RQA characteristic parameters, the recurrence rate and the Shannon entropy, both clearly increase with increasing porosity. Next, the RQA is performed on another CFRP specimen with unknown porosity. Two regions in this specimen containing localized void defects are detected based on the above finding. This result is finally verified by a destructive experiment. The research demonstrates that RQA is an effective new method for the identification of localized void defects in CFRP.

     

飞机紧固孔超声振动精密加工技术研究

针对飞机蒙皮复合材料与钛合金叠层(简称复钛叠层)紧固件大孔传统手工多步制孔加工中存在的工艺路线长、加工质量不高、刀具寿命低等问题,开展了超声精密制孔技术的研究,提出了超声振动套-铰-锪的新工艺方法,并研制了超声振动制孔工具系统。实验结果表明,超声振动套-铰-锪新工艺方法及振动制孔工具系统可以高质、高效、低成本加工复钛叠层紧固件大孔,能满足飞机复钛叠层紧固孔精密装配的工业要求。     

厚截面碳纤维复合材料远表面微缺陷超声检测

为了识别厚截面碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)远表面的微缺陷,使用递归分析方法对超声检测信号进行分析。首先在厚截面CFRP材料上打孔以模拟微缺陷,采用水浸超声脉冲反射法对不同大小的模拟缺陷进行检测。然后选取缺陷位置附近信号段,确定嵌入维数m、延迟时间τ、阈值ε等参数,对各信号段进行递归分析,得到递归图及递归定量分析结果。比较无缺陷信号和有缺陷信号的递归图,从宏观上定性确定微缺陷对超声信号的影响;比较无缺陷信号和有缺陷信号的递归定量分析结果,根据每个递归定量参数的物理意义,对缺陷产生的影响作出合理的解释。最后,使用不同中心频率探头进行实验,确定合适的探头参数。分析结果表明,使用7.5MHz高分辨率超声探头时检测效果最好;当嵌入维数为7、延迟时间为2、阈值为2时,递归图中出现异常白色区域、递归点增多且对角线结构变长,同时所选取的递归定量参数随缺陷增大而上升,表明厚截面CFRP远表面超声信号可能存在混沌结构,而微缺陷的存在会改变原有信号结构。所研究内容为实际微缺陷的定量识别及分类打下基础。     

厚截面CFRP孔隙超声脉冲反射检测方法

目前对碳纤维复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced plastic,简称CFRP)孔隙缺陷超声检测识别的研究主要以薄板型CFRP为对象,针对厚截面CFRP孔隙缺陷检测的需要,提出了基于超声脉冲反射背散射信号处理的孔隙缺陷识别方法。背散射信号特征分析结果表明,背散射信号由材料近表面共振结构噪声、信号指数型衰减成分、孔隙的反射和散射信号以及随机噪声组成。为得到孔隙的反射和散射信号,首先,利用提升小波变换良好的去噪能力除去背散射信号中的随机噪声;其次,设计低通滤波和自适应滤波分别除去信号中的共振结构噪声和衰减成分。对实验信号的处理结果表明,上述处理方法可以有效去除相应信号成分。在此基础上进一步提出了背散射信号幅值C扫描成像方法,将该成像方法应用于厚截面CFRP孔隙缺陷识别,可以有效识别试块中的含孔隙区域。     

Pitch-catch ultrasonic study on unidirectional CFRP composite laminates using Rayleigh wave transducers

The importance of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) has been generally recognized, and CFRP composite laminates have become widely used. Thus, a nondestructive technique would be very useful for evaluating CF/epoxy composite laminates. A pitch-catch UT signal is more sensitive than is a normal incidence backwall echo of a longitudinal wave in composites. The depth of the sampling volume where the pitch-catch UT signal came from is relatively shallow, but the depth can be increased by increasing the separation distance of the transmitting and receiving probes. Moreover, a method is utilized to determine the porosity content of a composite lay-up by processing micrograph images of the laminate. The porosity content of a composite structure is critical to the overall strength and performance of the structure. The image processing method developed utilizes software to process micrograph images of the test sample. The results from the image processing method are compared with existing data. Beam profile is characterized in unidirectional CFRP using pitch-catch Rayleigh probes. The one-sided and two-sided pitch-catch techniques are utilized to produce C-scan images with the aid of an automatic scanner. The pitch-catch ultrasonic signal corresponds with the simulated results of unidirectional CFRP composites.     

机器人辅助激光超声检测系统及参量匹配方法

为解决飞行器复合材料构件的非接触、高精度无损检测问题,提出基于关节型机器人的激光超声检测系统及光声学参量匹配方法。采用有限元方法建立层状复合材料模型,计算分析材料层状各向异性导致激光超声的非对称分布、声束倾斜和畸变特征,结合实验分析得出利用激光超声表征分层的光声学参量匹配方法。在系统设计上,利用1 064 nm波长的Nd:YAG脉冲激光器激励超声波,利用基于光折变效应的双波混合干涉测量系统探测超声信号,激励和探测激光由光纤传导并投射至被检测工件表面,采用精密六轴关节型机器人作为C型扫描装置,建立系统的实验室原型,实现碳/环氧复合材料试样的C型扫描检测,得到试样中模拟缺陷的分布、形状和尺寸特征,验证了检测系统及参量匹配方法的有效性。研究结果表明,研制的机器人辅助激光超声检测系统可以实现碳/环氧复合材料内部直径1 mm以上分层的检测与成像,在飞行器复合材料构件的无损检测方面具有应用前景。     

Investigation on thrust force in rotary ultrasonic drilling of CFRP using Brad drill

Abstract

The carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) has been widely used in manufacturing industry due to its excellent mechanical and physical properties. Brad drill, as a representative of new-type structural drills, is applied in processing of CFRP. Meantime, rotary ultrasonic drilling (RUD) is regarded as a superior method for machining composite materials, due to its outstanding performance in lowering thrust force and improving processing quality. However, there are few reports about RUD with Brad drill in CFRP drilling. In this study, the theoretical model of thrust force for RUD of CFRP using Brad drill is developed. The dynamic uncut chip thickness and average uncut chip thickness in RUD are obtained based on kinematic characteristics analysis. After that, the structure of Brad drill is analyzed and thrust force of the cutting lip is molded. Then a theoretical model is proposed to predict the thrust force. Finally, pilot experiments are conducted for the model verification. Experimental results show that the trends of thrust force agree well with the thrust force model and the prediction error is less than 10%.     

Lamb wave propagation on a unidirectional CFRP plate: comparison of FEM simulations,experiments, and analytical calculations

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) are widely used in recreational products and industrial components. Ultrasound is a powerful tool to ensure the safety of CFRP structures, but the ultrasonic velocity on CFRP depends on the frequency and direction of propagation. Understanding ultrasonic propagation is the key to its proper application to CFRP structures. In the present work, experiments, 3D FEM simulations, and theoretical analyses were performed to investigate Lamb wave propagation on CFRP plates. The simulation and experimental results agreed well, proving that the FEM simulation results were reliable. On the basis of this reliability, further results were obtained for various fd values. The S0 mode’s group velocity was considerably affected by the propagation direction, but the A0 mode exhibited minimal dependence. In addition, unexpected waves were observed in the simulation and identified as the SH0 mode. A new approach for determining the theoretical group velocity was also presented.

     

Design and optimization of coil structure based on the uniformity of core temperature field

Coil structure size parameters during electromagnetic induction heating affect the temperature field and heating rate of a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) shell. In this study, a finite element analysis model is established on the basis of a single-screw coil structure, and the influence of coil diameter, length, turns, and position relationship on the temperature field distribution and heating rate of the CFRP shell is studied. According to image entropy theory, the influence of coil structure size parameters on the uniformity of a temperature field distribution is analyzed. Furthermore, the accuracy of the coil structure size parameters with respect to temperature field variation is verified with a CFRP induction heating experiment. This study provides theoretical support and a verification method for the selection, design, and optimization of the coil structure size parameters of CFRP shells during induction heating.

     

A study of ultrasonic vibration cutting of carbon fibre reinforced plastics

In the use of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) it is often necessary to cut the components, but cutting CFRP is often made difficult by delamination of the composites and by the short tool life. In this paper, the machinability of CFRP by means of ultrasonic vibration cutting was experimentally investigated. The experimental results have led to a trial application of ultrasonic vibration cutting, which has been verified experimentally to be highly effective in view of cutting force and surface quality.