桩西稠油复配破乳剂的性能研究

实验测定了12种商品破乳剂对胜利桩西采油厂含水40％稠油的脱水效果。将破乳脱水效果最好的PR-821破乳剂与该采油厂使用的DSP-1破乳剂正交试验，结果表明：破乳温度55℃，复配比例1：2，复配破乳荆质量浓度100mg／L，破乳时间90min为最佳工艺条件，在此工艺条件下，原油破乳脱水率迭94．5％，比单剂效率提高16．6％。     

油田化学剂对原油破乳剂YT-100脱水效果的影响

实验考察了可能进入原油集输系统的多种化学剂、工作液对原油破乳脱水的影响。所用破乳剂为长庆油田广泛使用的水溶性改性聚醚YT-100．加量100mg／L，个别情况下加量在50～150mg／L范围；原油为马岭石蜡基低硫原油，含水20％～45％，不合任何化学剂，在实验条件下（33℃，2h），不加破乳剂时脱水率为零，加入破乳制时脱水率在83．3％～98．0％范围。低固相聚合物钻井液（加量≤10％）、硼交联瓜尔胶压裂液破胶液（≤10％）、pH4～6的土酸乏酸液（5％）不利于破乳脱水；溶剂型清蜡剂CX-2（≤0．5％）有利于破乳脱水：杀菌剂（150mg／L）的影响随化学类型而定，季铵盐类的SJ-66有利于而多元醛类的SJ-99有害于破乳脱水；阻垢剂（30，100mg/L）有利于破乳脱水，聚磷酸盐类的ZG-930比聚羧酸类的ZG-108更有效；聚合铝／聚合铁复合絮凝剂XN-90（0．2％）对破乳脱水的负面影响很大，加大破乳剂量可减轻其影响；聚合物HPAM（5，10mg／L）完全不影响破乳脱水，弱凝胶（5，10mg／L）使脱水率降低。NaOH严重影响破乳脱水，加入0．3％NaOH使脱水率由92．4％降至零；盐酸促进破乳脱水，加入5％盐酸（1：1）使脱水率由93．6％增至100．0％。因此，酸有利破乳而碱不利于破乳。表1参3。     

赵州桥油田聚驱原油破乳剂的研究

产油量占赵州桥油田45％的两个井组实施流动凝胶驱后，赵州桥原油脱水发生困难。本文报道研发一种适用的破乳剂的过程。由各断块原油与游离水配成含水率适当（22．5％～31．0％）的混合油忤咋为实验油样，考察各种破乳剂在加量100mg／L时55℃脱水性能。从29种商品水溶性破乳剂中筛选出2种破乳剂（HD-8和酚醛3111），从12种实验室研制品中筛选出本实验室研制的3种聚醚破乳剂（TC-03，YT-13和T-92），这5种破乳剂均能使实验油样90min脱水率不小于90％，二元复配物的脱水性能与单剂相同，加量实验结果表明最佳加量为100mg／L。用于两个流动凝胶驱井组所产原油脱水时，脱水率大幅降至53、3％（HD-8）或73．3％（其余4种）。固含量55％的YT-13用于赵州桥混合原油现场脱水时，加量高达200mg／L时才能达到要求，且不很稳定。将TC-03、YT-13、T-92与40％量的甲醇、10％量的软水混合，再加入氯化镁、铵、铁、铝盐，得到高效破乳剂，已用于赵州桥原油脱水，加量140mg／L，脱水净化原油含水小于0．2％，脱出水含油由5500mg／L以上降至50mg／L以下。表6参2。     

盐类物质对YT-100-Ⅱ破乳剂破乳脱水性能的影响

文研究了NaCl、KCl、CaCl_2、A1Cl_3、MgCl_2 5种盐对长庆油田使用的YT-100-Ⅱ破乳剂的破乳脱水性能的影响。结果表明,盐对其破乳脱水性能有明显的影响,影响破乳剂的破乳脱水的因素不仅与破乳剂的组成、结构、原油物性、温度等有关,而且与原油中盐的种类和浓度有关。     

桩西稠油复配破乳剂的性能研究

实验测定了12种商品破乳剂对胜利桩西采油厂含水40%稠油的脱水效果。将破乳脱水效果最好的PR-821破乳剂与该采油厂使用的DSP-1破乳剂正交试验,结果表明:破乳温度55℃,复配比例1:2,复配破乳剂质量浓度100mg/L,破乳时间90min为最佳工艺条件,在此工艺条件下,原油破乳脱水率达94．5%,比单剂效率提高16．6%。     

丙烯酸改性破乳剂合成和性能

将3种嵌段聚醚型破乳剂的混合物用丙烯酸和马来酸酐酯化，酯化产物在引发剂作用下聚合，制成了高分子量的水溶性原油破乳剂，考察了所得改性破乳剂对大庆原油水乳状液的破乳脱水性能。3种丰乳剂单体的选择基于性能互补和相容性原理，确定的最佳合成配方如下：3种破乳剂单体的摩尔比1：1．2：1；丙烯酸、马来酸酐摩尔比2：1，酸（以羧基计）、破乳剂单体（以羟基计）摩尔比1．3：1；引发剂BPO用量为混合酸质量的10％。按此法合成的破乳剂（商品名GD9909）在加量为200mg/kg的条件下，对大庆原油、胜利孤岛原油、安哥拉卡宾达原油水乳状液的破乳脱水效果均显著优于对比破乳剂（共7种），50℃下90min的脱水率高达95％－100％，特别是对于辽河稠油水乳状液的破乳脱水，所有对比破乳剂均无效或低效，使用GD9909时60℃、90min脱水率仍高达95％。     

辽河油区超稠油低温破乳剂配方研究

通过测定室内合成的15种水溶性低温破乳剂中间体对辽河油区超稠油的破乳脱水效果，选择其中10种中间体进行复配实验，选定脱水效果相对较好的复配组合TY08＋TY10进行正交实验，得到了超稠油低温脱水优化配比。采用该优化配方可使超稠油48h内脱水率达95．6％（净化油含水1．85％），具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

纯梁油田两种破乳剂联用的高含水原油热-化学破乳技术

纯梁油田各油气所产原油的油质（含蜡量），含水率及油温不同，将13种商品破乳剂用于纯梁各油区原油及混合油的破乳，筛选出了4种性能优良的破乳剂。将这4种破乳剂两两复配，用于混合油的破乳，最后筛选出以改性咪唑啉为起始剂的高聚物类破乳剂BSH－06和以改性树脂为起始剂的嵌段聚醚类破乳剂BCL－405。实施了联合使用这两种破乳剂的原油热－化学破乳脱水现场试验；在纯东集油计量站，在油温35℃，原油含蜡15％－20％的高含水量油中加入BSH－06，在纯西集油计量站，在油温55℃，原油含量20％，乳化水含量高的原油中加入BCL－405，加量100－80mg/L，在长3－4km的管道输送过程中破乳，在原油处理站两种原油混合后进入一级，二级沉降罐，沉降时间约4h，油水分离，原油含水降至≤0．5％，可以不再进行电脱水而直接外输，脱出污水含油量＜100mg/L。这种不同原油各用合适的破乳剂管道破乳，混合沉降脱水的热－化学破乳脱水技术，已在纯梁油田广泛应用。     

聚硅氧烷原油破乳剂的合成与应用

以含氢硅油为主链,在反应温度90℃,反应时间5.5 h,催化剂用量35 mg/L的条件下与甲基丙酸(MAA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)通过氢化加成反应,合成了具有梳型结构的聚硅氧烷原油破乳剂。本文通过单因素实验考察MAA、MMA、BA不同摩尔比对长庆油田宝塔区原油破乳效果的影响,确定最佳MAA、MMA、BA摩尔比为4∶3∶2。在70℃、破乳剂加量100 mg/L的条件下,处理120 min后原油的脱水率达87.46%。在破乳条件相同的情况下,将该破乳剂与破乳剂DB-2000按质量比8∶2复配使用,原油脱水率可达90.58%。所合成的破乳剂具有良好的应用效果。表6参13     

氟碳油溶性破乳剂的研究与应用

为了解决卫城油田原油破乳难的问题，通过氟碳活性剂交联制备了对该油田原油有较好适应性的油溶性破乳剂。针对卫城原油含胶质高、粘度大，试验测定了南京金钟山化工厂等生产的4种破乳剂及交联复配的4种破乳剂对中原油田卫城油矿稠油的脱水效果。这4种交联复配破乳剂脱水率高，脱水速度快，油水界面齐。这4种破乳剂经过现场的应用筛选，3个月的现场试验结果表明，油溶性破乳剂ZYFO06可使卫城原油破乳剂用量下降到90mg/L。     

Chemical modification of vegetable oils for the production of biolubricants using trimethylolpropane: A review

Lubricating oil producers are shifting attention toward the use of renewable and biodegradable energy sources for the production of lubricating oils. This is necessitated by the depleting mineral based energy sources and the negative impact of continuous usage of engine oils from fossil sources. Biomass sources are cheap, environmentally friendly, and offer a good alternative to the conventional mineral oil sources. Biolubricants provide lubricity for two moving-surfaces in contact. They are essential for heat transfers, power transmissions, lubrication, and corrosion inhibition in machinery. However, the use of biolubricating oils are associated with challenges such as poorer low temperature properties and poor oxidative stability during usage. Chemical modification of vegetable oils with polyols has been explored as a potential source for biolubricant synthesis and production. This paper provides a concise review of the use of trimethylolpropane (TMP) as the polyol used for chemically-modified biolubricants using vegetable oils as base stocks. TMP improves the physicochemical properties of biolubricants and enhances the thermo-oxidative stability of the biolubricants.     

汽轮机油氧化安定性能的影响因素及评定方法

针对影响汽轮机油氧化安定性的几个因素进行了探讨,包括基础油中烃类及非烃类化合物的影响以及抗氧剂、金属减活剂的复合使用对汽轮机油氧化安定性能的提高,介绍了国内外利用DSC或PDSC法测定汽轮机油氧化性能的情况。     

氯化氢气体压缩机油的适应性研究

氯化氢气体压缩机油要求与氯化氢有良好的相容性和腐蚀防护性能．普通空气压缩机油不能用于氯化氢气体压缩机的润滑。研制的氯化氢气体压缩机专用润滑油能够满足氯化氢气体压缩机的使用要求。     

Stability of vegetable based oils used in the formulation of ecofriendly lubricants – a review

Human need for energy is insatiable. ManBackspace use of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon sources has served human energy requirements but not without associated challenges of renewability, toxicity, depletion, degradability, and environmental hazards. Since a complete substitute for fossilized-energy sources is yet to be realized, one viable options available to man is alternative, renewable, ecofriendly, and biodegradable energy sources – thus, minimizing complete reliance on mineral based energy sources. Lubricants are finding relevance in product processing, transportation, agriculture, and other key sectors of industrial developments as a result of use of machines to aid human operations. While more than 70% of commercially available lubricants are from crude oil/hydrocarbon, commercial formulation of lubricants using vegetable base oils are gaining global interests. Lubricants obtained from bio-based oils are eco-compatible but are widely reported to be thermally and oxidatively unstable, especially when such biolubricants are produced from crude form of vegetable oils. The aim of this review is to reappraise various scholarly works on thermal-oxidative stability of vegetable oils so as to validate their usefulness as potential alternative and renewable sources of energy used in the production of lubricants as against continuous usage of mineral based energy sources which is ecologically non benign.     

风力发电机齿轮油概述

概述了风力发电机齿轮油的性能,配方和市场状况。合成油的黏度保持性、剪切安定性、氧化安定性和抗微点蚀性能好,将具有良好的市场前景。     

水陆通用二冲程油评定技术

 提出了水陆通用高性能环保型二冲程油(以下简称通用油)的评定方案,即通用油的清净性评定技术、润滑油性评定技术以及排烟评定技术,并建立了相应的评定试验台架。利用舷外机的250h系泊试验、OMCJ70HP试验对通用油的清净性评定台架进行试验验证;依据NMMA TC-W3润滑性评定方法,对通用油的润滑性评定台架进行试验验证。结果表明,同种油的系泊试验、OMC J70HP试验以及通用油清净性台架试验的结果一致;通用油润滑性与NMMA TC-W3润滑性试验结果基本相同。通过对水冷润滑油和风冷润滑油进行清净性、排烟试验,证明水冷润滑油的清净性能和排烟性能与风冷FC级二冲程润滑油性能相关较大。同时,根据试验结果制定了通用油清净性通过指标为清净性评分不小于69.2。     

Degradation of fumonisin B1 by cinnamon essential oil

Fumonisins are group of mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. They frequently contaminate corn and corn based products, and cause several diseases in humans and animals. Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) is the most prevalent fumonisin and is highly toxic to human and animal. The essential oils from plants offer a hope in the prevention and detoxification of these mycotoxins. The present study investigates the degradation effect of cinnamon, citral, Litsea cubeba, clove, eucalyptus, anise, spearmint and camphor oils on FB₁. The degradation level of FB₁ was determined by ELISA. Cinnamon oil proves to be effective essential oil in reducing FB₁, followed by citral, eugenol oil, eucalyptus oil, anise oil and camphor oil. The effects of incubation time, and temperature with respect to the concentration of cinnamon oil on their degradation effect on FB₁ by cinnamon oil were investigated. Results showed that at 120 h time with the 280 μg/ml concentration of cinnamon oil, under 30 °C is optimal for FB₁ reduction. Under optimal condition, FB₁ was reduced from 15.03 to 0.89 μg/ml (94.06%). Cinnamon oil could be a promising candidate in the detoxification and control of FB₁ in corn based products.     

一种加油站油罐卸油时防止溢油的解决办法

简要介绍了加油站在卸油时容易发生的几种事故及为防止产生溢油的新设备——卸油自动防溢阀的工作原理和在加油站中的应用，新设备的安装和使用会为加油站的安全运营与管理提供更有益的保障。     

重整拔头油汽化技术的开发

重整拔头油由于在常温下是液体，不方便直接作为炉用燃料。开发了获国家实用新型专利的汽化器，采用汽化工艺，拔头油可代替液化气作工业窑炉燃料。工业应用试验结果表明，该轻烃燃料具有低硫、高热值的特点，与液化气相比可降低陶瓷窑的燃料费13．6％左右。该技术为炼油厂重整拔头油开辟了新的利用途径。     

Antifungal activity of lemon (Citrus lemon L.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) and orange (Citrus sinensis L.) essential oils

The objective of this work was to study the effect of the essential oils of lemon (Citrus lemon L.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) and orange (Citrus sinensis L.) on the growth of moulds commonly associated with food spoilage: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium verrucosum, using the agar dilution method. All the oils showed antifungal activity against all the moulds. Orange essential oil was the most effective against A. niger, mandarin essential oil was most effective at reducing the growth of Aspergillus flavus while grapefruit was the best inhibitor of the moulds P. chrysogenum and P. verrucosum. Citrus essential oils could be considered suitable alternatives to chemical additives for use in the food industry.