云南旱灾特点和未来1O年干旱趋势预测

统计分析云南50年旱灾面积和粮食损失的年代变化，总结云南旱灾特点。研究云南干旱与干湿、冷暖气候类型的关联性，指出云南气候偏暖期干旱发生频率显著高于偏冷期，暖湿期冬春旱频率高，干暖期则易于发生春夏太早；未来10年的前期云南气候仍处于暖湿期，后期可能很快进入干暖期，期间云南干旱频率将高于20世纪80年代，旱灾损失很可能比最近10年明显加大。     

基于EPIC 模型的云南元谋水稻春季旱灾风险评估方法

旱灾风险评估对于揭示旱灾发生规律,减少旱灾损失具有重要意义。以云南元谋县水稻1961—2010年的春季干旱为例,利用copula 函数计算干旱发生频率,根据EPIC 模型计算干旱在不同灌溉水平下的旱灾损失率,拟合干旱频率-旱灾损失率的分布曲线。云南元谋县实例研究表明,水稻春季干旱发生频率与其旱灾损失率之间基本符合对数函数的趋势关系,决定系数R2 在0.7以上,灌溉水量对于减少旱灾损失的作用显著。建立的干旱频率-灌溉水平-旱灾损失率分布曲线,可作为研究区水稻春季旱灾风险的定量评估方法。     

实际抗旱能力下的南方农业旱灾损失风险曲线计算方法

基于前期研究提出的4种假定灌溉条件下季节性干旱频率-旱灾损失率定量关系曲线,针对不同频率干旱发生时来水条件存在的差异与实际抗旱能力的不同,研究在变化的实际抗旱能力下,农业季节性干旱频率和旱灾损失率之间的定量关系,以此计算出实际抗旱能力下农业旱灾损失风险曲线。首先,以干旱期间供水满足需水的比例作为抗旱能力指标,分别建立抗旱能力指标-来水频率、干旱频率-干旱烈度保证率之间的关系曲线,以干旱烈度保证频率表征来水频率,进而得出各次干旱过程的抗旱能力指标与干旱频率的一一对应关系。然后,利用Copula函数计算干旱频率,通过EPIC模型模拟水稻产量并计算损失,建立干旱频率-假定灌溉水平-旱灾损失率三者间关系。最后,根据抗旱能力和干旱频率的对应关系,并以抗旱能力指标反映灌溉水平,可推得现状水平年实际抗旱能力下的干旱频率-旱灾损失率曲线。在湖南株洲市水稻旱灾损失风险计算的应用实例表明,实际抗旱能力下双季早稻夏季5—7月干旱频率-旱灾损失率之间,基本呈半对数函数趋势关系。对比历史旱灾损失调查结果,当发生2、5、10年一遇的干旱时,旱灾损失率的实际调查结果与理论计算值的相对差值分别为1.69%、-5.33%和-4.81%。     

经验频率法分析干旱空间分布特征

历史干旱规律分析是开展抗旱规划工作的前提。依据秦皇岛市1990~2007年统计的农业旱灾损失情况,采用经验频率法分析该市的易发旱灾等级、易发旱灾发生频率等历史干旱规律的空间分布特征。分析结果表明:秦皇岛市易发旱灾等级为轻度旱灾,发生频率为28%;易发旱灾等级东部较为严重,西部较轻,中部较为严重,南北较轻。     

天长市防旱抗旱减灾工作的实践与思考

天长市位于安徽省东部,淮河下游,高邮湖畔。由于所处的特殊的地理位置,特殊的气候条件,决定了该市非旱即涝,非涝即旱,水旱灾害频繁,旱灾出现的频率高于洪涝灾害。据统计,平均每2年一次轻旱,5年一次重旱,10年一次特大干旱。特别是进入90年代以来,旱灾尤为突出,10年出现了7次。给该市工农业生产和社会发展带来了重大损失。因此,认识和掌握旱灾的发生和发展的规律并有效地进行防治,已成为该市工农业生产能否再上新台阶的关键。     

新疆干旱灾害的特征及其影响因素分析

整理了1950—2000年新疆地区干旱灾害资料,分析了区内干旱灾害的变化特征及形成干旱灾害的主要原因。结果表明:近50 a间共发生干旱灾害47次,平均1.06 a发生一次,其中轻度旱灾14次,占旱灾发生总数的29.8%;中度旱灾14次,占旱灾总数的29.8%;重大旱灾10次,占旱灾总数的21.2%;特大旱灾9次,占旱灾总数的19.2%。从20世纪80年代开始,重大与特大干旱灾害发生频率明显提高,同时新疆干旱灾害的受灾面积、成灾面积、各种经济损失有逐步增加的趋势。新疆干旱灾害成因主要为干旱缺水、水资源时空分布不均、不合理的人类活动以及水利工程水毁等。     

近100年关中地区干旱灾害的时空变化分析

通过历史文献资料的收集和整理,对1900-2000年关中地区干旱灾害的变化阶段、空间变化、等级分布、变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明:关中地区近100 a共发生干旱灾害53次,平均每1.9 a发生一次。关中地区近100 a来发生的旱灾等级以中度旱灾为主,共发生23次,占旱灾总数的43.4%;其次为轻度旱灾和大旱灾,分别发生14和13次,占旱灾总数的26.4%和24.5%;特大旱灾较少,共发生3次,占旱灾总数的5.7%。关中地区近100 a来干旱灾害有明显的地区和季节差异,中东部为旱灾的高发区,其中渭南地区干旱灾害的发生次数最多,远远高于其他几个地区;旱灾以春旱和夏旱为主,分别占总数的11.3%和20%。关中地区近100 a干旱灾害发生的趋势为先下降后上升的趋势,从20世纪初至70年代干旱灾害的发生次数呈下降趋势,70年代至2000年略有上升。关中地区的气候类型和地理位置及人类活动是该区干旱灾害发生的主要原因。     

基于可变下渗容量模型和Palmer 干旱指数的区域干旱化评价研究

基于可变下渗容量(Variable Infiltration Capacity,VIC)模型的流域网格划分及其对径流、蒸散发和土壤含水量变化的模拟,对Palmer干旱指数各水量平衡分量的计算进行了优化,并采用分级修正的方式,改进了Palmer干旱指数中气候特征系数K的确定方法。在此基础上,建立了基于VIC模型和Palmer干旱指数的区域气候干湿变化评价系统,并采用该系统对黄土高原进行了研究。结果表明,近40年黄土高原气候正向暖干化趋势发展,1990年以后暖干化趋势尤为明显。研究区干旱发生频率在空间上呈由西北向东南递减趋势,不同季节干旱发生频率空间分布存在一定差异。该评价系统物理机制清晰,地区适应性较强,在实时监测和评估气候干湿变化及其时空分布上存在较大应用潜力。     

基于VIC模型和Palmer干旱指数的区域干旱化评价研究

基于VIC(可变下渗容量)模型的流域网格划分及其对径流、蒸散发和土壤含水量变化的模拟，对Palmer干旱指数各水量平衡分量的计算进行了优化，并采用分级修正的方式，改进了Palmer干旱指数中气候特征系数K的确定方法。在此基础上，建立了基于VIC模型和Palmer干旱指数的区域气候干湿变化评价系统，并将该系统在黄土高原进行了应用。结果表明，近40 a黄土高原气候正向暖干化趋势发展，1990年以后暖干化趋势尤为明显。研究区干旱发生频率在空间上呈由西北向东南递减趋势，不同季节干旱发生频率空间分布存在一定差异。该评价系统物理机制清晰，地区适应性较强，在实时监测和评估气候干湿变化及其时空分布上存在较大应用潜力。     

基于农业旱灾损失风险曲线的区域旱灾风险率空间分布研究

以辽宁西部18个典型县区为实例,对各县区干旱频率和因旱损失率进行关联度分析,得到区域农业旱灾损失风险曲线,并得到不同干旱频率(5％、10％、20％、30％、50％、60％)的旱灾风险率空间分布图.结果 表明:各县区频率与因旱损失率相关系数介于0.5～0.8,呈现较好的相关度,满足对数函数变化特征,潜在因旱损失随着干旱频...     

日照市2006年旱情分析及抗旱减灾对策

2006年是日照市继2002年特大干旱后的又一个枯水年,干旱和水利工程现状再次敲响了水资源紧缺的警钟。旱情分忻与抗旱减灾对策的实施,为应对出现的旱情,使有限的水资源发挥最大效益,确保城乡生活、工农业生产的安全,保持该市经济和社会持续发展的大好局面,产生积极的影响。     

Drought Monitoring by Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) in Iran

Drought is one of the most important natural hazards in Iran and frequently affects a large number of people, causing tremendous economic losses, environmental damages and social hardships. Especially, drought has a strong impact on water resources in Iran. This situation has made more considerations toward the study and management of drought. The present study is focused on two important indices; SPI and RDI, for 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months time scales in 40 meteorological synoptic stations in Iran. In the case of RDI computation, potential evapotranspiration was an important factor toward drought monitoring. So, evapotranspiration was calculated by Penman-Monteith equation. The correlation of RDI and SPI was also surveyed. Drought severity maps for SPI and RDI were also presented in the driest year (1999–2000). The present results have shown that the correlation of SPI and RDI was more considerable in the 3, 6 and 9 months than longer time scales. Furthermore, drought severity maps have shown that during 1999–2000, the central, eastern and south-eastern parts of Iran faced extremely dry conditions. While, according to SPI and RDI trends, other parts of the country suffered from severe drought. The SPI and RDI methods showed approximately similar results for the effect of drought on different regions of Iran. Since, RDI resolved more climatic parameters, such as evapotranspiration, into account which had an important role in water resource losses in the Iranian basins, it was worthwhile to consider RDI in drought monitoring in Iran, too.     

浅析我国局部地区干旱成因及抗旱战略问题

阐述干旱灾害的严重性和复杂性,解释我国干旱地区的干旱形成原因,分析了我国抗旱工作的战略对策,最后指出抗旱工作中的问题,并提出了几点建议。     

Probabilistic Characteristics of Drought Propagation from Meteorological to Hydrological Drought in South Korea

Water Resources Management - A reliable understanding of propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought is necessary for accurate forecasting of hydrological droughts. Our current...     

浅析我国局部地区干旱成因及抗旱战略问题

阐述干旱灾害的严重性和复杂性,解释我国干旱地区的干旱形成原因,分析了我国抗旱工作的战略对策,最后指出抗旱工作中的问题,并提出了几点建议.     

Multivariate Drought Assessment Considering the Antecedent Drought Conditions

Several drought indices have been developed based on a single variable or multiple variables using very complex calculations. Antecedent conditions are quite significant for analyzing physical processes involved in the conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling and for proper assessment of drought. However, not much attention has been paid to these conditions in the development of drought indices. Hence, we developed an alternative index for drought assessment, i.e., the antecedent condition-based multivariate drought index (AMDI), by taking into consideration all of the forms of drought, including meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought, in combination with the antecedent drought conditions. By comparing the AMDI with the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and reconnaissance drought index (RDI), it was revealed that in most cases, the drought trend was more or less the same. However, some discrepancies were also observed. Moreover, by considering additional factors, i.e., the antecedent soil moisture conditions and balance, an approximately 6 % difference in the drought frequency was observed compared to that of the SPI and RDI results, leading to a significant and proper drought assessment. The AMDI was also identified as a multi-scalar, multivariate index, which aggregates the effects of multiple drought forms by maintaining the continuity during month-to-month transitions. Hence, we concluded that the AMDI could be considered as an alternative tool for significant drought assessment.     

近500年旱灾统计显示的旱灾趋势

历史水旱灾害的统计分析显示:干旱与洪水灾害的发生频率几乎相当,在淮河以北的北方旱灾是主要自然灾害。研究历史时期特大持续性干旱问题,对防范黄淮海流域极端旱灾,部署减灾防灾的工程和非工程措施具有重要意义。本文将在近500年历史旱灾资料的基础上,重点研究黄淮海流域500年特大持续干旱及旱灾,并对其规律进行初步探讨。     

Assessment of Trend in Global Drought Propensity in the Twenty-First Century Using Drought Management Index

This study attempts to perform a global analysis of the trend in drought propensity in the twenty-first century using bias corrected soil moisture simulations from two General Circulation Model (GCMs) outputs based on the Representative Concentration Pathway-8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. Drought propensity is characterized in terms of the probabilistic index – Drought Management Index (DMI), which is suitable for the assessment of slowly varying changes in soil moisture drought on a multi-year time scale. A global gridded analysis is performed to assess the future trend in drought propensity at each location on the globe over the twenty-first century. Regional analysis is also carried out to investigate the trends, if any, at the continental scale. A significant increasing trend in drought propensity is observed in large parts of Africa, South America and Asia, whereas a significant decreasing trend is observed in the northern parts of Europe and North America. This study helps to assess the spatio-temporal propagation of global drought propensity in future and aids in identifying the regions that would be relatively more/less prone to droughts towards the end of the century.     

长沙市农业干旱规律分析及旱情预报模型探讨

文章依据长沙市历年降水资料，采用标准差法确定干旱指标，对长沙市建国以来干旱等级进行了评定，分析研究了长沙市干旱发生的基本特征，并提出了旱情预报模型。     

对山西省旱灾的思考

介绍了山西省的旱灾史实，分析了旱灾成因，并提出了今后防治旱灾的对策。