Pb1-xSrxSe薄膜材料的微结构和光学特性

采用分子束外延的方法在BaF2衬底（111）上制备出了高质量的Pb1-xSrxSe（0≤X≤0．050）薄膜．X射线衍射结果表明，Pb1-xSrxSe薄膜为立方相NaCl型晶体结构，没有观察到SrSe相分离现象，薄膜的取向为平行于衬底（111）晶面．薄膜晶格常数随Sr含量的增加逐渐增大，Sr含量由Vegard公式得到．再用理论模拟Pb1-xSrxSe薄膜透射光谱的方法得到了相应的带隙．最后通过介电函数模型拟合得到了PbSe和Pb1-xSrxSe薄膜在光子能量位于基本带隙附近的折射率n和吸收系数a．     

PbTe薄膜表面氧化机理研究

用分子束外延方法在BaF2（111）衬底上生长了PbTe单晶薄膜,原子力显微镜（AFM）的表面形貌表征显示PbTe表面具有单原子层的平整性,并观察到由螺位错形成的螺旋台阶面。高分辨X射线衍射（HRXRD）测量得到PbTe（111）衍射峰的线宽〈100afc sec,表明薄膜具有优良的晶体结构特性。然后将样品暴露于大气环境中3个月后,用X射线光电子谱（XPS）分析了PbTe表面的氧化机理,发现PbTe表面氧化形成了PbO和TeO2,接着将样品在超高真空中加温,同时测量样品表面的Pb、Te、O元素价态、束缚能、含量等参量随温度的变化,发现在温度达到475℃时PbTe样品表面的氧化层已除去,获得了较干净的PbTe表面,为PbTe光电器件工艺提供了实验依据。     

立方结构PbSe薄膜在六角硒化镉单晶(0001)表面的外延生长研究

采用分子束外延技术在六角铅锌矿结构CdSe单晶基片(0001)表面生长了立方结构PbSe薄膜,通过对所生长PbSe薄膜的X射线衍射(XRD)及透射电镜(TEM)分析,阐明了所生长立方PbSe薄膜与六角纤锌矿结构CdSe (0001)的外延关系,高分辨率TEM分析结果显示:CdSe基片与PbSe薄膜之间界面清晰,PbSe薄膜的晶体结构完整,其电子衍射谱的各级衍射斑点无明显畸变;XRD分析结果显示:所生长立方PbSe薄膜为(100)取向,PbSe薄膜与CdSe单晶的面内外延关系为PbSe[110]//CdSe[100],并呈现出三种不同面内取向晶粒镶嵌排列的微观结构,这表明:虽然六角铅锌矿结构CdSe (0001)面与立方PbSe(100)面具有不同的对称性,但仍能生长出高质量的PbSe薄膜,并为PbSe薄膜的应用奠定了可能。     

在GaAs(100)衬底上离化团束外延ZnSe单晶薄膜

ZnSe是一种理想的蓝紫色发光材料，用于制作发光器件有较大的应用前景，采用单源喷发、离化原子团束（ICB）技术在GaAs（100）上外延ZnSe单晶薄膜，并用电子能谱分析了外延薄膜的成分。用X射线衍射和RHEED研究了外延ZnSe单晶薄膜结构和外延质量。研究了淀积能量和衬底温度对薄膜质量的影响。得到了摆动曲线半高宽为133rad·s，并具有原子水平平整程度的ZnSe（100）单晶薄膜。外延薄膜存在0．2～0．4μm的应变过渡层，过渡层随淀积能量的增大而变薄。     

Si(111)衬底上3C-SiC的固源MBE异质外延生长

国内首次利用固源分子束外延(MBE)技术,在衬底温度为1100℃时,以Si(111)为衬底成功地外延生长出了3C-SiC单晶薄膜。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)以及原位反射高能电子衍射(RHEED)等手段研究了外延薄膜的晶型、结晶质量、外延膜与衬底的外延取向关系,并考察了薄膜制备过程中衬底的碳化对薄膜质量的影响。结果表明,外延膜与衬底晶格取向完全一致;碳化可以减小SiC和衬底Si之间的晶格失配、释放应力、引入成核中心,有利于薄膜单晶质量的提高;碳化温度存在最佳值,这一现象与成核过程有关。     

衬底温度对Si(111)衬底上MBE异质外延3C-SiC薄膜的影响

利用固源分子束外延(SSMBE)技术, 在Si(111)衬底上异质外延生长3C-SiC单晶薄膜, 通过RHEED、XRD、AFM、XPS等实验方法研究了衬底温度对薄膜结构、形貌和化学组分的影响. 研究结果表明, 1000℃生长的样品具有好的结晶质量和单晶性. 在更高的衬底温度下生长, 会导致大的孔洞形成, 衬底和薄膜间大的热失配使降温过程中薄膜内形成更多位错, 从而使晶体质量变差. 在低衬底温度下生长, 由于偏离理想的化学配比也会导致薄膜的晶体质量降低.     

ZnO薄膜的同质外延生长及其结构表征

利用等离子体辅助分子束外延的方法在ZnO单晶衬底上制备了ZnO薄膜。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、同步辐射掠入射XRD和φ扫描等实验技术研究了ZnO薄膜的结构。XRD和φ扫描的结果显示同质外延的ZnO薄膜已经达到单晶水平。掠入射XRD结果表明ZnO薄膜内部不同深度处a方向的晶格弛豫是不一致的,从接近衬底界面处到薄膜的中间部分再到薄膜的表面处,a方向的晶格常数分别为0.3249,0.3258和0.3242 nm。计算得到ZnO薄膜的泊松比为0.156,同质外延的ZnO薄膜与衬底在a轴方向的晶格失配度为-0.123%。     

Er2O3栅介质积累端电容频率色散效应的研究

采用分子束外延（MBE）方法在Si（001）衬底上生长了Er2O3薄膜。高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）测试显示Er2O3薄膜保持了在衬底上完好的外延,样品为均匀的单晶结构。将单晶Er2O3薄膜制备成MOS结构并对其做电容-电压（C-V）测试时,发现样品在高频时积累端电容出现了很大程度的频率色散现象。为了解释这种现象,提出了样品中存在缺氧层的结构模型。对该模型等效电路阻抗表达式推导得到了电容-频率方程,并将此方程与实验数据进行拟合,得到的图形、变量参数表明,未完全氧化的插入层是高频MOS C-V测试出现频率色散现象的主要原因。因此认为要消除Er2O3栅介质积累端的频率色散效应,需要尽量减少或避免缺氧层的形成。     

LaAlO3/BaTiO3/SrTiO3三色超晶格的RHEED原位监测

采用激光脉冲分子束外延技术，在（100）取向的STO单晶基片上成功外延生长了LaAlO3／BaTiO3／SrTiO3超晶格。在超晶格薄膜生长过程中采用反射高能电子衍射（RHEED）对LaAlO3／BaTiO3／SrTiO3超晶格的生长过程进行了分析。通过对超晶格中各层RHEED图像分析，发现由于各层面内晶格失配的不同，超晶格各层生长特性有所区别。借助原子力显微镜（AFM）对超晶格表面形貌进行了表征，表明制备的超晶格具有原子级平整的表面。     

LaAlO3/BaTiO3超晶格薄膜的生长及结构分析

采用激光脉冲分子束外延技术,在(100)取向的SrTiO3 单晶基片上成功外延生长了LaAlO3/Ba TiO3 超晶格薄膜。在超晶格薄膜生长过程中,采用高能电子衍射技术(RHEED)对LaAlO3/BaTiO3 超晶格薄膜的生长过程以及平面晶格变化进行了分析。通过对超晶格薄膜中各层RHEED衍射条纹的分析计算发现超晶格薄膜存在一个临界厚度,其值约为 17nm,当超晶格薄膜的厚度小于该临界厚度时,晶格畸变在逐渐增加,当厚度超过该临界厚度时,晶格畸变因弛豫现象的产生而逐渐减小。超晶格薄膜中不同层的RHEED衍射条纹的差别说明了由于不同应力的作用使超晶格薄膜中LAO层和BTO层表面粗糙度不同。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...