废水回用方式对水网络碳足迹的影响分析

针对典型高耗水化工企业,分析其水网络的碳足迹,对推进清洁生产、优化水资源配置、降低二氧化碳排放具有重要意义.选择新鲜水和电能这两项决定性因素.计算水网络的碳足迹,分析了钛白粉厂不同废水回用方式对水网络碳足迹的影响.研究结果表明,钛白粉厂直接回用水网络和再生回用水网络的碳足迹分别比初始水网络降低了24.69%和26.38...     

Economic optimization of the water reuse network in batch process industries

Water reuse has proved to be an efficient way to reduce freshwater demand and wastewater generation in process industries. In this paper, a methodology for minimizing the costs associated to water management in batch process industries is presented. This work is based on a previous methodology for freshwater demand minimization, which has been extended to the economical aspects of water management: cost associated to freshwater supply and conditioning, wastewater treatment and disposal, as well as water reuse network investment and operation costs. Water reuse network design is optimized from the economical point of view, minimizing the operation and investment costs associated to the water use.     

Positive roles of biofilm during the operation of membrane bioreactor for water reuse

Generally, membrane biofilm have been believed to be minimized during the operation of membrane bioreactor (MBR) for wastewater treatment and reuse. In this study, positive roles of membrane biofilm in the intermittently aerated MBR system were highlighted. During the long-term operation using real domestic wastewater, membrane biofilm played secondary filtration barrier for both low and high molecular weight organic matters. The biofilm on the membrane surface was responsible for the removal of low molecular weight organic matters by the use of easily degradable organic matters (i.e. <1 kDa) as microbial carbon and energy sources during the filtration. Also, track study showed that the significant denitrification took place by the membrane biofilm, proved by the degradation of carbon source and increase of alkalinity such as inorganic carbon. Nevertheless the necessity of further study, this study will give unique insight into positive roles of membrane biofilm, and also continue to aid both fundamental studies and developments of MBR processes.     

浅谈中水回用对循环水的影响与对策

介绍了中石化武汉分公司中水回用于循环冷却水系统的基本情况,深入研究了中水主要控制指标波动时对循环水水质产生的各种危害和影响,并提出了相应的控制优化措施,有效提升了循环水系统中水回用量,降低了企业新鲜水耗。     

中水回用到化纤厂循环水后药剂对策

对化纤厂中水回用于循环水系统后的水处理药剂进行评价,分别考察药剂的阻垢性能和杀菌性能,实现工业节水和环境保护,具有很好的社会和经济效益。     

氯水的回收利用

氯水经回收利用后,间歇生产含有效氯10%～12%的次氯酸钠,达到增产节约、降耗创效的目的.     

Public perception and participation in water reuse

The Water Environment Research Foundation in the United States funded an interdisciplinary and integrative social science study on public perception and participation in water reuse within the US. It employed a three-phased research protocol consisting of 1) literature review and three comprehensive case studies, including interpretive white papers from five different social science disciplines and public health and environmental engineering scientists, 2) a multi-stakeholder workshop to promote integrative, interdisciplinary analysis of the literature and case study findings, and 3) peer-review among twenty-one social science and water resource management experts. The case studies included examples of potable and non-potable reuse, with elements of success and failure. Five themes were identified as critical to building and maintaining public confidence in water resource management and water reuse decision-making: managing information for all stakeholders; maintaining individual motivation and demonstrating organizational commitment; promoting communication and public dialog; ensuring a fair and sound decision-making process and outcome; and building and maintaining trust. The study produced guidance for water resource professionals with a strategy for assessing the community context and developing a principle-based approach to public outreach, education and participation.     

Optimisation of petroleum refinery water network systems retrofit incorporating reuse,regeneration and recycle strategies

Scarcities in freshwater supply and increasingly stringent rules on wastewater discharges have emerged as major environmental concerns for petroleum refineries. Hence, this work attempts to develop an optimisation framework for refinery water network systems design and retrofit that integrates the complementary advantageous features of water pinch analysis (WPA). The framework explicitly incorporates water minimisation strategies by first postulating a superstructure representation that embeds all feasible flowsheet alternatives for implementing water reuse, regeneration and recycle (W3R) opportunities. Subsequently, a nonlinear programming (NLP) model is formulated based on the superstructure and computational experiments on a real‐world case study are conducted using the GAMS/CONOPT3 modelling language platform. Post‐optimality analysis on the numerical results are performed to achieve the desired water reuse quality, hence presenting a viable framework to aid decision‐making in water network systems synthesis. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

氯含水超标问题的解决办法

介绍陕西金泰氯碱化工有限公司烧碱分厂氯气处理工艺。分析氯含水超标原因,认为是泡罩塔内出现故障,导致硫酸与氯气接触不充分。提出用颗粒稍大的无水高氯酸镁代替五氧化二磷分析氯中含水量,减少分析误差。检修泡罩塔内两层问题严重的塔板并用CPVC专用胶封堵,处理后氯中含水量有所下降。指出彻底解决氯含水高的办法是对泡罩塔进行全面处理。     

Development of analysis tools for social,economic and ecological effects of water reuse

The full implementation of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) in Europe will contribute to obtain treated wastewaters of quite high quality that could be reused for certain applications or improved by polishing steps for uses with higher quality requirements. Even though reclaimed water reuse is currently implemented in many European countries, mainly for irrigation, its potential has not yet been exploited in many areas. In fact, a decisive factor to achieve a higher percentage of water reuse is the establishment of effective incentives, which in many instances will be of either an economic or a regulatory nature. The limiting factor for water reuse can in many circumstances be the quality of the water available linked to the treatment processes (technology) and potential hazards for secondary users. In any case, its economic viability needs a careful cost-benefit analysis for the various parties involved to be carried out. However, some water reuse implementation projects have failed because some other key factors, such as social awareness or associated ecological effects, were not accounted for. Thus, the consideration of regulatory, economic, technological, social and environmental factors seems essential to successfully accomplish a reclaimed water reuse project. Feasibility studies can contribute to obtain the success in the implementation of a water reuse project. Within AQUAREC a feasibility study methodology for the performance of water reuse projects has been developed, considering the above mentioned key factors and providing the tools for their analysis. These guidelines aim at assisting the different stakeholders (administration, engineering companies, water management bodies, etc.) involved in the implementation of a water reuse programme in a specific area. AQUAREC Handbook on Feasibility Studies for Water Reuse Systems, publicly available, deals with all information needs necessary to successfully face a water reuse project. Background information data collection support, technology options evaluation or environmental impact assessment guidelines are offered in this publication. Furthermore, the assessment methodologies and indicators for social, economic and environmental factors are also provided. Last but not least, cost effectiveness analysis methodologies and technology validation are also addressed.     

城市中水回用于工业冷却水技术初探

中水回用对于解决水资源短缺具有其他方法无法比拟的优势，其成功应用将产生巨大的经济效益和社会效益。作者针对天津市中水水质情况结合企业工况条件，对中水作为循环冷却水系统补充水的技术可行性进行了分析，同时对拟选择的凝汽器材质以及配套使用的水处理药剂进行了评价和筛选，提出了中水回用的必要控制条件。     

Philosophy of water reuse in Islamic perspective

A large number of Muslim countries have arid climate and face severe shortage of fresh water supplies for their development programs. It makes it imperative to utilize each drop of reusable water after proper treatment. The Qur'an, while emphasizing the importance of water as such, and its functions as an agent for purification, does not spell out specific rules regarding the reuse of waste water effluents. A number of sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him) about water are, however, found in the Traditions of the Prophet (called Hadith). Consistent with the general approach of Islam to human problems, which is characterized by practicality and concern for ease in human life, the teachings embodied in the Hadith on this question are of a liberal nature. In the traditional legal literature of Islam, there exists the concept of unclean and used water being made a part of the over-all supply of clean water and being used thereafter. To make use of modern technology in order to recycle waste water effluents after treatment seems quite in keeping with the spirit and letter of the Islamic teachings, though of course considerations of health, cost and public acceptance are always bound to be taken into consideration.     

The role of desalination in water reuse

If reuse of water is being considered in an area where seawater desalination will be used to produce the basic water source, overall water resource development costs should be considered before selection of the basic desalination process. In cases where the system's wastewater is treated and used for artificial ground-water recharge and recovery, there are inherent benefits in utilizing a thermal rather than a membrane process to produce the basic water source from seawater.     

Integrated water resource management through water reuse network design for clean production technology: State of the art

This article considers new and existing technologies for water reuse networks for water and wastewater minimization. For the systematic design of water reuse networks, the theory of the water pinch methodology and the mathematical optimization are described, which are proved to be effective in identifying water reuse opportunities. As alternative solutions, evolutionary solutions and stochastic design approaches to water system design are also illustrated. And the project work flow and an example in a real plant are examined. Finally, as development is in the forefront in process industries, this paper will also explore some research challenges encountered in this field such as simultaneous water and energy minimization, energy-pinch design, and eco-industrial parks (EIP).     

Trends in Libyan desalination and water reuse policy

The present and future libyan water demand is briefly exposed and some solutions presented to cope with the deterioration of wells water quality due to the increased utilization of the upper aquifer. The two most important solutions, water reuse and desalination, are studied.The actual stand and possible future of water reuse are discussed. Then the existing desalination facilities are reviēwed and present problems analyzed.The consequent trends in the libyan desalination policy are guessed taking into account the experience accumulated during the commissioning, the erection and the running of the actual installations.     

国内外稠油采出水回用工程介绍

介绍了国内外稠油采出水深度处理的意义。简述了国外工程的工艺流程、技术特点,得出经验性认识。并概述3个国内典型稠油采出水深度处理工程实例,推荐采用缓冲调节、混凝沉降、溶气浮选、吸附除硅、粗精过滤、弱酸软化的处理流程,简述强化除油、针对性加药、慎重除硅、自控简单适用等技术特点,提出了稠油采出水深度处理工艺的发展趋势。     

Improvements in surrogate models for process synthesis. Application to water network system design

High accuracy models can be obtained by using different types of surrogate models that accurately approximate equipment phenomenological models and can be used in synthesis problems, leading to faster and more precise solutions. Two types of surrogate models are used to approximate equipment phenomenological models: polynomial and neural network-based. In some cases, these surrogate models are not able to represent more complex equipment. An original methodology to reformulate these models using equations from shortcut equipment design is proposed. A medium-size case study involving fifteen units is presented. The synthesis problem is solved in a short computational time, leading many local solutions. Since several local optima objective function values are very close to each other, the choice of the best configuration among those found should be done qualitatively, because the differences among the objective function values are not significant if compared to the accuracy of equipment cost correlations in the literature.     

电厂废水深度处理回用于循环水系统

浙江台州电厂四期综合废水回用处理系统采用预沉淀、气浮、V型滤池过滤工艺,其出水补至电厂工业循环冷却水系统.工程实践表明,该工艺处理效率高,运行稳定,出水水质达到了电厂工业循环冷却水补水水质要求.     

The application of solar energy in water reuse

The application of photocatalysed oxidation in water reuse technology is described. Results with a sequencing batch reactor showed that 4 hours contact of the raw sewage with 0·5 mg dye sorbed g^?1 fly ash in sunlight, under experimental conditions, significantly reduced the organic and bacteriological load and rendered it fit for use in irrigation or for discharge. The effect of variables such as contact time or amount of dye sorbed on COD, MBAS and MPN counts were investigated and the results interpreted in terms of enhanced photoactivity and biodegradation in the sorbed state. The process appears to be well suited to commercial exploitation as it is safe, quick and economical.