铜颗粒增强对锡铅钎料蠕变寿命的影响

颗粒增强是提高合金性能的重要手段之一.增强体的不同含量对基体的性能会产生不同的影响.主要分析和讨论了铜的不同含量对铜颗粒增强的锡铅基复合钎料蠕变性能的影响.测定6种铜颗粒增强的锡铅基复合钎料的蠕变寿命.试验结果表明:在相同的条件下,复合钎料的蠕变寿命与锡铅钎料相比,均有不同程度的提高.当铜的质量分数约为1%时,复合钎料的蠕变性能最好,约为锡铅钎料的17倍.     

Ni颗粒增强无铅复合钎料中IMC形态之演变

通过改变钎焊工艺曲线来控制热输入量。研究了Ni颗粒周围金属间化合物(IMC)以及钎料/基板界面处IMC的形态演变。结果表明,随着热输入量由低变高,Ni颗粒周围IMC形态从向日葵状向多边形状发展,最终成为遍布整个钎料层的细碎的IMC形态;而钎料/基板界面层,因Ni颗粒的加入,出现大量的三维孔洞状IMC。从而形成了Cu元素扩散的通道,使得界面层厚度增加且呈线性增长趋势。     

Sn-Ag系电子无铅软钎料的超电势研究

随着微电子表面组装技术（SMT）的迅速发展和公众环境意识的增强，无铅软钎料成为近年来研究的焦点。主要研究了Sn-Ag系合金钎料的超电势电化学性能，并且与传统的Sn-Pb近共晶合金进行了对比。试验证明在酸、碱两种不同的溶液环境中，无铅软钎料在Sn-Pb合金的超电势有明显的差异。并指出含铋的钎料的超电势随着铋的含量的增加而降低，从而提出了在无铅软钎料研究中应当考虑因超电势变化而引起的问题。     

Sn-8Zn无铅钎料性能的研究

研究了不同微量合金元素(Bi、Ag)对Sn-8Zn无铅钎料高温抗氧化性能及接头剪切强度的影响,采用氧化质量增加△m值的方法,在高温下观察钎料表面氧化膜形状和颜色的变化并对氧化膜进行X射线衍射分析,探讨了钎料的高温抗氧化性能的机理,通过对钎料的金相显微组织观察和对热处理后钎焊接头的剪切强度试验,分析了提高接头剪切强度的原因.试验结果表明:在Sn-8Zn钎料中加入适量的合金元素(Bi、Ag)均可以改善和提高钎料的高温抗氧化性能和接头的剪切强度.     

新型Sn-Ag-Bi-Cu-In系无铅钎料合金研究

通过正交试验设计形成Sn-Ag-Bi-Cu-In系无铅钎料合金,并对钎料合金的熔化温度、可焊性、密度及剪切强度等进行研究.研究发现,Sn-Ag-Bi-Cu-In系钎料合金熔化温度接近传统的熔化温度,固-液温度差小;钎料密度约为传统Sn63Pb37的87%;试样铺展面积为72.02mm2,与Sn63Pb37焊锡的铺展面积76.85 mm2非常接近;钎料的剪切强度远大于传统Sn63Pb37钎料的剪切强度,其断裂形貌为沿晶脆断.     

Ag对Sn-9Zn合金钎料组织及性能的影响

用莱卡显微镜、XRD研究添加元素Ag对Sn-9Zn钎料组织及性能的影响。结果表明:Ag与Zn形成AgZn3化合物,能抑制粗大针状富Zn相的形成,可使Sn-9Zn钎料合金的润湿性提高20%,并明显改善Sn-9Zn的耐蚀性。     

SnAgCuY钎料表面Sn晶须的旋转生长现象

研究了Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu1.0Y钎料表层上YSn3稀土相表面Sn晶须的生长行为。结果表明:室温时效条件下在YSn3的表面会出现Sn晶须的快速生长现象,生长速度最快可达10–10m/s,长度最长可达200μm。YSn3稀土相氧化的不均匀性是导致Sn晶须在生长时产生各种旋转现象的主要原因。     

BiAgSbCu系高温无铅钎料制备及焊接性能研究

研制开发熔点在260 ℃以上的高温无铅钎料来代替传统的高铅钎料运用于电子封装一直是钎焊领域的一大难题。熔点约为272 ℃的Bi-2.6 Ag-5 Sb钎料合金因润湿性和焊接可靠性不良在运用上受到限制。文中通过在Bi-2.6 Ag-5 Sb钎料合金中添加微量元素Cu来改善B-i2.6 Ag-5 Sb合金的润湿性及焊接可靠性。研究结果表明,Cu含量对BiAgSbCu系钎料合金熔点影响较小,当Cu含量为2 %时,润湿性及焊接可靠性最佳。     

SnAgCuRE系钎料的钎焊接头组织与力学性能

以Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu为基础,添加微量的稀土(RE)r(Ce︰La)为4︰1,研究了钎焊接头的显微组织与力学性能。结果表明:添加微量的RE后,钎料与Cu试样间的界面层厚度明显减小,且界面处的组织更加平滑,相应地其剪切强度随微量RE的添加而增大,并在RE含量(质量分数)为0.1%时达到最大值36MPa。     

Ag含量对Sn-Zn-Ag无铅钎料腐蚀性能的影响

在Sn-Zn共晶钎料中加入不同含量的Ag元素制成Sn-9Zn-xAg无铅钎料,利用失重法、扫描电镜的腐蚀形貌观察以及EDS成分分析,分析了Sn-9Zn-xAg无铅钎料在3%NaCl溶液浸泡腐蚀情况下的腐蚀行为,并与Sn-Pb以及Sn-Zn钎料进行比较.结果表明:随着Ag含量的增加,钎料合金的抗腐蚀性能有所提高.     

Formation and growth of intermetallics around metallic particles in eutectic Sn-Ag solder

Incorporation of metallic particulate reinforcements in eutectic Sn-Ag solder results in the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) along particulate/solder interfaces with different morphologies. For instance, “sunflower” and “blocky faceted” IMC shapes have been observed around Ni particle reinforcements incorporated in the eutectic Sn-Ag solder matrix. The time and temperature above solder liquidus during the heating stage of the reflow process has been found to play a significant role in determining the IMC morphology in these Ni particulate-reinforced solders. Similar studies were carried out with Cu and Ag particulate reinforcements using the same solder matrix. The amount of heat input caused no significant change in morphology of the IMCs formed around Cu and Ag particulate reinforcements. Also, the IMC morphology around Ni particles was sensitive to the Cu content in the solder, whether the Cu came from the substrate during reflow or it was already present within the solder.     

Effect of adding Sb on microstructure and adhesive strength of Sn-Ag solder joints

This study investigates the influence of adding Sb on the microstructure and adhesive strength of the Sn3.5Ag solder. Both solidus and liquidus temperatures increase as Sb additions increase. Adding 1.5wt.%Sb leads to the narrowest range (6.6°C) between the solidus and liquidus temperature of the solder. Adding Sb decomposes the as-soldered ringlike microstructure of Sn3.5Ag and causes solid-solution hardening. The as-soldered hardness increases with increasing Sb addition. For long-term storage, adding Sb reduces the size of the rodlike Ag₃Sn compounds. The hardness also increases with increasing Sb addition. Adding Sb depresses the growth rate of interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layers, but the difference between 1% and 2% Sb is not distinct. For mechanical concern, adding Sb improves both adhesive strength and thermal resistance of Sn3.5Ag, where 1.5% Sb has the best result. However, adding Sb causes a variation in adhesive strength during thermal storage. The more Sb is added, the higher the variation reveals, and the shorter the storage time requires. This strength variation helps the solder joints to resist thermal storage.     

无铅焊膏中松香含量对焊点剪切强度的影响

对不同松香含量的助焊剂进行了润湿力性能测试和黏度测试。用这些助焊剂配制成焊膏,并对焊后的焊点进行了剪切试验,以此来测定不同的松香含量下焊点的剪切强度。结果表明:焊膏的黏度随着松香含量的增加而增加,而其润湿力逐渐降低。当松香的质量分数为42.69%时,焊点的剪切强度可达48.36MPa,焊膏焊接性能良好,焊点饱满光亮。     

Suppression of void coalescence in thermal aging of tin-silver-copper-X solder joints

Addressing the potential for drop impact failure of Pb-free interconnects, the shear ductility after extensive aging of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solders has been improved radically by Co or Fe modifications. Several other SAC+X candidates (X=Mn, Ni, Ge, Ti, Si, Cr, and Zn) now have been tested. Solder joint microstructures and shear strength results show that new SAC+X alloys also suppress void formation and coalescence at the Cu (substrate)/Cu₃Sn interface (and embrittlement) after aging at 150°C for up to 1,000 h. Microprobe measurements of 1,000 h aged samples suggest that Cu substitution by X is usually accentuated in the intermetallic layers, consistent with X=Co and Fe results.     

The effect of soldering process variables on the microstructure and mechanical properties of eutectic Sn-Ag/Cu solder joints

Fundamental understanding of the relationship among process, microstructure, and mechanical properties is essential to solder alloy design, soldering process development, and joint reliability prediction and optimization. This research focused on the process-structure-property relationship in eutectic Sn-Ag/Cu solder joints. As a Pb-free alternative, eutectic Sn-Ag solder offers enhanced mechanical properties, good wettability on Cu and Cu alloys, and the potential for a broader range of application compared to eutectic Sn-Pb solder. The relationship between soldering process parameters (soldering temperature, reflow time, and cooling rate) and joint microstructure was studied systemati-cally. Microhardness, tensile shear strength, and shear creep strength were measured and the relationship between the joint microstructures and mechani-cal properties was determined. Based on these results, low soldering tempera-tures, fast cooling rates, and short reflow times are suggested for producing joints with the best shear strength, ductility, and creep resistance.     

Elevated temperature aging of solder joints based on Sn-Ag-Cu: Effects on joint microstructure and shear strength

The shear strength behavior and microstructural effects after aging for 100 h and 1,000 h at 150°C are reported for near-eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder joints (joining to Cu) made from Sn-3.5Ag (wt.%) and a set of SAC alloys (including Co- and Fe-modified SAC alloys). All joints in the as-soldered and 100-h aged condition experienced shear failure in a ductile manner by either uniform shear of the solder matrix (in the strongest solders) or by a more localized shear of the solder matrix adjacent to the Cu₆Sn₅ interfacial layer, consistent with other observations. After 1,000 h of aging, a level of embrittlement of the Cu₃Sn/Cu interface can be detected in some solder joints made with all of the SAC alloys and with Sn-3.5Ag, which can lead to partial debonding during shear testing. However, only ductile failure was observed in all solder joints made from the Co- and Fe-modified SAC alloys after aging for 1,000 h. Thus, the strategy of modifying a strong (high Cu content) SAC solder alloy with a substitutional alloy addition for Cu seems to be effective for producing a solder joint that retains both strength and ductility for extended isothermal aging at high temperatures.     

Microstructural characterization of damage in thermomechanically fatigued Sn-Ag based solder joints

Sn-Ag based solder joints of 100-μm thickness were thermomechanically fatigued between −15°C and +150°C with a ramp rate of 25°C/min for the heating segment and 7°C/min for the cooling segment. The hold times were 20 min at high temperature extreme and 300 min at the low temperature extreme. Surface damage accumulation predominantly consisted of shear banding, surface relief due to Sn-grain extrusion, grain boundary sliding, and grain decohesion usually near the solder/substrate interface. Small alloy additions were found to affect the extent of this surface damage accumulation.     

Copper substrate dissolution in eutectic Sn-Ag solder and its effect on microstructure

The dissolution of Cu into molten Sn-3.8at.%Ag (Sn-3.5wt.%Ag) solder and its effect on microstructure were studied by light microscopy, scanning microscopy, and x-ray microanalysis. X-ray microanalysis of the average Cu content of samples soldered under various conditions showed that the amount of Cu dissolved during soldering increased with increasing soldering temperature and time and that the rate of dissolution could be described by a Nernst-Brunner equation. Microstructurally it was found that the volume fractions of primary β(Sn) dendrites and η-phase dendrites increase with increasing soldering temperature and time. The microstructural changes can be explained using Sn-Ag-Cu phase equilibrium data. A numerical method was developed for calculating the amount of Cu dissolved under non-isothermal conditions, which describes dissolution reasonably well.