The Ergonomics Society The Society's Lecture 1985

Psychophysiological effects of computer system response time (slow vs. rapid) and method of pay (incentive vs. nonincentive) were assessed in a computer-based data entry task among forty-five professional typists. Cardiovascular responses (i.e., heart rate and blood pressure) were monitored on a regular basis over four consecutive workdays. Heart rate and blood pressure did not vary singificantly with slow or rapid response times. Incentive pay, however, significantly increased blood pressure and decreased heart rate variability across the workdays compared to nonincentive pay. Irrespective of response time or method of pay, performance of the data entry task for sustained periods of time was associated with reduced heart rate and increased heart rate variability. This temporal effect was indicative of reduced effort or increased mental fatigue. The results of this study suggest that incentive pay programmes in data entry work may produce stress-related physiological reactivity among healthy workers.     

The Ergonomics Society Society's Lecture 1995 Making ergonomics a world-wide concept

Since its formal inception more than half a century ago, ergonomics has time and again demonstrated that it has a niche among the field of scientific disciplines aspiring to make the world a better place. How far has it really gone? Can we now lay claim that it is indeed well-known and accepted? Are the benefits it purports to deliver realized in all parts of the world? About two-thirds of human beings live in the Third World. This is where poverty and inequality are relatively more common. This is where much work is still degrading and far from being humane. This is also where ergonomics has yet to make its presence felt in practice.

This paper attempts to show that ergonomics can and will become a globally applied science. However, it has to make its contribution to the Third World prevalent and long-lasting. The paper focuses on the current state of ergonomics in the Third World, the so-called Industrially Developing Countries (IDCs).     

The Ergonomics Society ANNUAL CONFERENCE 1978 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

As part of a combined electromyographic, mechanical work and metabolic study of load carriage this research focuses on the optimal load carried by the subject. This study demonstrates the anomalies associated with the definition of optimal load, and shows that it is dependent on whether or not the carrier is given any credit for carrying his own weight as well as that of the load.

In many situations it may be important to include the carrier's own body mass in the optimal load equation. This study showed that if the load were body plus backpack the optimal backpack load was found to be quite low (less than 10kg) because the metabolic cosi increased quite rapidly at low loads. On the other hand, if the carrier's mass was ignored there might be an optimum load at 40 kg or higher. Giving partial ‘credit’ for carrying body weight (for example, 50% body mass plus backpack), resulted in an optimum load of about 17 kg. The percentage ‘credit’ given to the body mass itself depends on how important it is that the carrier does not arrive fatigued at his destination. The military may wish to give 100% credit, and recreational carriers zero.     

Can humans think? The Ergonomics Society Lecture 1991.

For many years, computer scientists have been concerned with whether computers can think. Considerable thought, therefore, goes into designing 'thinking' computer systems and into wondering whether they really can think, or just pretend to. On the other hand, it is 'obvious' that humans can think, and therefore little thought has gone into the related question, 'Can humans think?' This paper explores the ergonomic implications of the affirmative answer. Computers get better treatment than humans, yet humans are more than machines. However, not only do designers seem to forget this, but they do not even treat users with the same respect as they would a machine.     

并行工程中设计任务的动态分配方法研究

以加速产品设计为目的的并行工程,需要对其其过程进行有效规划,规划的目的之一要达到在规定的时间内,将合适的任务分配给合适的人。由于设计过程中存在的不确定性和影响因素的动态性和多样性,需要新的任务分配算法。文中提出了一种选择合适任务、确定任务难度、根据任务难度和人员能力进行任务分配的算法。     

ScopeWork中任务处理机制的设计

工作流管理系统（ＷＦＭＳ）把业务流程中的每一项活动着作任务,并负责组织、调度和控这些相互关联的任务。工作流中任务的模型描述和接口设计是开发工作流应用中重要的组成部分,它直接影响着任务间的调度执行,本文主要讨论基于ＣＯＲＢＡ的ＷＦＭＳ ＳｃｏｐＷｏｒｋ中的任务管理器和任务处理的设计。     

凸起形状特征在集成过程中的处理技术

凸起形状特征在基于特征的ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＭ系统中是一种逆于切削加工生成的形状特征，在集成过程中需作必须的处理和转换，本文认真分析了在集成过程中处理凸起形状特征所必须解决的问题，提出了面向集成的ＣＡＤ系统设计策略，引入半空间思想进行了基于几何推理的凸起形状特征的转换处理，反映了一种系统化的集成思想和凸起形状特征的处理方法。     

网络环境下公文收发系统的设计与实现

一个单位内部各部门之间公文收发是日常工作的重要内容。本文主要研究在计算机网络环境下，如何利用网络的高速数据传输能力，设计出符合我国企事业单位管理体制特点的公文收发计算机自动化处理系统，实现无纸公文办公。文中提出了两种可行的实现方案，并就其中一种方案进行了编程实现。该系统已在ＮＯＶＥＬＬ网络上测试运行，使用方便，功能完善，还可兼作电子邮件使用。     

The Ergonomics Research Society THE SOCIETY'S LECTURE, 1974* The Borderland of Anatomy and Ergonomics

A survey of The status of ergonomics in Poland was conducted over a three week period during July 1978 under the sponsorship of the National Academy of Sciences scientific exchange programme. Ergonomic activities were reviewed in Warsaw and Cracow by means of a series of visits to academic and research institutions. Among the organizations contacted were: the Institute of Industrial Design, the Polish Psychological Association, the Institute of Psychology at the University of Warsaw, the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow and The Institute of Psychology associated with the Jagiellonian University. Based on interviews with prominent scientists in the forefront of ergonomic activities, the report provides a review of the historical development of ergonomics, the composition of the ergonomics community, current research interests and applications, and anticipated future trends. The Poles claim credit for having coined the term Ergonomics in 1857. They are proud to have formed the first Ergonomics Society in the Eastern European bloc of nations. Its current membership totals over 400 and they look forward to hosting the 1979 International Ergonomics Association meeting in Warsaw. There are only about 100 engineering psychologists in Poland. Engineers and physiologists or physicians tend to dominate the ergonomics field. There appears to be strong support for this emerging discipline from the State and industrial enterprises and ergonomics can be expected to become increasingly more important in Poland.     

数字化电子手册开发平台的研究

本文主要讨论数字化电子手册开发平台的设计实现,分析了该开发平台的系统结构需求、功能和组成,并给出了该开发平台的使用实例。     

The Ergonomics Society--the Society Lectures 1999: the Ergonomics Society: 50 years of growth

Developments in the Society are outlined since the early history was described by Edholm and Murrell. Major changes in the Society's operation and the context in which these changes took place are given. The changes in research directions, growth in educational facilities for professional education and the ever widening areas for the application of ergonomics are discussed. The consequences of these developments for the expansion of a recognition of the contribution of ergonomics, and the position of professionals in the international scene are touched upon.     

The Society's Lecture 1987 The Use of Models in Human-Computer Interface Design

A user-centred approach to human-computer interface design requires that the designer has appropriate tools to aid in the design process and employs iterative design procedures which incorporate user evaluations. The concept of using models of the user as an interface design tool is discussed, and several approaches to user modelling are described. These approaches are divided into the broad categories of conceptual and quantitative models. Conceptual models deal primarily with representations of users1 cognitive processes, structures and strategies. Quantitative models include performance, ergonomic, computer simulation and statistical models. Examples of both a conceptual and a quantitative model are provided to illustrate human-computer interface design implications. Some unresolved issues pertaining to both categories of models are discussed, and recommendations are made to improve modelling as an interface design tool.     

电子邮件系统及其远程用户代理的设计与实现

本文简要介绍了电子邮件系统的基本组成、工作原理及其所提供的服务，在此基础上，介绍了基于Ｃｌｉｅｎｔ／Ｓｅｒｖｅｒ结构的远程用户代理的设计和实现。