敏捷方法在软件项目开发中的实践

目前很多企业内中小型软件项目面临开发时间紧迫、人手不足、需求不断变化的困难,传统重量级的软件开发方法无法应对这样的挑战.敏捷方法是基于实践的软件开发方法学,为解决这类轻量级项目管理和开发所碰到的问题提供了新的思路.通过分析敏捷方法的主要目标、观点和原则,并结合一个实际的管理信息系统项目开发,从项目计划、项目文档、重构的改进和项目维护的4个方面探讨了敏捷方法的实践应用.实践证明,采用敏捷方法的观点和原则进行必要的改进,能取得项目开发的成功.     

Development of CORBA-based engineering applications from legacy Fortran programs

A majority of scientific and engineering applications in aerodynamics and solid mechanics are written in Fortran. To reduce the high cost of software development, NASA researchers reuse most of the legacy Fortran codes instead of developing them from scratch in the numerical propulsion system simulation project. In this paper, we present an efficient methodology for integrating legacy applications written in Fortran into a distributed object framework. Issues and strategies regarding the conversion and wrapping of Fortran codes into common object request broker architecture objects are discussed. Fortran codes are modified as little as possible when they are decomposed into modules and wrapped as objects. We implement a wrapper generator which takes the Fortran application as input and generates the C++ wrapper files and interface definition language file. Tedious programming tasks for wrapping the codes can therefore be reduced.     

A New Combinatorial Approach to Sequence Comparison

In this paper we introduce a new alignment-free method for comparing sequences which is combinatorial by nature and does not use any compressor nor any information-theoretic notion. Such a method is based on an extension of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform, a transformation widely used in the context of Data Compression. The new extended transformation takes as input a multiset of sequences and produces as output a string obtained by a suitable rearrangement of the characters of all the input sequences. By using such a transformation we give a general method for comparing sequences that takes into account how much the characters coming from the different input sequences are mixed in the output string. Such a method is tested on a real data set for the whole mitochondrial genome phylogeny problem. However, the goal of this paper is to introduce a new and general methodology for automatic categorization of sequences. This work was partially supported by the Italian MIUR PRIN project “Automi e Linguaggi Formali: aspetti matematici ed applicativi” and by MIUR FIRB Italy-Israel project “Pattern Matching and Discovery in Discrete Structures, with applications to Bioinformatics”.     

《信息处理用GB13000.1字符集汉字部件规范》在输入法应用中的难点讨论

《信息处理用GB13000.1字符集汉字部件规范》对于规范汉字形码输入法具有非常重要的意义。然而,在实际运用上却存在着部件数量太大,部件定义难以操作,部件拆分组合不易掌握等难处。造成困难的原因主要有: (1) 基础部件主要靠列表来确定, (2) 部件强调按理切分和成字组合, (3) 过多依赖“组字能力”的判别, (4) 过分注重部件数量的限制。要走出“难”的困境,应该在现有规范的基础上根据汉字的形态特征制定出简便可靠的部件识别规则和切分规则。实验证明,这种方法是行之有效的。     

Implementation of structured methodology into credit institution

The implementation of the IEF/IEM methodology from James Martin Associates into the Danish credit institution Nykredit is described. The data-processing background at Nykredit is discussed, then the reasons behind the selection of the methodology are looked at, and the implementation details are considered. The implementation included a pilot project, which provided an important advantage for Nykredit over its rivals.     

Methodology for rapid identification and collection of input data in the simulation of manufacturing systems

Computer simulation is a well-established decision support tool in the manufacturing industry. The rapid development and deployment of simulation models however, are inhibited by factors such as inefficient data collection, lengthy model documentation, and poorly planned experimentation. Typically, more than one third of project time is spent on identification, collection, validation, and analysis of input data. Whilst most research work has been focused on statistical techniques for data analysis, less attention has been paid to the development of systematic approaches to input data gathering. This paper presents a methodology for rapid identification and collection of input data in batch manufacturing environments. A functional module library and a reference data model, both developed using the IDEF (Integrated computer aided manufacturing DEFinition) family of constructs, are the core elements of the methodology. The paper also identifies the major causes behind the inefficient collection of data.     

DATAID-1: A database design methodology

DATAID-1 is a database design methodology developed as part of the DATAID project financed by the Italian National Research Council within the Progetto Finalizzato Informatica research project. Several working groups, both from academic and industrial environments, participate in the DATAID project. At present, the authors coordinate the project.The importance of developing methodologies and tools for database design has been indicated in recent years by the constant growth of computer-based systems which involve a database to provide their users with a controlled and centralized access to data. Accordingly, the DATAID project was undertaken in September 1979 with the objective of developing a methodology to support the specification, design and implementation of databases, including the construction of tools that would support the designer.In this study the main features of DATAID-1 are discussed with respect to other approaches existing in literature. A later article will completely describe a case study in DATAID-1 [1].     

Web-based concession period analysis system

Public–private partnership (PPP) in infrastructure development is a principal-agent maximization problem that requires a win–win solution for the two partners, the public sector client and the private sector concessionaire. A variety of construction and market risks are involved, which if not properly managed, can significantly affect the economic, financial and social performance of a PPP project. The determination of a suitable concession period is one of the critical issues that have to be carefully examined for effective risk management toward successful PPP project development. This paper introduces an improved concession period determination methodology and develops a web-based concession period analysis system (WCPAS) based on this methodology. Integrating project scheduling tools, financial analysis methods and the Monte Carlo simulation technique, the WCPAS provides a systematic framework and organized modules that provide automatic support for data input and simulation-based analyses for construction cost, construction period, operation period and concession period. The WCPAS facilitates public clients in reasoning and quantifying construction and market risks in order to determine an appropriate concession period and consequently to minimize the potential social, economic and financial problems. A case study is carried out to illustrate the application and usefulness of the WCPAS.     

语句拼音-汉字转换的智能处理机制分析

语句拼音- 汉字转换是中文信息处理研究的一个重要方面,是键盘汉字输入和语音输入的核心技术,其主要特征是对动态输入的拼音串进行词法分析,给出所有可能的汉语句子,然后对这些汉语句子根据上下文环境进行句法分析和语义分析,动态调整句子中的字词,输出最佳结果。近年来,语句拼音- 汉字转换系统大量应用了人工智能技术和机器翻译的理论,以期提高系统转换的准确率和增强系统的智能处理功能。本文分析了语句拼音- 汉字转换系统所采用的核心技术,即知识支持、自动分词和动态调整等,讨论了语句拼音- 汉字转换的处理方法和过程,知识库的组成结构,用于拼音串自动分词的算法和实现,音字转换中动态调整的概率模型等,本文还分析了现有语句拼音- 汉字转换系统在拼音串自动分词和音字转换的动态调整中发生错误的原因,并提出了改进方法。     

实战型PLM项目实施方法

PLM项目是当前企业信息化的的重要组成部分，要想通过PLM项目实施来满足用户的需求，项目的实施方法至关重要。结合国内PLM项目的实施经验，该文提出了适应国内企业实施PLM项目的方法，该方法对PLM项目的实施工作具有指导意义。     

The Process Enactment Tool Framework—Transformation of software process models to prepare enactment

Rich development process models contain information about structures for project organization and also for concrete outcomes of a project. However, rich processes are hard to implement. They often contain hundreds of pages of documentation. Development teams tend to be skeptical about rich processes in fear of additional effort, risking the benefits of rich tool support for enactment. Process enactment is a challenging task. There is no common methodology to quickly “implement” a development process in a tool or a set of tools. Often specialized tools are used to provide assistance during the project and it is the project manager’s task to consolidate the information with the rest of the team.The Process Enactment Tool Framework (PET) is a software tool that supports the transformation of a given formal development process into a format that project tools can work with. PET is an instrument to import processes based on a metamodel and provide exports for a specific project environment. PET takes an input software development process model and transforms it into an intermediate format that serves as the basis for a second transformation step into data formats of tools such as office suites or comprehensive ALM platforms. In this paper we present the tool framework and show how metamodel-based processes can be transformed into an environment that is ready to use for a project team. We show how PET is applied for the German V-Modell XT and for SPEM-based processes to generate, e.g., process templates for the Team Foundation Server or work product document templates.     

An information processing framework for understanding success and failure of MIS development methodologies

Organizations seeking to improve systems development performance have implemented a variety of project methodologies. The success of these efforts has been mixed. Some organizations have found that implementation of a systems development methodology leads to on-time, within budget project completions with improved productivity; others have experienced reduced productivity. This paradox can be explained by viewing both systems development and the methodology development in terms of two key information processes - uncertainty reduction and equivocality resolution. Project methodologies that are implemented with the procedures, definitions, and policies necessary to reduce the uncertainty and resolve the equivocality associated with the systems development process can be successful only if the management of the process allows those mechanisms to be fully utilized. Implementation experiences with a particular methodology in different environments discussed here demonstrates that equivocality resolution during the implementation process is critical to realizing improved productivity. Suggestions for management action necessary to resolve equivocality during the implementation of a systems development methodology are discussed.     

Construction equipment activity recognition for simulation input modeling using mobile sensors and machine learning classifiers

Although activity recognition is an emerging general area of research in computer science, its potential in construction engineering and management (CEM) domain has not yet been fully investigated. Due to the complex and dynamic nature of many construction and infrastructure projects, the ability to detect and classify key activities performed in the field by various equipment and human crew can improve the quality and reliability of project decision-making and control. In particular to simulation modeling, process-level knowledge obtained as a result of activity recognition can help verify and update the input parameters of simulation models. Such input parameters include but are not limited to activity durations and precedence, resource flows, and site layout. The goal of this research is to investigate the prospect of using built-in smartphone sensors as ubiquitous multi-modal data collection and transmission nodes in order to detect detailed construction equipment activities which can ultimately contribute to the process of simulation input modeling. A case study of front-end loader activity recognition is presented to describe the methodology for action recognition and evaluate the performance of the developed system. In the designed methodology, certain key features are extracted from the collected data using accelerometer and gyroscope sensors, and a subset of the extracted features is used to train supervised machine learning classifiers. In doing so, several important technical details such as selection of discriminating features to extract, sensitivity analysis of data segmentation window size, and choice of the classifier to be trained are investigated. It is shown that the choice of the level of detail (LoD) in describing equipment actions (classes) is an important factor with major impact on the classification performance. Results also indicate that although decreasing the number of classes generally improves the classification output, considering other factors such as actions to be combined as a single activity, methodologies to extract knowledge from classified activities, computational efficiency, and end use of the classification process may as well influence one’s decision in selecting an optimal LoD in describing equipment activities (classes).     

VLSI design and implementation of a real-time image segmentation processor

Image segmentation is a crucial part of machine vision applications. In this paper a system to perform real-time segmentation of images is presented. It uses a real-time segmentation VLSI chip that is based on a gradient relaxation algorithm and is designed using the Path Programmable Logic design methodology developed at the University of Utah. The system design considerations, system specifications, and an input/output format for the chip are discussed. The actual design of the chip is given that uses pipeline methodology to achieve real-time performance with a compact VLSI layout. The implementation of the segmentation system is presented and the segmentation chip and the overall system are evaluated with regard to real-time performance and segmentation results.This work was supported in part by Grant ISI-856-0393 from the National Science Foundation.     

适用于信息设备的汉字输入法研究

当前,小电器产品和移动通讯产品都朝着数字化和网络化方向发展,特征之一是允许企业和用户之间、用户和用户之间可以进行交互式的信息交换,汉字输入对于这类产品在中国的推广应用是非常重要的。本文介绍了一种适用于数字键盘上使用的汉字输入技术,它由基于数字键盘的英文、全拼和前导拼音输入法组成,能够用于各类信息设备进行大量中英文混合信息的方便、快速输入。本文首先描述了输入法设计思想,然后分析了其性能和特点。     

The Input Model of Standard Graphics Systems Revisited by Formal Specification

This paper describes the specification of an input model for graphics systems. The initial aim of the work reported in this paper was to revise the input model adopted by graphics standards by means of formal specification techniques in order to acquire a deep knowledge of its capabilities, to eventually discover errors and to develop improvements. Taking into account similar works done in this area by others and considering a number of major issues related to input recently discussed within the graphics community, a new model is being proposed that addresses the very key concepts of parallelism, extensibility and reconfigurability. The model is based upon composition operations defined over basic components specified as a set of concurrent processes. Composition operations and process definitions have been formally specified by using the LOTOS notation and investigated by means of the LOTOS Interactive Tools Environment. In the first part of the paper, the input model of graphics standards is shortly examined in the light of the results so far achieved by related works on formal specification of computer graphics systems. Subsequently, an improved model is presented. Finally, its capability of simulating the traditional operating modes of logical input devices and a methodology for defining new operating modes is demonstrated.     

A taint based approach for automatic reverse engineering of gray-box file formats

File format vulnerabilities have been highlighted in recent years, and the performance of fuzzing tests relies heavily on the knowledge of target formats. In this paper, we present systematic algorithms and methods to automatically reverse engineer input file formats. The methodology employs dynamic taint analysis to reveal implicit relational information between input file and binary procedures, which is used for the measurement of correlations among data bytes, format segmentation and data type inference. We have implemented a prototype, and its general tests on 10 well-published binary formats yielded an average of over 85 % successful identification rate, while more detailed structural information was unveiled beyond coarse granular format analysis. Besides, a practical pseudo-fuzzing evaluation method is discussed in accordance with real-world demands on security analysis, and the evaluation results demonstrated the practical effectiveness of our system.     

Design and implementation of an adaptable software environment

In any major software project, a large volume of project-related information must be maintained and manipulated throughout the software life-cycle. Often this information is scattered, in different media ranging from scraps of papers to program listings, poorly cross-referenced, and inaccessible. TRIAD, an adaptable, integrated software development environment, has been designed to integrate and manage all this information in an organized and structured manner.

The TRIAD tool-box environment supports different methodologies to guide the users during development and maintenance of project related information. The environment can be customized by selecting a set of forms which enforce a particular methodology. These forms help develop, integrate, and maintain project information. Forms for a methodology can be tuned to reflect a project-team's experience. When customized by the tuned methodology, TRIAD can provide better project oriented support.

TRIAD uses grammar forms as its organizational model. This paper will discuss the advantages of using grammar forms in the modeling and implementation of an adaptable software information editor, within the TRIAD tool-box environment.     

基于Qtopia和嵌入式Linux开发手持设备上的中文输入法

手持设备已经进入了大多数中国人的生活,因此手持设备上中文输入法的需求越来越强烈.Qtopia是一个基于嵌入式Linux的个人信息管理器和图形应用开发包.主要讨论了在Qtopia中如何设计和实现一个数码中文输入法.首先介绍了Qtopia的插件技术.接着详细地阐述了利用Qtopia插件技术来设计和实现中文输入法的过程.最后,简单介绍了在Qtopia上安装中文输入法的方法.