Knowledge-based programs

Summary.  Reasoning about activities in a distributed computer system at the level of the knowledge of individuals and groups allows us to abstract away from many concrete details of the system we are considering. In this paper, we make use of two notions introduced in our recent book to facilitate designing and reasoning about systems in terms of knowledge. The first notion is that of a knowledge-based program. A knowledge-based program is a syntactic object: a program with tests for knowledge. The second notion is that of a context, which captures the setting in which a program is to be executed. In a given context, a standard program (one without tests for knowledge) is represented by (i.e., corresponds in a precise sense to) a unique system. A knowledge-based program, on the other hand, may be represented by no system, one system, or many systems. In this paper, we provide a sufficient condition for a knowledge-based program to be represented in a unique way in a given context. This condition applies to many cases of interest, and covers many of the knowledge-based programs considered in the literature. We also completely characterize the complexity of determining whether a given knowledge-based program has a unique representation, or any representation at all, in a given finite-state context. Received: October 1995 / Accepted: February 1997     

Aerodynamic optimization via multi-objective micro-genetic algorithm with range adaptation,knowledge-based reinitialization,crowding and ε-dominance

In this study, an optimization of the airfoil of a sailplane is carried out by a recently developed multi-objective genetic algorithm based on microevolution, containing crowding, range adaptation, knowledge-based reinitialization and ε-dominance. Its efficiency was tested on a set of test problems. The results are encouraging, suggesting that very small populations can be used effectively to solve real-world multi-objective optimization problems in many cases of interest.     

并行遗传算法在汽车悬架系统参数优化设计中的应用研究

汽车悬架系统是一种典型的复杂多体动力学系统。目前国内外对其进行优化设计的方法从大的方面主要分为两种：确定性优化方法和随机性优化方法。遗传算法作为一种典型的随机性方法,在处理此类问题时显示出了良好的特性。但是随着问题规模的不断扩大,传统遗传算法的计算效率已无法满足要求。本文将并行遗传算法应用于汽车悬架系统参数优化设计,并在集群系统上对其进行了测试。计算效率得到了很大提高,取得了满意效果。     

Knowledge-based control for finite element analysis

This paper shows that control logic may be separated from analysis software and that a knowledge-based expert system can use this logic to perform interactive computation. Heuristics that control a simple interactive finite element analysis program are represented using a rule-based format and are used by a goal-driven logic processor to invoke analysis activity.Traditional algorithm-oriented control and the proposed knowledge-based control are compared in a simple displacement computation scenario to identify the advantages/disadvantages of the two approaches. General activities and constraints, practical methods of reasoning and representation, and knowledge-based expert systems are discussed with emphasis on applications to interactive finite element analysis.An analysis control expert system has been developed for use in the numerical analysis of two-dimensional linear problems in solid and structural mechanics. An example problem is used to clarify the methods used to direct activity and to identify the problems associated with conditional task processing for interactive analysis.The main difference between the analysis program described in this paper and conventional analysis programs is related to the control architecture. The general conclusion of this paper is that knowledge-based control is more effective and flexible than algorithm-oriented control.     

Decopan Design: a knowledge-based system for industrial controlgear panels design

A wide domain for expert systems application is that of design processes. Decopan Design is a knowledge-based system supporting the design of industrial controlgear panels. Such a design process requires declarative knowledge, heuristic knowledge and human experience and skill, which are excellent subjects in order to be incorporated in a knowledge-based expert system. Decopan Design has been created using an expert system shell and has been linked with a computer-aided drafting program for drawing purposes.     

META-AMPHION: Synthesis of Efficient Domain-Specific Program Synthesis Systems

Amphion is a real-world knowledge-based software engineering (KBSE) system whose program synthesis subsystem is based on deductive synthesis. Amphion is designed to automate use of software component libraries—the programs it generates are compositions of software components. Amphion has a domain-independent generic architecture that is specialized to an application domain and component library through a declarative domain theory. Up to now, program synthesis has been made efficient and automatic through manual tuning of theorem-proving strategies and tactics, and careful formulation of domain theories.The Meta-Amphion system is being developed to empower domain experts to develop, maintain, and evolve their own Amphion applications. Meta-Amphion is intended to be the knowledge-based analogue of application-generator generator technology. This paper describes an essential part of Meta-Amphion—technology for automatically transforming declarative domain theories into efficient domain-specific program synthesis systems.     

基于混合神经网络与遗传算法方法的注塑参数优化

建立了基于混合神经网络与遗传算法方法的注塑工艺参数优化系统，用Matlab语言编制了应用程序，对神经网络的参数预测与遗传算法的优化过程进行求解。将网络预测结果与CAE模拟结果进行比较和误差分析，显示出BP网络的稳定性和可靠性；优化结果经CAE模拟和实验验证，证明是正确的，表明基于混合神经网络与遗传算法方法的注塑工艺参数优化方法是可行的。     

基于遗传算法的计算机系统优化方案

在信息化时代中,网络中的数据量越来越大,随之而来的数据挖掘,数据处理成为热点.本文旨在提出一套计算机系统优化的方案,运用“遗传算法”,为计算机系统中实时数据库的查询提出一些优化思路.     

Knowledge representation support

The representation of world knowledge in a machine translation system is discussed, especially in terms of the interlingua text that is adopted in KBMT-89. While knowledge about the world is at the core of a knowledge-based machine translation program, it cannot be extracted from a text without knowledge about how languages encode it syntactically. The paper therefore also presents the grammar formalism with which language-specific syntactic knowledge is presented. Details are presented of our version of unification-based grammar, its basis in linguistic theory and its role in a knowledge-based machine translation system.     

Reliability estimation during prototyping of knowledge-basedsystems

Many knowledge based systems are designed and built with little attention paid to the reliability of the output. In this paper, we present an approach, using partitioning of both the knowledge base and the input space, that allows for the measurement of the reliability during any program increment in a rapid prototyping development cycle. Before presenting the approach, we formalize the problem using concepts from general systems theory and then describe our three objectives: 1) measurement of the reliability of the knowledge-based system at the current program increment, 2) prediction of the reliability of the future system, and 3) support for design decisions. Finally, we apply our approach to a design-aiding knowledge-based system for the selection of materials under various climatic conditions. The design-aiding knowledge-based system is used by U.S. Army personnel in the development of equipment to be used by the U.S. Army in various regions of the world. We find that the current system, containing 40 rules, has a reliability of approximately 0.85. However, more importantly, we have discovered the rules that led to many of the failures     

面向工程设计领域的基于知识的分析计算程序生成系统

本文介绍了面向工程（产品）设计领域的基于知识的分析计算程序生成系统ＫＥＣＰＧ。提出了公式逻辑相依性概念，并讨论了它的性质以及如何依据这种概念来自动生成公式计算程序设计规格说明。     

GENPRO: automatic generation of Prolog clause files for knowledge-based systems in the biomedical sciences

With the increasing interest in using knowledge-based approaches for protein structure prediction and modelling, there is a requirement for general techniques to convert molecular biological data into structures that can be interpreted by artificial intelligence programming languages (e.g. Prolog). We describe here an interactive program that generates files in Prolog clausal form from the most commonly distributed protein structural data collections. The program is flexible and enables a variety of clause structures to be defined by the user through a general schema definition system. Our method can be extended to include other types of molecular biological database or those containing non-structural information, thus providing a uniform framework for handling the increasing volume of data available to knowledge-based systems in biomedicine.     

An expert diagnostic program for dermatology

The first knowledge-based medical consultation program for dermatology is reported. This program uses SEEK, a new facility within the Rutgers University EXPERT system. Our current model gives a differential diagnosis for 13 different tumors with an overall accuracy of 84%. The model uses a formal criteria-based knowledge representation scheme. In addition, the first visually indexed database in dermatology has been developed.     

Using knowledge-based techniques on loop parallelization for parallelizing compilers

In this paper we propose a knowledge-based approach for solving data dependence testing and loop scheduling problems. A rule-based system, called the K-Test, is developed by repertory grid and attribute ording table to construct the knowledge base. The K-Test chooses an appropriate testing algorithm according to some features of the input program by using knowledge-based techniques, and then applies the resulting test to detect data dependences for loop parallelization. Another rule-based system, called the KPLS, is also proposed to be able to choose an appropriate scheduling by inferring some features of loops and assign parallel loops on multiprocessors for achieving high speedup. The experimental results show that the graceful speedup obtained by our compiler is obvious.     

Knowledge-based clinical pathway for medical quality improvement

Clinical pathways have been adopted for various diseases in clinical departments for quality improvement as a result of standardization of medical activities in treatment process. Using knowledge-based decision support on the basis of clinical pathways is a promising strategy to improve medical quality effectively. However, the clinical pathway knowledge has not been fully integrated into treatment process and thus cannot provide comprehensive support to the actual work practice. Therefore this paper proposes a knowledge-based clinical pathway management method which contributes to make use of clinical knowledge to support and optimize medical practice. We have developed a knowledge-based clinical pathway management system to demonstrate how the clinical pathway knowledge comprehensively supports the treatment process. The experiences from the use of this system show that the treatment quality can be effectively improved by the extracted and classified clinical pathway knowledge, seamless integration of patient-specific clinical pathway recommendations with medical tasks and the evaluating pathway deviations for optimization.     

Parallel model representations

Most mathematical programming models and knowledge-based systems in optimization from exist in various representations; however, the user is frequently not aware of this. For example, a model which is developed with a knowledge-based system such as the PM system of Krishnan (1988) will have several representations in Prolog and then will be translated into another representation in Structured Modeling before it is solved. Also, a model which is developed in the GAMS language will be translated into an MPS input form internally before the problem is passed to a solver such as MINOS. The results from MINOS are then passed back to GAMS and the user sees the results in the style of the GAMS representation of the model. This could be called a vertical set of model representations since the user can modify only one representation and the models are passed down directly to the solver.

This paper argues that in considering knowledge-based systems with optimization we should begin to employ a set of parallel model representations, any one of which the user can see and modify. These can be called horizontal model representations. For example, a given model might be represented in graphical, knowledge base, modeling language, and mathematical forms. The user would be able to modify any of these versions and have the other representations altered automatically to reflect the changes.     

Robotic inspection plan optimizationby case-based reasoning

Inspection planning is discussed in a framework where a rich choice of instruments is available and robots can also participate in the inspection process. The problem of constrained plan optimization is exposed, and a solution is suggested that is based on task grouping. After outlining the overall planning process, we give details of the optimization stage where case-based reasoning is applied. Finally, it will be shown how the implemented knowledge-based system can operate as a knowledge server.     

Knowledge-based analysis of satellite oceanographic images

A knowledge-based program to assist humans interpret satellite infrared images of a region of the Atlantic Ocean is described. the organization of the system and the nature of its knowledge base are discussed. the operation of the system in tracking mesoscale events in a registered sequence of IR images is illustrated.     

遗传算法的应用举例

遗传算法作为一种通用、高效的优化算法,已应用到工程计算的各个领域。该文首先简要阐述了遗传算法的基本原理和其操作步骤。同时为了验证其全局的寻优能力,采用MATLAB语言编制程序实现遗传算法对数值优化和旅行商问题的求解,需要说明的是这两类问题的程序编制和求解分别依赖于不同的已有遗传算法工具箱。为了便于说明遗传算法的优越性,分别将对数值优化和旅行商问题的计算结果与用局域搜索法和模拟退火得出的优化结果进行比较。比较结果表明,对于数值优化问题,遗传算法比局域搜索法具有更佳的寻优能力;对于旅行商问题的求解也能得到满意的结果。     

基于能量状态法的飞机节油轨迹优化及其遗传算法实现

研究了高高空长航时飞机基于能量状态法的节油轨迹优化方法及其遗传算法寻优实现.用能量状态概念简化飞机运动模型,应用最优控制理论进行飞机飞行性能的优化,使用遗传算法进行全局寻优,继而生成最优节油飞行轨迹,并通过Matlab程序进行仿真.仿真结果表明用遗传算法进行全局寻优,程序的寻优效率较高,仿真时间较短,得到的结果也更趋合理,节省了飞机的燃油量,缩短了爬升时间.