The classification of vigilance tasks in the real world

The ability to generalise vigilance research to operational environments has been questioned, largely due to differences between laboratory research and real-world settings. The taxonomy of vigilance tasks proposed by Parasuraman and Davies (1977) represents an attempt to classify vigilance tasks so that tasks with similar information-processing demands can be compared and the ability to generalise results enhanced. Although the taxonomy originally included complexity, the term specifically referred to multiple sources of information. Complexity has been overlooked in much of the traditional vigilance literature, although it is included in more recent studies of jobs such as air traffic control. In this paper, the taxonomy is evaluated in relation to two vigilance intensive jobs - closed circuit television surveillance operators and air traffic controllers. In its present form, the existing taxonomy of experimental settings has limited applicability to these operational settings. Therefore, recommendations for expanding the taxonomy to include more aspects of complexity are made. It is argued that the revised taxonomy be used in conjunction with situation awareness, which makes provision for the cognitive processes involved in these jobs.     

Semi-automated CCTV surveillance: The effects of system confidence,system accuracy and task complexity on operator vigilance,reliance and workload

Recent advances in computer vision technology have lead to the development of various automatic surveillance systems, however their effectiveness is adversely affected by many factors and they are not completely reliable. This study investigated the potential of a semi-automated surveillance system to reduce CCTV operator workload in both detection and tracking activities. A further focus of interest was the degree of user reliance on the automated system. A simulated prototype was developed which mimicked an automated system that provided different levels of system confidence information. Dependent variable measures were taken for secondary task performance, reliance and subjective workload. When the automatic component of a semi-automatic CCTV surveillance system provided reliable system confidence information to operators, workload significantly decreased and spare mental capacity significantly increased. Providing feedback about system confidence and accuracy appears to be one important way of making the status of the automated component of the surveillance system more ‘visible’ to users and hence more effective to use.     

Countering the loss of extended vigilance in supervisory control using a fuzzy logic model

When an operator first detects unusual and/or infrequent or irregular signals in a system, the operator does not need to take any action, but must increase his/her level of attention and be alert for any more serious signals that may confirm a problem with the system. This is referred to as extended vigilance. The purpose of this study was to construct a fuzzy vigilance-measuring model for countering the loss of extended vigilance. The model extends two-valued logic (“Yes” or “No”) to multi-valued logic through fuzzy sets. Then a fuzzy logic alarm was developed by the model for combating the extended vigilance decrement. The first experiment compared the effect of the fuzzy measuring model with signal detection theory (SDT) and discussed the relationship between preliminary and extended vigilance for a simulated feed-water monitoring system. The results indicated that the sensitivity of the fuzzy vigilance-measuring model is better than index d′ and β, and that the preliminary vigilance significantly influences the extended vigilance. The second experiment verified the effect of the fuzzy logic alarm. The results indicated that the effect of the fuzzy logic alarm for combating the extended vigilance decrement is significant. When the preliminary vigilance is poor, an appropriate alarm will improve the extended vigilance. However, if the preliminary vigilance is very poor, the improvement of the extended vigilance will be limited.Relevance to industry: The extended vigilance is a new and important issue in human performance problems in industry, particularly in such areas as air-traffic control, industrial inspection and power plant monitor. The measuring model of vigilance could be applied to develop an alarm for promoting supervisory performance of human and human–machine detectors.     

Keeping it together: The role of transactional situation awareness in team performance

It has been argued that communications in teams are a means of transmitting Situation Awareness to improve performance. This study explored the frequency and types of situation awareness transactions in two groups of teams. Twelve teams were grouped into either more effective or less effective teams, based on performance measures. Distributed Situation Awareness theory predicts that Situation Awareness transaction are a medium for co-ordinating teamwork, and that more of these transaction will lead to improved performance. Differences in the frequency and type of transactions were observed between the more effective teams and the less effective teams with the former having a higher frequency of overall communications and, more importantly, a higher number of relevant situation awareness transaction types compared to less effective teams. Situation awareness transactions supported the team in making sense of the situation they found themselves in as it unfolded and enabled team members to perform their discrete tasks and therefore contribute to overall team success.Relevance to industry: Teams are a major feature of most industrial applications of work and communication play an important role in coordinating team work. Communication has been found to be linked to both team performance and situation awareness. Situation awareness is distributed in teams through transactions of information. A study was devised to explore the differences between more effective and less effective teams on a number of situation awareness transactional factors. Analysing the team as a functional unit of situation awareness is presented for future work.     

基于ADS-B的便携式空情侦测系统技术方案研究

针对目前雷达训练缺乏调度,难以检验训练效果的问题,通过分析广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）的技术特点,提出基于ADS-B的便携式空情侦测系统的总体技术方案,并对其关键技术进行阐述。该系统通过侦收民航飞机广播的高精度目标参数,实现空情监视,提供指挥员进行训练调度;通过比对雷达测量结果,检验训练效果。     

The efficacy of using a taxonomic approach in predicting performance of Navy tasks

The objective of this research was to validate the use of Fleishman's human abilities taxonomy approach in predicting human performance in loading the U.S. Navy's Close‐In Weapon System (CIWS). An experiment was conducted that compared actual and predicted performance of CIWS loading operations. Twenty‐one male students and staff from the Close‐In Weapon System School, Fleet Training Center, were participants in the experiment. They ranged in age from 20 to 35 years (mean = 27.2, standard deviation = 4.88) with an average of 81.1 months (standard deviation = 51.83) of military experience and 23.95 months of CIWS loading experience. Each participant was tested in the human abilities identified for CIWS loading operations, and the test results were correlated with recorded times of the loading tasks. Correlations were performed using bivariate regression analysis. The results of the experiment showed high linear relations between human abilities scores and CIWS loading times. The results show that the participants who scored highest on the human abilities tests completed the loading tasks in the shortest time. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

单片机在监控车辆闯红灯中的应用

介绍用ＭＣ６８ＣＯ５Ｂ４单片机实现交通车监控的原理,硬件结构和软件设计。     

模糊控制器在车顶空气闪络监测中的应用

采用尖-板放电模型模拟车顶空气闪络现象,通过对实验数据的分析,验证了以脉冲数与工频电流2个特征量监测机车空气闪络的可行性,并获得了2个特征量的变化范围。以脉冲数和工频电流作为输入变量设计了模糊控制器用以监测闪络的发生,并以实验室采集的数据对控制器进行了验证。结果表明,该模糊控制器可以较好地判断出某一时刻空气的放电状态,利用其监测车顶空气闪络的发生是可行的。     

玻璃器皿生产线网络化监控系统

本文针对玻璃器皿生产特点和产品要求．介绍了采用机、电、气、液一体化技术的高速玻璃器皿压制生产线的构成，并详细地阐述了计算机网络化监控系统的组成及各组成模块的功能实现，应用表明该系统满足了玻璃器皿生产现代化技术要求。     

基于cc2430的环境参数监测和人员定位

本文详细阐述了基于cc2430进行环境参数监测和人员定位的硬件和软件设计。本设备综合使用了无线传感器网络、高精度传感、实时监测等技术,旨在为具备环境监测需求的各个行业提供强有力的技术支持和保障,并使用基于RSSI进行的人员定位算法。     

Neocognitron with improved bend-extractors: Recognition of handwritten digits in the real world

We have reported previously that the performance of a neocognitron can be improved by a built-in bend-extracting layer. The conventional bend-extracting layer can detect bend points and end points of lines correctly, but not always crossing points of lines. This paper shows that an introduction of a mechanism of disinhibition can make the bend-extracting layer detect not only bend points and end points, but also crossing points of lines correctly. This paper also demonstrates that a neocognitron with this improved bend-extracting layer can recognise handwritten digits in the real world with a recognition rate of about 98%. We use the technique of dual thresholds for feature-extracting S-cells, and higher threshold values are used in the learning than in the recognition phase. We discuss how the threshold values affect the recognition rate.     

人工智能在空管中应用的研究进展

在民航飞速发展的同时,空中交通也变得更加复杂、快速、多变,与之相关的种种问题也逐渐显现。同时,作为近几年取得重大突破的计算机辅助技术,人工智能技术已经广泛地应用于多个领域。人工智能技术与传统的空管相结合,更有利于构建一个更加安全、有序、高效的智能化空中交通管理系统。本文主要从国内外空管发展现状、空管系统对人工智能技术的需求以及人工智能在空管系统的应用几个方面进行综述和分析,最后对人工智能技术在空中交通管理中应用所面临的挑战进行了分析和展望。     

Mobile information access in the real world: A story of three wireless devices

The importance of the user perspective to the wireless information access experience cannot be understated: simply put, users will not indulge in devices that are perceived to be difficult to use and in technologies that do not offer quality infotainment – combined information and entertainment – content. In this paper, we investigate the impact that mobile devices have on the user wireless infotainment access experience in practice. To this end, we have undertaken an empirical study placed in a ‘real-world’ setting, in which participants undertook typical infotainment access tasks on three different wireless-enabled mobile devices: a laptop, a personal digital assistant and a head mounted display device. Results show that, with the exception of participants’ level of self-consciousness when using such devices in public environments, the user wireless information access experience is generally unaffected by device type. Location was shown, though, to be a significant factor when users engage in tasks such as listening to online music or navigation. Whilst the interaction between device and environment was found to influence entertainment-related tasks in our experiments, the informational ones were not affected. However, the interaction effects between device and user type was found to affect both types of tasks. Lastly, a user’s particular computing experience was shown to influence the perceived ease of wireless information access only in the case of online searching, irrespective of whether this is done for primarily informational purposes or entertainment ones.     

空管自动化系统航迹异常现象分析

文章从雷达系统、多雷达数据处理系统等角度,综合分析了民航空管自动化系统中多雷达融合处理时出现的航迹异常现象,同时提出了一些可行的解决方案。     

空中交通管制自动化系统中飞行冲突概率解析算法的应用

由于空中交通管制指挥监测系统（ATCCMS）中航迹预估的不确定性,以它为基础的冲突探测就必须采用基于概率的算法,文中介绍了一个实用的求解冲突概率的解析算法,并用蒙特卡洛方法对它进行了验证,然后对飞行冲突概率的特性做了分析研究,描述了冲突概率应用于冲突报警和冲突求解的基本思想。     

Use of Highways in the Sky and a virtual pad for landing Head Up Display symbology to enable improved helicopter pilots situation awareness and workload in degraded visual conditions

Abstract

Flight within degraded visual conditions is a great challenge to pilots of rotary-wing craft. Environmental cues typically used to guide interpretation of speed, location and approach can become obscured, forcing the pilots to rely on data available from in-cockpit instrumentation. To ease the task of flight during degraded visual conditions, pilots require easy access to flight critical information. The current study examined the effect of ‘Highways in the Sky’ symbology and a conformal virtual pad for landing presented using a Head Up Display (HUD) on pilots’ workload and situation awareness for both clear and degraded conditions across a series of simulated rotary-wing approach and landings. Results suggest that access to the HUD lead to significant improvements to pilots’ situation awareness, especially within degraded visual conditions. Importantly, access to the HUD facilitated pilot awareness in all conditions. Results are discussed in terms of future HUD development.

Practitioner Summary: This paper explores the use of a novel Heads Up Display, to facilitate rotary-wing pilots’ situation awareness and workload for simulated flights in both clear and degraded visual conditions. Results suggest that access to HUD facilitated pilots’ situation awareness, especially when flying in degraded conditions.     

Situational awareness in a creeping crisis: How the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic were handled from a crisis management perspective in the Nursing Home Agency in Oslo

In March 2020, the municipality of Oslo's Nursing Home Agency was hit by Norway's first COVID-19 outbreak. Being responsible for a very vulnerable group, they had to deal with a situation never before encountered and of which they had very limited knowledge. In this study, we explored how situational awareness (SA) changed from a creeping to an urgent crisis. We undertook a case study of the Nursing Home Agency's top management during the initial period of the COVID-19 pandemic (December 2019 through late March 2020). We conducted individual interviews with the management in charge of decisions. Thematic analysis yielded four main categories affecting SA: perception of event development, perception of available time, information, and cooperation and trust. We found that subjective experience of the geographical proximity of the crisis and subjective experience of time were essential in shaping SA. Perception of time was essential to the understanding of urgency, which was an important factor in reacting properly. Further, the perception of space was necessary for the crisis to be interpreted as critical. Time and space are objective factors but are perceived subjectively. Our model showed that the crisis must be perceived as urgent for proper actions to be decided upon.     

The effect of design on the usability and real world effectiveness of medical devices: A case study with adolescent users

Adolescents are currently overlooked in many fields of healthcare research and as a result are often required to use medical devices that have been designed for use by either children or adults. This can lead to poor adherence and a reduction in health outcomes.     

VAV空调系统末端解耦控制研究

通过对VAV变风量空调系统的两个末端控制回路之间的耦合进行分析,运用最小二乘法建立被控对象＂送风量—室内温度＂控制回路的数学模型。针对被控对象的特性,采用前馈补偿解耦方法设计解耦网络,并设计单神经元自适应PID控制器。最后,通过MATLAB仿真,证明了所设计的解耦网络和控制器是行之有效的。