Virtuality in human supervisory control: assessing the effects of psychological and social remoteness

Virtuality would seem to offer certain advantages for human supervisory control. First, it could provide a physical analogue of the 'real world' environment. Second, it does not require control room engineers to be in the same place as each other. In order to investigate these issues, a low-fidelity simulation of an energy distribution network was developed. The main aims of the research were to assess some of the psychological concerns associated with virtual environments. First, it may result in the social isolation of the people, and it may have dramatic effects upon the nature of the work. Second, a direct physical correspondence with the 'real world' may not best support human supervisory control activities. Experimental teams were asked to control an energy distribution network. Measures of team performance, group identity and core job characteristics were taken. In general terms, the results showed that teams working in the same location performed better than teams who were remote from one another.     

A field study of team working in a new human supervisory control system

This paper presents a case study of an investigation into team behaviour in an energy distribution company. The main aim was to investigate the impact of major changes in the company on system performance, comprising human and technical elements. A socio-technical systems approach was adopted. There were main differences between the teams investigated in the study: the time of year each control room was studied (i.e. summer or winter), the stage of development each team was in (i.e. < 3 months or > 10 months), and the team structure (i.e. hierarchical or heterarchical). In all other respects the control rooms were the same: employing the same technology and within the same organization. The main findings were: the teams studied in the winter months were engaged in more 'planning' and 'awareness' type of activities than those studies in the summer months. Newer teams seem to be engaged in more sharing of information than older teams, which may be indicative of the development process. One of the hierarchical teams was engaged in more 'system-driven' activities than the heterarchical team studied at the same time of year. Finally, in general, the heterarchical team perceived a greater degree of team working culture than its hierarchical counterparts. This applied research project confirms findings from laboratory research and emphasizes the importance of involving ergonomics in the design of team working in human supervisory control.     

A field study of team working in a new human supervisory control system

This paper presents a case study of an investigation into team behaviour in an energy distribution company. The main aim was to investigate the impact of major changes in the company on system performance, comprising human and technical elements. A socio-technical systems approach was adopted. There were main differences between the teams investigated in the study: the time of year each control room was studied (i.e. summer or winter), the stage of development each team was in (i.e. < 3 months or > 10 months), and the team structure (i.e. hierarchical or heterarchical). In all other respects the control rooms were the same: employing the same technology and within the same organization. The main findings were: the teams studied in the winter months were engaged in more ‘planning’ and ‘awareness’ type of activities than those studies in the summer months. Newer teams seem to be engaged in more sharing of information than older teams, which may be indicative of the development process. One of the hierarchical teams was engaged in more ‘system-driven’ activities than the heterarchical team studied at the same time of year. Finally, in general, the heterarchical team perceived a greater degree of team working culture than its hierarchical counterparts. This applied research project confirms findings from laboratory research and emphasizes the importance of involving ergonomics in the design of team working in human supervisory control.     

分布式电源接入场景下的电网振荡攻击建模与检测

随着分布式电源在电网中所占比重的不断提升,针对分布式电源的攻击将给电网带来更严重的安全威胁。攻击者可以通过网络入侵手段协同控制电网中防御较弱的配网侧分布式电源功率输出,最终影响发电侧发电机等关键设备的安全运行。为保障电网安全稳定运行,亟需研究针对分布式电源接入场景下的安全威胁及其防御措施。首先,本文在电力系统动态模型基础之上建立了电网振荡攻击的最小代价攻击模型,通过协同控制多个分布式电源的功率,在牺牲最少被控节点的前提下导致电网发生振荡。其次,针对现有振荡检测算法的不足,本文提出一种启发式的攻击源检测算法,通过分析系统内各节点的势能变化,可有效辅助定位攻击源。算例仿真分析结果验证了通过最小代价攻击影响电网稳定运行的可行性,以及攻击检测方法的有效性。     

Trust: Key Elements in Human Supervisory Control Domains

This study aimed to investigate the concept of trust within human supervisory control domains. Using repertory grid methodology, a small homogeneous sample of control engineers from two individual companies within the energy distribution industry were found to share a commonality in what they considered to be important characteristics of trust across three groups: intra-team, inter-team and technology. Sixty constructs were elicited which were reduced to 13 core constructs using content analysis. These were categorised into three separate dimensions; emotive, cognitive and behavioural. Differences were found, both within and between the three groups, according to participants’ scored level of trust for each group. These results are discussed with a view to developing strategies that may enhance trusting behaviours, especially between teams in applied controlled settings.     

基于GRU和注意力机制的远程监督关系抽取

随着深度学习的发展,越来越多的深度学习模型被运用到了关系提取的任务中,但是传统的深度学习模型无法解决长距离依赖问题;同时,远程监督将会不可避免地产生错误标签。针对以上两个问题,提出一种基于GRU（gated recurrent unit）和注意力机制的远程监督关系抽取方法,首先通过使用GRU神经网络来提取文本特征,解决长距离依赖问题;接着在实体对上构建句子级的注意力机制,减小噪声句子的权重;最后在真实的数据集上,通过计算准确率、召回率并绘出PR曲线证明该方法与现有的一些方法相比,取得了比较显著的进步。     

基于B/S的能源管控系统的设计与实现

分析了企业目前能源计量与管理方法,提出了基于网络和WEB技术的能源管控系统的设计方案,并阐述了其系统的组成:它包括能源数据采集子系统、计算机网络子系统和能源监控与管理子系统。利用工业控制计算机和OPC技术组成基于RS—485串行通信的采集子系统;利用WEB服务器、历史/实时数据库服务器和浏览器组成基于以太网的能源监控与管理系统。     

Imagined community and death

This paper addresses the limits of net discourse in virtual communities. I will analyse incidents of death that shattered the 'rhetorical vision' of one particular virtual community, Xena: Warrior Palace. The observations will trace some characteristics of the community's vision of itself, how vulnerable that vision can be and how it can be maintained or revised after some unexpected occurrence shatters it. I argue that even though the rhetorical vision of virtual community can be imagined, it has to stay in touch with the 'real world' in order to have real influence on constructed online culture.     

Internet security architecture

Fear of security breaches has been a major reason for the business world's reluctance to embrace the Internet as a viable means of communication. A widely adopted solution consists of physically separating private networks from the rest of Internet using firewalls. This paper discusses the current cryptographic security measures available for the Internet infrastructure as an alternative to physical segregation. First the IPsec architecture including security protocols in the Internet Layer and the related key management proposals are introduced. The transport layer security protocol and security issues in the network control and management are then presented. The paper is addressed to readers with a basic understanding of common security mechanisms including encryption, authentication and key exchange techniques.     

基于ZigBee的室内空气质量感知系统的设计

物联网技术的快速发展,给人们的生活带来越来越多的应用;因此,对无线传感器网络节点部署到室内,实时采集室内环境数据,并对数据进行相应的融合和处理,分析出室内环境的动态变化情况,并且能够预测每个时间段的环境状况,并将其分析结果实时反馈给用户,提醒当前的室内环境问题;首先,采集室内的温度、湿度、PM2.5和VOCs,利用ZigBee无线通信技术作为传感器网络的通信基础,同时利用各传感器实时获取室内环境物理数据,通过多元数据的多元线性回归算法对室内环境进行有效监控和评估,通过实验对数据的分析最终在多元线性回归算法中拟合出的均方根误差RMSE为0.0495,能够预测出室内各项因素的变化情况.     

基于小型配电网络的计算机监控系统

该文针对小型配电网络的控制提出一种适用的微机集中监控方法。该系统实现了对每个配电回路的通讯数据的采集、断路器的控制、进线电路的控制。通过遥信、遥调和遥控的功能使整个配电网络完全处于系统的控制之下，达到自动控制、自动调控和维护的功能。该系统主要负责各个区域配电子站或终端设备的实时信息采集、控制和有效的管理，保证整个配电系统处于最优运行状态。它将现代计算机技术、通信技术和网络技术集于一体，对配电网上的设备进行远方实时监视、控制和有效的管理，从而为用户提供安全、经济、可靠和高质量的电能。     

Supervisory control synthesis for deterministic context free specification languages

This paper describes two steps in the generalization of supervisory control theory to situations where the specification is modeled by a deterministic context free language (DCFL). First, it summarizes a conceptual iterative algorithm from Schneider et al. (2014) solving the supervisory control problem for language models. This algorithm involves two basic iterative functions. Second, the main part of this paper presents an implementable algorithm realizing one of these functions, namely the calculation of the largest controllable marked sublanguage of a given DCFL. This algorithm least restrictively removes controllability problems in a deterministic pushdown automaton realizing this DCFL.     

A probabilistic framework for problems with real structured uncertainty in systems and control

The objective of this paper is twofold. First, the problem of generation of real random matrix samples with uniform distribution in structured (spectral) norm bounded sets is studied. This includes an analysis of the distribution of the singular values of uniformly distributed real matrices, and an efficient (i.e. polynomial-time) algorithm for their generation. Second, it is shown how the developed techniques may be used to solve in a probabilistic setting several hard problems involving systems subject to real structured uncertainty.     

基于无线体域网的在线人体活动识别

基于智能手机传感器的人体活动识别是普适计算领域的研究热点.为扩展可识别的活动种类,并提高准确率和实时性,提出了由智能手环和智能手机组建无线体域网通过深度神经网络在线识别人体活动的方法.首先,设计由智能手环和智能手机组成的无线体域网的总体框架;然后,对预处理后的传感信号,构造带有Inception结构的卷积神经网络和长短时记忆递归神经网络来分别提取时空域特征,并结合两类网络结构来融合多模态传感数据,离线进行神经网络模型训练;最后,对训练好的神经网络模型进行优化,并部署到智能手机上,在线实时识别人体活动.实验结果表明,本文方法无需手工设计特征,可自动融合各类异构传感数据,更加准确、高效地识别了更多种类的活动.     

Formation control for multiquadrotor aircraft: Connectivity preserving and collision avoidance

In this article, we investigate the formation control problem of multiquadrotor aircraft system subject to connectivity preservation and collision avoidance. First, based on the backstepping design method, a novel formation control algorithm is developed to enable multiquadrotor aircraft to move along the desired trajectory while becoming the predefined formation pattern. Meanwhile, the connectivity of the communication network is maintained and the collision among multiquadrotor is avoided. Second, for each quadrotor's desired attitude obtained by the formation controller, an improved finite‐time attitude tracking law is designed to guarantee that the desired attitude can be tracked by the real attitude in a fast finite time. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.     

A fuzzy logical vigilance alarm system for improving situation awareness and trust in supervisory control

An automation system's operating performance is judged by how well an automation unit is monitored and maintained by its supervisors. Previous research has shown that situation awareness (SA) and trust are critical factors in automation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and improve supervisory performance in automation manufacturing. First, a conceptual structure of the relationship among SA, trust, and vigilance was developed. Second, a quantitative vigilance performance‐measuring model (η value) was proposed. Third, a matrix experiment based on orthogonal arrays through a simulated system of an auxiliary feed‐water system (AFWS) was conducted to verify the effect of the measuring model. Finally, according to the vigilance performance‐measuring model, a fuzzy logical vigilance alarm system was constructed to improve operating performance. The results of the first experiment indicated that the η value on human dynamic decision‐making characteristics was easy and objective in the measurement of operators' vigilance. With greater vigilance, there is a greater likelihood of making appropriate SA and acquiring more trust in automation. The results of the second experiment indicated that applying the η value to the design of the fuzzy logical vigilance alarm system could improve supervisory performance efficiently. Therefore, an adaptive vigilance performance‐measuring model combined with a fuzzy technique applied to the design of a human–machine interface for the improvement of cognitive decision making and operating performance is an important new direction in automation manufacturing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 16: 409–426, 2006.     

基于自注意力机制的局部与全局特征融合的评分预测算法

为了完全挖掘异质信息网络中节点的特征并且更好地融合这些特征,提高推荐算法的性能,提出一种基于自注意力机制的局部与全局特征融合的评分预测算法（rating prediction algorithm based on self-attention mechanism and fusion of local & global features,AMFL&GRec）。首先基于LeaderRank算法提取目标节点的全局序列,基于元路径带偏置的随机游走算法提取节点的局部序列,通过skip-gram模型分别学习节点的全局特征与局部特征;通过自注意力机制学习目标节点对局部与全局特征的偏好,从而得到在单一元路径下节点的特征表示;再通过自注意力机制融合不同元路径下同一节点的表示,从而得到节点在不同元路径下的最终的特征表示;最后基于多层感知器实现评分预测任务。在两个真实数据集进行了大量实验,实验结果验证了AMFL&GRec算法不仅能够捕获具有密集连通节点的微观（局部）结构,而且还能够捕获该节点在网络中的全局结构,从而使其得到的节点特征得以体现节点的整体（局部+全局）特征。同时,实验结果也证明了AMFL&GRec算法评分预测性能优于对比算法,从而证明利用自注意力机制考虑异质信息网络中节点对于局部、全局特征以及元路径的偏好能够提高评分预测的准确性。     

基于时空自编码网络的风电齿轮箱状态监测

在风电机组状态监测问题中,常规自编码网络通常仅使用截面SCADA(supervisory control and data acquisition)数据,使得网络对数据时间特征的学习不足。因此,提出一种基于时空自编码网络的风电齿轮箱状态监测方法：使用1维卷积网络(1DCNN)级联双向长短时记忆网络(Bi-LSTM)作为编码层,序贯提取面板数据的空间及时间特征,以输入的重构误差作为预警指标实现在线状态监测。使用河北省某风电场实际数据验证,结果表明：相比故障记录时刻,时空自编码网络能提前20 d发出报警信号,且故障检出率和误报警次数均优于常规方法;通过分析重构误差各分量的贡献率,可知该齿轮箱故障中主要异常参数为油路压力和油池温度。     

基于遗传神经网络的耙吸挖泥船泥泵转速预测

耙吸挖泥船泥泵管线模型是一个复杂的、非线性的动态模型,影响模型准确性的参数较多;为了根据当前施工条件和流量的优化值准确地预测转速,为施工人员提供参考,提高疏浚效率,采用了遗传算法改进的BP神经网络对泥泵转速进行预测;首先,遗传算法对BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值进行优化;然后,BP神经网络根据优化值对网络进行训练并对转速进行预测;为了验证该方法的有效性,将遗传BP神经网络的预测输出和实测泥泵转速进行对比;仿真结果表明:遗传BP神经网络具有很强的非线性拟合能力和全局搜索能力,能够准确地预测泥泵转速;该预测输出可为施工人员提供参考,以便改变泥泵转速,提高疏浚效率。     

电表脉冲数传仪

研制了一种脉冲电度表.利用传感技术,采集电能的参数,把电度表中的电能量转换为脉冲量,再经脉冲变送电路形成具有一定幅度和一定宽度的脉冲信号.可以经长传导线引入微机监控系统,形成电源智能监测仪器.也可以用无线发射机与中心监控系统联网.用软件系统计算出有功电能、视在电能、无功电能及功率因数等参数.配合其它参数的采集系统,可全面监测电力变压器的运行状态.该技术也可以应用在其它仪表设备中,完成仪表信号数字化和远距离传输.系统抗干扰能力强,是信号采集与变送技术的一项创新.在自动化技术中有较高的实用价值.