浅谈UNS N10003与316L异种合金焊接工艺及质量控制

本文分析了UNS N10003镍基合金与316L不锈钢的焊接性能,针对两种材料的特点,制定了合理的焊接工艺及质量控制措施,解决了该异种合金焊接易出现的未熔合、气孔及背面氧化等焊接缺陷。通过焊接工艺评定试验,测试了该接头的力学性能,结果满足标准要求。     

激光选区熔化成型316L不锈钢的工艺参数对硬度与微观组织的影响

激光选区熔化(Selective laser melting,SLM)技术能够制备复杂的一体化空间构件,是金属增材制造的主要方法之一.然而,目前SLM技术仍存在一些问题,如工艺参数对性能的影响规律复杂等,这极大地限制了SLM技术的推广和应用.因此,选择激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距和相邻层之间的旋转角度四种SLM工艺参数进行分析,设计正交实验,制备了316L不锈钢材料的试样,表征了SLM成型试样的尺寸精度、相对密度和硬度,并观察其宏观结构和微观组织.以激光能量密度为因变量,研究其对成型316L不锈钢材料性能的影响,实现了多输入变量到单输入变量的降维,简化了SLM工艺参数对成型材料力学性能和微观结构的复杂影响规律.结果表明,当输入的激光能量密度在65～90 J/m3之间时,316L不锈钢的相对密度在99.6％以上;当激光功率为180 W、扫描速度为870 mm/s时,316L不锈钢的晶粒均匀,其形状近似正六边形,晶粒度为0.4μm.SLM成型的316L不锈钢相对密度与硬度有一定的关联性,当相对密度高于99.0％时,试样的硬度较高,约为250HV.     

基体表面粗糙度对热丝TIG堆焊Inconel625组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响

基体表面粗糙度对堆焊层组织和性能有着深刻的影响。采用热丝TIG在AISI8630表面堆焊Inconel625,研究基体表面粗糙度对堆焊层组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响。应用OM,EDS及SEM等对堆焊层的元素分布以及显微组织进行分析,采用失重法测定堆焊层腐蚀速率。结果表明:随着基体粗糙度值的减小,堆焊过程的陷光效应相应减弱,堆焊稀释率降低。堆焊层中铁元素含量随之减少,显微组织更加细化,分布更加均匀。当基体粗糙度值由12.5μm减小到0.4μm时,堆焊层耐腐蚀性能提高32%。     

Super304H奥氏体耐热钢微观组织研究

为了深入认识新型奥氏体耐热钢Super304H(0.1C-18Cr-9Ni-3Cu-Nb,N)的微观组织,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针和X射线衍射等手段,研究了Super304H钢合金元素的分布和析出相的组成及分布形态.试验结果表明,Super304H钢在供货状态下的显微组织由γ-基体和析出相组成.与传统的18-8不锈钢相比,这种奥氏体钢晶粒均匀细小,晶粒尺寸约46μm.析出相主要由Nb(C,N)和富铜相组成,Nb(C,N)有呈方向性分布的条块状和呈弥散分布的细小颗粒状两种形态,条块状的Nb(C,N)是软化过程中残留下来的,而弥散分布的是固溶处理及冷却过程中析出形成的.其中弥散分布的Nb(C,N)与富铜相对细化晶粒和改善钢的高温强度起重要作用,而多种复合强化机制使得Super304H钢具有优异的高温性能.     

CMSX-3单晶合金的微观组织研究

镍基单晶高温合金是重要的航空燃气轮机涡轮叶片材料。本文利用光学金相、SEMTEM等分析手段研究了采用定向凝固造晶法制造的CMSX－3单晶合金的微观组织。对其铸态组织与γ＇形态做了描述与分析。     

镀镍石墨/NiCrW合金复合材料的微观组织和摩擦学性能

为了提高NiCrW基合金的摩擦磨损性能,采用化学镀法制备出了镀层厚度均匀且致密的镀镍石墨,分别以纯石墨和镀镍石墨为润滑剂,NiCrW合金粉为基体材料,通过粉末冶金工艺制备出了力学性能较高且具备较好自润滑性能的镍合金基自润滑复合材料并就不同含量镀镍石墨对材料微观组织及摩擦学性能的影响进行了研究.结果 表明:镀镍石墨由于在...     

激光熔覆添加碳化钨的镍基合金层的组织和硬度研究

为促进激光熔覆在金属材料表面改性中的进一步应用,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计和电子探针微区成分分析,研究了Q235钢基体上激光熔覆添加有WC的Ni基合金层的特性及其演变,讨论了熔覆层合金成分和显微硬度的变化规律,力求得到熔覆粉的最佳WC含量.结果表明,当添加WC低于30%(质量分数)时,激光熔覆不出现裂纹;而当WC质量分数增加到30%(质量分数)时,熔覆层平均硬度增加,出现裂纹.在熔覆层中WC完全熔化并溶解,凝固组织主要由枝晶和枝晶间共晶组成,熔覆层呈胞状或条带状快凝亚稳的两相组织.     

高温时效Super304H耐热钢的组织、硬度及其关系模型

将Super304H耐热钢分别在650~700℃进行高温时效,研究了该钢时效过程中显微组织结构和硬度的变化规律,并建立了硬度与Larson-Miller参数(P函数)之间的数学关系模型。结果表明:Super304H耐热钢的硬度随时效温度升高显著降低;温度恒定,随着时效时间的延长,其硬度先增加后降低,最后趋于稳定。基于相同P函数,采用线性拟合方法得到的高温时效Super304H耐热钢硬度与其P函数关系模型计算得到的硬度与试验实测硬度相吻合,该模型可用于服役态耐热钢管剩余服役寿命预测。     

抽拉速率对一种镍基单晶高温合金凝固参数和凝固组织的影响

研究了不同的铸型抽拉速率对镍基单晶高温合金DD98的凝固参数及显微组织的影响，结果表明，随着抽拉速度降低，固－液界面前沿的温度梯度显著提高，糊状区宽度减小，抽位速度较低时，温度梯度在整个凝固过程中变化比较平稳，提高抽拉速率使DD98合金由胞状凝固转变为枝状凝固，γ′相尺寸减小，并且由不规则形状逐渐变为规则的立方体形状，γ／γ′共晶量增加，共晶中的初生γ′相尺寸逐渐减小。     

定向凝固镍基高温合金CM247LC热处理工艺优化及持久性能研究

目的 研究定向凝固镍基高温合金CM247LC的最优热处理工艺制度,通过优化热处理工艺提高合金的力学性能。方法 分别用JMatPro热力学分析软件和金相法判断CM247LC合金的初熔温度点,并确定合金的热处理窗口温度;利用光学显微镜(OM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)观察合金经不同固溶处理后的微观组织和元素偏析情况;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察合金经不同时效处理及持久断裂后的微观组织形貌。结果 CM247LC合金的初熔温度为1 260 ℃,热处理窗口温度为1 215~1 255 ℃。根据热处理窗口温度,设计了6种固溶处理工艺,对比发现,经1 228 ℃/2 h+1 240 ℃/2 h+1 255 ℃/2 h、AC固溶工艺处理后,合金的组织均匀化程度最高,元素偏析得到了显著改善,γ/γ′共晶的体积分数从铸态时的18.9%降至5.04%,确定此工艺为合金优化固溶处理工艺参数。合金经优化固溶处理后再经1 080 ℃/4 h、AC高温时效处理和870 ℃/22 h、AC中温时效处理,析出的γ′相尺寸(337.3 nm)、体积分数(67.81%)适宜且立方度最高,确定此工艺为最优热处理工艺。经最优热处理工艺处理的合金在980 ℃/205 MPa下的持久寿命为162 h,相比于铸态和固溶态处理的合金持久寿命分别提高了87 h和45 h。结论 通过优化固溶处理和时效处理,确定合金最优热处理工艺参数为:1 228 ℃/2 h+1 240 ℃/2 h+1 255 ℃/2 h、AC(固溶处理)+1 080 ℃/4 h、AC+870 ℃/22 h、AC(时效处理),经最优热处理工艺处理的合金持久寿命显著提高。     

Effect of post weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ITER-grade 316LN austenitic stainless steel weldments

The effect of postweld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ITER-grade 316LN austenitic stainless steel joints with ER316LMn filler material was investigated. PWHT aging was performed for 1 h at four different temperatures of 600 °C, 760 °C, 870 °C and 920 °C, respectively. The microstructure revealed the sigma phase precipitation occurred in the weld metals heat-treated at the temperature of 870 °C and 920 °C. The PWHT temperatures have the less effect on the tensile strength, and the maximum tensile strength of the joints is about 630 MPa, reaching the 95% of the base metal, whereas the elongation is enhanced with the rise of PWHT temperatures. Meanwhile, the sigma phase precipitation in the weld metals reduces the impact toughness.     

熔覆温度对真空熔覆WC增强镍基合金层组织及性能的影响

为了在保证良好力学性能的前提下提高45钢的表面质量,采用真空熔覆技术以不同熔覆温度在45钢表面制备WC增强镍基合金熔覆层。利用扫描电镜分析熔覆层组织形貌以及过渡层结合情况;通过硬度测试和磨损试验分析熔覆温度对熔覆层性能的影响。结果表明:随着熔覆温度的升高,熔覆试样过渡层逐渐增厚但整体变化不大,都大于30μm,满足冶金需求;熔覆温度过高时,WC分解严重,熔覆层耐磨性大大降低;熔覆温度为1 225℃时,得到的WC增强镍基合金效果良好,熔覆层洛氏硬度接近40 HRC,对母材强化作用明显,可显著提高其耐磨性。     

Grain boundary and microstructure engineering of Inconel 690 cladding on stainless-steel 316L using electron-beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

This research explores the prospect of fabricating a face-centered cubic(fcc) Ni-base alloy cladding(Inconel 690) on an fcc Fe-base alloy(316 L stainless-steel) having improved mechanical properties and reduced sensitivity to corrosion through grain boundary and microstructure engineering concepts enabled by additive manufacturing(AM) utilizing electron-beam powder bed fusion(EPBF). The unique solidification and associated constitutional supercooling phenomena characteristic of EPBF promotes[100] textured and extended columnar grains having lower energy grain boundaries as opposed to random, high-angle grain boundaries, but no coherent {111} twin boundaries characteristic of conventional thermo-mechanically processed fcc metals and alloys, including Inconel 690 and 316 L stainless-steel.In addition to [100] textured grains, columnar grains were produced by EPBF fabrication of Inconel 690 claddings on 316 L stainless-steel substrates. Also, irregular 2–3 μm diameter, low energy subgrains were formed along with dislocation densities varying from 108 to 109 cm~2, and a homogeneous distribution of Cr_(23)C_6 precipitates. Precipitates were formed within the grains(with ~3 μm interparticle spacing),but not in the subgrain or columnar grain boundaries. These inclusive, hierarchical microstructures produced a tensile yield strength of 0.527 GPa, elongation of 21%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 2.33 GPa for the Inconel 690 cladding in contrast to a tensile yield strength of 0.327 GPa, elongation of 53%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 1.78 GPa, respectively for the wrought 316 L stainlesssteel substrate. Aging of both the Inconel 690 cladding and the 316 L stainless-steel substrate at 685?C for50 h precipitated Cr_(23)C_6 carbides in the Inconel 690 columnar grain boundaries, but not in the low-angle(and low energy) subgrain boundaries. In contrast, Cr_(23)C_6 carbides precipitated in the 316 L stainless-steel grain boundaries, but not in the low energy coherent {111} twin boundaries. Consequently, the Inconel690 subgrain boundaries essentially serve as surrogates for coherent twin boundaries with regard to avoiding carbide precipitation and corrosion sensitization.     

Zr-Cu-Ni非晶钎料真空钎焊TiAl合金/316L不锈钢接头的界面组织与剪切性能

采用自主设计制备的Zr-42.9Cu-21.4Ni非晶钎料对TiAl合金和316L不锈钢进行真空钎焊,研究钎焊温度和钎焊时间对TiAl合金/316L不锈钢异种金属接头微观组织和剪切性能的影响。结果表明：钎缝界面可以划分为6个不同的反应层。1040 ℃/10 min下制备的钎焊接头从TiAl合金到316L不锈钢侧界面组织依次为γ(TiAl)+AlCuTi/α₂(Ti₃Al)+AlCuTi/AlCu+ZrCuNi+FeZr/Cu₈Zr₃+ZrCuNi+TiFe+Fe₂Zr/FeZr+Fe₂Zr+TiFe₂+ZrCu/α-(Fe, Cr)。随着钎焊温度的升高,接头的抗剪强度先升高后降低。当钎焊温度为1040 ℃和钎焊时间25 min时,接头抗剪强度达到最大值162 MPa。断口分析表明,接头在FeZr+Fe₂Zr+TiFe₂+ZrCu界面处萌生,沿着Cu₈Zr₃+ZrCuNi+TiFe+Fe₂Zr和α-(Fe, Cr)扩展,呈解理断裂。     

Effect of process parameters and niobium carbide addition on microstructure and wear resistance of laser cladding nickel-based alloy coatings

Based on the background of the engineering application of automobile mold repair and surface strengthening, the effects of process parameters on the formation and microstructure of laser cladding nickel(Ni)-based alloy coating were studied. The optimal parameters were: laser power 2000 W, powder feeding rate 15 g/min, scanning speed 4 mm/s. Under this process, the cladding layer and the substrate can exhibit good metallurgical bonding, and the cladding layer has fine crystal grains and a low dilution ratio. On this basis, different mass fractions of niobium carbide (NbC) powder were added to the nickel-based powder and laser cladding was carried out on the surface of die steel. The phase composition, microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of the coating were studied. The results show that with the increasing of niobium carbide addition, the hardness of the cladding layer decreases, and the wear loss of the cladding layer decreases first and then increases. When the niobium carbide addition reaches 6 wt.%, the wear loss of the cladding layer is the least, and the wear resistance is the best.