SF6混合绝缘气体的协同效应及其机理研究

为了研究SF₆与不同缓冲气体组成的协同效应,并揭示SF₆混合气体的协同效应机理,首先针对SF₆气体分别与N₂、Air(空气)、CO₂、CF₄和He组成的混合气体,测试了上述混合气体在SF₆摩尔分数0～100%范围下的工频击穿电压,利用Takuma计算公式拟合获得其协同效应系数,发现上述缓冲气体与SF₆协同效应的强弱排序为N₂>Air>CO₂>CF₄>He。然后对比了Takuma计算公式与幂函数经验公式的拟合效果,明确了两种方法的适用性。最后通过气体吸附截面分布和缓冲气体电子能量分布分析了不同缓冲气体与SF₆协同效应的强弱原因,分析结果与试验结果排序一致,证明了分析方法的合理性,为其他类型混合气体的协同效应研究提供参考。     

不均匀电场下CF3SO2F混合气体的工频击穿特性

在球-球和尖-板电极下测量了新型环保绝缘混合气体CF₃SO₂F/N₂和CF₃SO₂F/CO₂的工频击穿电压，分析了气压、电极间距和电场不均匀度等因素对混合气体工频击穿特性的影响，并与SF₆进行了对比。结果表明：稍不均匀电场下CF₃SO₂F混合气体的工频击穿电压与气压为正向线性关系，随间距增长击穿电压出现微弱的饱和趋势。极不均匀电场下CF₃SO₂F混合气体的工频击穿电压随气压变化呈现“上升-下降-上升”的“驼峰”曲线，“驼峰”峰值对应的气压值在0.2～0.35 MPa之间。其中CF₃SO₂F/N₂混合气体的工频击穿电压整体大于CF₃SO₂F/CO₂混合气体。在0.3 MPa及以上，CF₃SO     

电场不均匀度对C4F7N/空气混合气体工频绝缘性能的影响

干燥空气作为性能优异的缓冲气体与C₄F₇N气体混合后具有替代纯SF₆气体的潜力。目前,关于C₄F₇N/空气混合气体的研究主要集中于均匀电场下的绝缘性能,对其在不均匀电场下的击穿特性研究较少。在6种不同电场条件下,通过工频击穿实验探究电场不均匀度、气压、混合比对C₄F₇N/空气混合气体工频绝缘性能的影响,计算分析了不同C₄F₇N体积分数的C₄F₇N/空气混合气体的液化温度及GWP值,给出了可替代纯SF₆气体的混合比例及应用条件。结果表明,电场不均匀度较低时,随着气压升高、C₄F₇N体积分数的增大,C₄F₇N/空气混合气体工频绝缘性能逐渐接近甚至超过纯SF₆气体,电场不均匀度较高时,C₄F_7...     

SF6/N2流注放电仿真及协同效应研究

建立反映气体放电过程中粒子运动特性的二维流体模型,采用有限元和通量校正传输法对该模型进行数值求解,计算了50%SF₆+50%N₂在均匀电场下的放电规律,模拟了流注发展过程中粒子密度的分布情况,分析放电过程中带电粒子对均匀电场的影响。搭建气体放电实验平台,测量平板电极下绝缘间隙5 mm时SF₆/N₂混合气体的击穿电压,将SF₆/N₂击穿电压的实测值与折算值进行对比,研究不同混合比、气体压强对SF₆/N₂协同效应的影响。结果表明：随着流注向阳极运动,放电间隙内的电子数密度不断增大;在放电初始阶段,空间电荷对电场的影响很小,随着电荷数量不断增加,空间电场产生明显畸变现象。SF₆/N₂混合气体击穿电压的实验测量值大于折算值,且SF₆含量越高,实测值和折算值越接近。可以看出,SF₆/N₂的协同效应在含有少量SF₆时较明显,而当SF₆含量较高时,混合气体的协同效应减弱。     

SF6/N2混合气体绝缘特性的实验研究

目前绝大多数气体绝缘开关设备采用SF₆气体绝缘,SF₆泄漏导致严重的环保问题,人们迫切希望少采用或不采用SF₆气体,以降低对环境的污染。为此,试验研究SF₆和SF₆/N₂混合气体在不同混合比、不同压力以及在不同电场结构下的击穿特性,并与SF₆气体的绝缘性能进行比较,试验结果表明：在N₂中注入20%~30%的SF₆气体后,SF₆/N₂混合气体绝缘性能指标可以达到纯SF₆气体的80%左右,但若继续增加SF₆气体的配比,则其耐电强度上升的幅度明显变慢;此外,试验研究还发现,极不均匀电场会大大降低气体的耐击穿电压强度。试验研究证明了采用SF₆/N₂混合气体代替纯SF₆气体的技术方案的可行性。     

典型电场下C4F7N/CO2/O2混合气体工频击穿特性研究

研究表明O₂可以抑制C₄F₇N/CO₂混合气体的分解,从而提升气体工程应用可靠性,但C₄F₇N/CO₂/O₂混合气体绝缘特性相关研究较少。为评估O₂对C₄F₇N/CO₂混合气体工频绝缘特性的影响,该文搭建了击穿试验平台,获得了典型运行气压、O₂含量和电场形式下的工频击穿电压。结果表明随着气压增加,1mm气隙准均匀电场下的C₄F₇N/CO₂/O₂混合气体击穿电压接近线性增长,而在稍不均匀和极不均匀电场下呈现一定的饱和增长趋势,6mm气隙极不均匀电场下则呈现N形变化规律。C₄F₇N/CO₂/O₂混合气体击穿电压对较高气压和较长气隙下的极...     

不均匀电场下CF_3I/N_2混合气体工频击穿特性试验

从工频击穿性能的角度探讨CF_3I/N_2混合气体替代SF6气体用于气体绝缘设备的可能性。通过工频击穿试验探究气压、混合比和电极间距三种因素对CF_3I/N_2混合气体工频击穿电压的影响,并与相同条件下的SF6/N2混合气体进行对比分析,提出使用协同效应指数C值判定混合气体协同效应类型及协同效应强弱的定量分析方法。结果表明,随着混合比、气压的升高,CF_3I/N_2混合气体工频击穿性能逐渐接近SF6气体,较高气压下的CF_3I/N_2混合气体更具有应用潜力。CF_3I/N_2混合气体工频击穿电压呈正协同效应,而且CF3I气体具有优良的自恢复绝缘性能。综合考虑工频击穿性能、液化温度和环境影响三种因素,在特定的场合下,CF3I含量为20%~50%的CF_3I/N_2混合气体有可能替代SF6气体用于气体绝缘设备。     

SF6/N2混合气体在126kV气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备中的应用

在役的大部分气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(GIS)使用绝缘性能较好的SF₆气体作为绝缘介质。为实现“双碳”目标,开展绝缘气体的替代研究以控制SF₆气体的使用与排放有助于提升电力设备的环境友好性。为实现SF₆/N₂混合气体在126kV GIS中的应用,首先确定126kV SF₆/N₂混合气体型GIS的基本参数,并通过建立各单元的有限元模型进行仿真计算,验证了设计的可行性。型式试验的顺利通过表明,在维持现有GIS结构的前提下,适当混合比及充气压力的SF₆/N₂混合气体能保证GIS的正常运行。     

一种用于SF6分解气体检测的光纤增强拉曼光谱检测装置

SF₆分解气体(SO₂F₂、SO₂、CF₄、COS、CO₂和CO)含量是反映气体绝缘设备故障及老化状态的重要特征量,开展多组分特征气体低检出限、高准确检测方法研究对于气体绝缘设备安全可靠运行具有重大的意义。研究了一种基于光纤增强拉曼光谱气体传感平台,通过增加拉曼光的收集效率实现拉曼信号的增强。在0.5 MPa气体压强、0.3 m光纤和60 s积分时间下,SO₂F₂、SO₂、CF₄、COS、CO₂和CO的最小检测极限分别为9.5μL/L、2.9μL/L、4.9μL/L、8.5μL/L、3.6μL/L和13.9μL/L,实现了SF₆分解气体的拉曼光谱低检出限检测,在设备的在线监测领域具有极大的应用潜力。     

C4F7N/CO2/O2混合气体PD作用下气体和固体副产物生成特性

C₄F₇N/CO₂/O₂混合气体以其优异的环保和绝缘性能成为目前最具潜力替代SF₆应用于电力工业的气体绝缘介质。尽管O₂的加入可以在一定程度上提升C₄F₇N/CO₂混合气体的绝缘性能和化学稳定性,但O₂加入及其体积分数变化对混合气体局部放电(partial discharge,PD)作用下气体和固体副产物生成特性的影响规律尚不清楚。因此通过针–板电极模拟设备内的金属突出物缺陷开展C₄F₇N/CO₂/O₂ 96 h PD及其分解特性试验。研究发现C₄F₇N/CO₂混合气体中加入体积分数2%～4%的O₂可以显著抑制大部分副产物的生成,O₂体积分数大于6%时每秒累积放电量和平均放电...     

Fundamental insulation characteristic of high-pressure CO/sub 2/ gas under actual equipment conditions

SF₆ gas has been widely used in electrical power equipment such as circuit breakers and transformers due to its superior insulation and interruption characteristics. However since 1997, SF₆ gas has been designated a greenhouse gas subject to emission restrictions at COP3 (The 3rd session of the Conference Of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) so a new insulating gas is needed as a substitute for SF₆ gas. This research considers the use of high-pressure CO₂ gas as an insulator while stressing the environment aspects. Fundamental insulation data for the insulating gas acquired supposing gas insulated switchgears (GIS) consists of; (1) insulation breakdown characteristics under clean conditions and, (2) insulation breakdown characteristics with metallic particle contamination. The parameters in this case were assumed from an actual apparatus viewpoint, to be a high gas pressure up to 2.0 MPa, an electrode size capable of determining the surface area effect, the electrode surface roughness, and metallic particle length, etc. at the base electrode of the 72 kV GIS. As a result, experiments using these parameters revealed insulation characteristics for high-pressure CO₂ gas and that negative lightning impulse decided the insulation design, as well as the present SF₆ GIS. The need for taking measures to suppress PD under AC voltage and also the need for restricting metallic foreign particles around the central conductor and insulating spacer were recognized     

Interruption capability of CF/sub 3/I Gas as a substitution candidate for SF/sub 6/ gas

We studied the interruption performance of CF₃I gas because its environmental effect is smaller than that of SF₆ gas with a model arc-extinguishing chamber. First, we measured the arc time constant and arc power loss coefficient using Mayr's equation. Comparing CF₃I with other gases, the arc time constants are SF₆3I2< H₂2. The arc power loss coefficient is H₂>SF₆ >CO₂>Air>N₂ >CF₃I. Next, we evaluated the short line fault (SLF) interruption capability by measuring the di/dt-dv/dt characteristic. Consequently, the SLF interruption performance of pure CF₃I was about 0.9 times that of SF₆. However, CF₃I application to gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and gas circuit breakers (GCB) is difficult because the liquefying temperature of the gas is high. Therefore, we adopted a countermeasure to obtain a lower liquefying temperature mixing CF₃I with CO₂. The result showed that the SLF interruption performance of the mixture approximated that of pure CF₃I when the ratio of CF₃ I exceeds 20%     

Comparison of SF6/N2 and SF6/CO2 gas mixtures as alternatives to SF6 gas

The interest in SF₆ gas mixtures has been re-ignited in recent years by the issue of the greenhouse effect of the SF₆ gas, and most research work is now focused on a SF₆/N₂ gas mixture, which is suitable for application in electrical apparatus with slightly non-uniform fields. This paper presents a comparison of SF₆/N₂ and SF₆/CO₂ gas mixtures with a viewpoint of their possible applications to gas-insulated transformers, where both highly non-uniform field problems and partial discharges in gas/film insulation are inevitable. It is shown that in this case the dielectric strength of SF₆/CO₂ is superior to that of SF₆/N ₂ with a minor disadvantage related to the gas decomposition in SF₆/CO₂. However, this may not be a problem for the SF₆/CO₂ gas mixture to be used in gas-insulated transformers, where internal breakdown is not allowed     

Breakdown Characteristics of N2O Gas Mixtures for Quasiuniform Electric Field under Lightning Impulse Voltage

From the viewpoint of mitigating global warming by SF₆ gas, this paper discusses breakdown (BD) characteristics of different electronegative gas mixtures with N₂O gas as SF₆ gas substitutes for quasi-uniform electric field under lightning impulse voltage applications. Experimental results revealed the positive synergism in breakdown strength of binary N₂O / CO₂ and ternary N₂O / CO₂ / O₂ gas mixtures, respectively. Furthermore, N₂ gas as a retardant gas was also mixed with the electronegative gas mixtures in order to reduce the electron energy into the effective levels of electron attachment ability by the electronegative gas mixtures. As the result, ternary N₂O / CO₂ / N₂ and quaternary N₂O / CO₂ / O₂ / N₂ gas mixtures could exhibit the significant synergistic effect in breakdown strength. The optimum mixture rate of quaternary N₂O / CO₂ / O₂ / N₂ gas mixtures was consistent with that estimated by assuming the independent contribution of component gases to the improvement of impulse BD characteristics.     

Numerical Investigation for CF4 Decomposition Using RF Low-Pressure Plasma

Among perfluorocompounds, is considered to be one of the most stable and difficult-to-decompose gases. We investigated the decomposition of CF₄ using the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactor with radio frequency (RF) power supply, which was used for semiconductor cleaning process as well as decomposition. This technology was confirmed to achieve an extremely high efficiency and more economical system in comparison with the conventional system. The purpose of this paper is to perform numerical simulation of CF₄ decomposition using RF low-pressure plasma. The experimental investigation of CF₄ the decomposition was performed to validate the computed results, and the reaction products such as CO, CO₂, and COF₂ upon the CF₄ decomposition were measured CO₂ using a analyzer and a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. Then, the numerical simulations of the CF₄ decomposition using commercially available code were performed to obtain the gas temperature, electron temperature, electron number density, gas velocity, and chemical species number density distribution to cope with CF₄ the decomposition in the ICP reactor.     

Applicability of simple expressions for electrical breakdownprobability increase in vacuum and gas

Simple analytical expressions for the law of breakdown probability increase are suggested. They are tested by comparing with experimental data obtained by impulse and DC breakdown. The pressure 10^-4 Pa and interelectrode gaps d<0.1 mm are used for vacuum, and the pressure 1 bar-5 bars and the interelectrode gaps 1 mm-50 mm are used for gas breakdown. The insulation gas was a SF₆, N₂ and gas-mixture: SF₆-N₂. It is concluded that such a simplified approach is not appropriate for vacuum. It is also concluded that, for gas, the BPI (breakdown probability increase) law, in the form of a simple expression, is valid in the considered range of relevant experimental parameters     

非运行状态电容式电压互感器绝缘体系生物降解分析

探究非运行状态电容式电压互感器（CVT）油-纸绝缘体系中CH₄、H₂和CO₂等气体含量增高的原因,对提高CVT运行安全很有必要。采取自然污染、人工接种及高温杀菌方式对CVT油-纸绝缘体系进行微生物生长试验,用气相色谱仪、微水仪等仪器测定生物降解绝缘油-纸的产物及含量,并采用生物学鉴定微生物种属,分析油-纸绝缘体系生物降解特性。试验结果表明：CVT油-纸绝缘体系在微生物降解作用下产生了H₂O、酸、CH₄、H₂和CO₂等,其与非运行状态下CVT内绝缘油中气体组分相同;各组分气体含量在增加过程中出现一减小的拐点;显微镜观察和生物学鉴定出4种球状厌氧微生物。结合生物降解产物及变化趋势和微生物种属分析,CVT油-纸绝缘体系生物降解分为2个阶段,即多种微生物降解和厌氧微生物沼气发酵阶段,CH₄、H₂和CO₂等气体是生物降解的特征气体。     

Partial discharge and breakdown mechanisms in ultra-dilute SF6/N2 gas mixtures

With the goal of reducing SF₆ gas usage, we investigated partial discharge (PD) and breakdown (BD) mechanisms in ultra-dilute (0 to 1%) SF₆/N₂ gas mixtures. The experimental results and discussions are given in this paper. In particular, we focused our research on the transition characteristics of the electrical insulation performance with an extremely small amount of SF₆ content, the PD behavior on the applied voltage, and the relation among prebreakdown streamer, return stroke and BD. Moreover, we discussed the PD and so mechanisms with reference of space charge behavior. From these results, the transition threshold at which the influence of SF₆ gas on the discharge characteristics began to appear, was clarified to be SF₆ content k=10 ppm for a total pressure of 0.1 MPa