水溶性丙酮酸锌的合成工艺研究

采用丙酮酸与乙酸锌反应合成水溶性丙酮酸锌,确定了适宜的工艺条件。合成水溶性丙酮酸锌最佳的反应条件是:以乙酸乙酯和丙酸为溶剂,其体积比为1∶0.7,丙酮酸与乙酸锌摩尔配比为1∶0.55,在20~25℃温度下反应。得到的产品的结构经红外和核磁的确证,其结构式为(CH3COCOO)2Zn.1/2H2O,得到的产品在水中具有较好的溶解性。     

丙酮酸镁合成工艺的研究

研究了丙酮酸与碳酸镁反应合成丙酮酸镁的工艺过程.通过考察不同的原料配比、反应温度、反应时间以及终点控制,确定了最佳的合成条件:n(丙酮酸):n(碳酸镁)=2.1:1,在温度为65℃下反应60min,反应终点pH在4左右;在此条件下,丙酮酸镁的收率可达94.4%.     

1,2-丙二醇合成丙酮酸及丙酮酸甲酯

在常压下,以1,2-丙二醇为原料,采用两步法合成丙酮酸及丙酮酸甲酯.首先在固定床上以负载银的分子筛为催化剂,空气中的氧为氧化剂,气相氧化1,2-丙二醇合成丙酮醛,丙酮醛与甲醇气相预混合,以NbFeAPSO-5双功能分子筛为催化剂进行氧化酯化反应合成丙酮酸及丙酮酸甲酯.考察了反应温度、氧气与1,2-丙二醇(或丙酮醛)的物质的量比和1,2-丙二醇(或丙酮醛)液空速对反应的影响.结果表明,第一步丙二醇氧化反应制丙酮醛较优的工艺条件为320℃,氧醇物质的量比为1.2,1,2-丙二醇液空速为1.0 mL/(g·h);第二步丙酮醛的氧化酯化反应较优的工艺条件为140℃,甲醇的液空速为1.1 mL/(g·h),氧醛物质的量比为2.2.在此条件下,1,2-丙二醇的转化率可到达67.27%,丙酮醛的选择性为78.61%,丙酮酸和丙酮酸甲酯总的收率可达53.52%.     

碱催化苯甲酸酯类增塑剂合成研究

以脂肪族多元醇、苯甲酸为原料,以氢氧化钾为催化剂,二甲苯为带水剂,合成了3个多元醇苯甲酸酯增塑剂。考察了催化剂、带水剂及投料配比对反应的影响。得到优化的反应条件为:n(多元醇羟基):n(苯甲酸)=1.00:1.05,催化剂用量为1%,二甲苯为带水剂,210～220℃回流带水反应至基本无水带出,在该条件下产物收率为97.7%～99.1%。产物结构经FTIR、~1HNMR、UPLC-MASS确证。     

碱催化苯甲酸酯类增塑剂的合成研究

以脂肪族多元醇、苯甲酸为原料,以氢氧化钾为催化剂,二甲苯为带水剂,合成了3个多元醇苯甲酸酯增塑剂。考察了催化剂、带水剂及投料配比对反应的影响。得到优化的反应条件为:n(多元醇羟基):n(苯甲酸)=1.00:1.05,催化剂用量为1%,二甲苯为带水剂,210℃~220℃回流带水反应至基本无水带出,在该条件下产物收率为97.7%~99.1%。产物结构经FTIR、1H NMR、UPLC-MASS确证。     

乙酸法合成N-乙酰吗啉

以吗啉和乙酸为原料合成N-乙酰吗啉,考察了原料配比、反应温度和带水剂对反应的影响。试验结果表明,采用带水剂可使N-乙酰吗啉的收率明显提高,在加入10%带水剂、反应温度为40~145°C和原料配比n(乙酸)∶n(吗啉)/摩尔比为0.95下,N-乙酰吗啉的收率91.5%。反应产物经减压蒸馏后可得到大于98.5%的高纯度N-乙酰吗啉。     

十二水合硫酸铁铵催化合成乙酸苄酯的研究

以苯甲醇和冰醋酸为原料、环己烷为带水剂、NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O为催化剂合成了乙酸苄酯。讨论了带水剂、催化剂、醇酸比等因素对酯合成的影响。研究表明,乙酸苄酯的最佳合成工艺条件为:n(苯甲醇)∶n(冰醋酸)=2∶7,苯甲醇为21·0g,催化剂用量为4·0g,带水剂用量为15·0mL。在此实验条件下,乙酸苄酯的收率为55·8%。气相色谱分析其酯含量为85·8%,红外光谱和质谱图证实了乙酸苄酯的存在。     

硫酸铈催化合成阿魏酸异戊酯的研究

以阿魏酸和异戊醇为原料,硫酸铈为催化剂,直接酯化合成阿魏酸异戊酯。实验考察了催化剂的用量、醇酸配比、带水剂的用量、反应时间等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,合成阿魏酸异戊酯的优化反应条件为硫酸铈用量占反应原料阿魏酸质量的10%,物料配比n(阿魏酸)∶n(异戊醇)=1∶6,带水剂的用量为3.5 mL,反应时间为2 h,优化条件下阿魏酸异戊酯的收率可达95.6%。     

氨基酸-镧配合物的合成及单晶培养研究

以硝酸镧为中心原子,甘氨酸、丙氨酸为配体,按设计的比例,以溶液常温挥发法合成多元配合物。在以无水乙醇、无水丙酮、乙腈、无水甲醇四种常见溶剂探索中,发现无水甲醇是最好的溶剂。在配比的探索中发现以中心原子与甘氨基酸、丙氨酸的配比介于1：1：5～1：3：10之间是最好的配比。     

硫酸高铈催化合成乙酯异戊酯

以冰醋酸、异戊醇为原料,硫酸高铈为催化剂合成乙酯异戊酯,通过正交设计法考察了催化剂用量、原料配比、带水剂用量和反应时间等因素对反应的影响。结果表明:在催化剂用量0.4g,醇酸比1.2∶1,带水剂环己烷用量5mL,反应时间1h的条件下,酯化率可达97.35%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。