吸水树脂脱除重金属离子的研究

本文介绍了用超级吸水树脂（SAPC）利用离子交换和溶液吸收脱除溶液中的重金属离子，并用离子在凝胶和溶液相间分配系数（mK^d) 对其脱除能力予以比较。     

超级复合吸水材料选择性脱除汽／柴油中水的研究

超级复会吸水材料（SAPC）脱除汽／柴油中的水份的可行性研究证明该材料能完全脱除其中的游离水，并使油中残留溶解水份（humidity）含量低于50ppm．     

SO_2活化改性石油焦吸附剂的汞吸附特性

利用SO_2气体对石化工业副产物石油焦进行活化改性以制成富硫高活性脱汞吸附剂(SAPC)。在固定床实验装置上进行SAPC吸附脱除汞的实验研究,考察吸附温度、入口Hg~0浓度、烟气成分以及热再生等因素对脱汞特性的影响规律,同时结合比表面积及孔隙度分析、元素分析和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段深入分析SAPC的汞吸附机理。结果表明,SO_2活化改性石油焦的物理和化学特性得到极大改善,羰基、酯基以及非氧化态硫是Hg~0的主要活性吸附位。吸附温度的升高会抑制对Hg~0的吸附脱除,烟气中较高的Hg~0浓度会降低汞脱除效率,但对其汞吸附速率有促进作用。SO_2对SAPC的脱汞性能影响较小,O_2易将Hg~0氧化成为更容易与含氧、含硫官能团结合的氧化态汞,从而促进对Hg~0的脱除。热再生时吸附态汞化合物受热分解的过程伴随着吸附剂表面化学活性位的损失,导致再生后汞吸附性能大幅下降。     

壳聚糖交联聚丙烯酸/马来酸酐吸水树脂的制备

以马来酸酐(MA)、丙烯酸(AA)为原料,过硫酸铵(APS)和亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,N-马来酰化壳聚糖(N-MACH)为交联剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合反应合成了高吸水树脂,并用正交实验法对合成条件进行了优化,得到最佳合成条件。结果表明,当单体浓度为20%,交联剂的用量为0.03 g,AA中和度为50%,m(MA)/m(AA)为5%时,可以合成具有较好吸水性的高吸水树脂,在蒸馏水中的吸水倍率为1 560.42 g/g;合成的吸水树脂具有较好的吸水速度;不同种类盐溶液浓度的变化对吸水树脂吸水率的影响较大。     

P(AM-g-NBR)改性共混型吸水膨胀丁腈橡胶制备与性能研究

以两亲性接枝聚合物丙烯酰胺接枝丁腈橡胶P(AM-g-NBR)为增溶剂,将丁腈橡胶(NBR)与自制的吸水树脂(SAR-PA)共混制备出了吸水膨胀丁腈橡胶WSR-NB。考察了P(AM-g-NBR)及SAR-PA对吸水橡胶性能的影响。实验结果表明,P(AM-g-NBR)的加入可明显改善吸水橡胶的力学性能及吸水性能;随吸水树脂用量增大,吸水橡胶的拉伸强度降低,吸水率增大。     

原位合成丙烯酸钠改性三元乙丙橡胶制备吸水膨胀橡胶

通过氢氧化钠(NaOH)和丙烯酸(AA)的中和反应,在三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)中原位合成丙烯酸钠(NaAA),并在有机过氧化物的作用下将所得混炼胶进行硫化。比较了原位生成NaAA、直接添加NaAA和直接添加聚丙烯酸钠(PNaAA)等三种不同制备吸水膨胀橡胶方法对混炼胶硫化性能和硫化胶吸水膨胀性能的影响,主要研究了原位合成NaAA改性EPDM混炼胶的硫化特性和硫化胶的吸水膨胀性能及其力学性能。结果表明,原位合成NaAA改性EPDM的性能优于直接添加NaAA或PNaAA的EPDM,它不但具有良好的力学性能,而且还具有良好的吸水膨胀性能;随着NaAA含量的增大,硫化速度、硫化程度和吸水膨胀性能均有提高;吸水膨胀橡胶,在NaAA为30质量份时,力学性能具有最大值。过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)用量增大,吸水膨胀率下降,但仍可提高硫化胶的力学性能。     

水中矿化度对复合吸水材料吸水膨胀的影响

以吸水倍率为指标,研究了水中矿化度对具有互传网络结构的复合吸水材料吸水膨胀的影响。结果表明,在研究范围内,水中矿化度越高,外界电解质溶液中可动离子的浓度增加,材料内部与水体中离子浓度差降低,作为吸水膨胀动力的渗透压减弱,吸水倍率下降;阳离子对材料吸水膨胀的影响显著,碱土金属离子(二价)可以与吸水聚合物网络上的阴离子反应,因此对吸水膨胀的影响远大于碱金属离子(一价),同族阳离子对吸水膨胀的影响相差不大;同族阴离子对吸水膨胀的抑制作用相当,二价阴离子由于电离等因素,对复合吸水材料吸水膨胀的影响存在差异。     

CPE-g-(AM-co-MAH)增容氯化聚乙烯吸水膨胀弹性体的研究

采用机械共混法将氯化聚乙烯(CPE)与自制吸水树脂丙烯酸钠-丙烯酰胺-甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯三元共聚物P(NaAA-AM-HMA)共混合成吸水膨胀弹性体,讨论了吸水树脂用量、增容剂CPE-g-(AM-co-MAH)用量对吸水膨胀弹性体吸水性能、力学性能的影响。结果表明,未添加增容剂的共混物随吸水树脂量增大,吸水率增大,但是力学性能降低。将增容剂添加到共混试样中,改善了CPE与吸水树脂P(NaAA-AM-HMA)的相容性,提高了体系的力学性能和吸水性能,以加入3Phr的CPE-g-(AM-co-MAH)的增容效果最为明显。     

环氧树脂填充体系的吸水性研究

通过对不同环氧树脂体系的吸水性研究,探索了不同固化剂,不同填料对体系吸水的影响。采用含有较强极性基团固化剂的树脂体系吸水较严重,耐水性较差。填料的加入使体系的吸水速度加快、平衡吸水率增加,其中铝粉的影响较小。填料对体系吸水性的影响主要发生在界面层上。     

防水用吸水膨胀橡胶的研制

采用物理共混法制取天然橡胶 /交联聚丙烯酸钠共混物吸水膨胀性橡胶 (WSR)。考察了该共混体系的硫化特性及增容剂、吸水树脂用量、硫磺用量等对WSR吸水性能的影响。结果表明该体系的硫化速度比普通橡胶快 ,加入增容剂可大大提高WSR的吸水速率及最大吸水率 ,且能显著改善试样的外观质量。当天然橡胶 /聚丙烯酸钠质量比为10 0 /10 0时 ,增容体系吸水率最高达到 1832 % (即原质量的 18倍左右 ) ,明显高于未增容体系 ,后者最高吸水率为14 31%     

Dispersion polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate

The dispersion polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate (BA) was investigated using alcohol/water mixtures as the dispersion medium, 4,4′ ‐azobis‐(4‐cyanopentanoic acid) as the initiator, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the stabilizer. The effects of polymerization parameters, such as the alcohol/water ratio in the medium and the type and concentration of the polymeric stabilizer, on the resulting particle size and size distribution were studied. The final particle size and the stability of the dispersion system were found to be greatly influenced by the type of alcohol used in the mixture; that is, methanol or ethanol, even though the apparent solubility parameters are almost the same for the two types of mixtures. Poly(butyl acrylate) particles with controlled size and size distribution (monodisperse), and gel content were successfully prepared in a 90/10 methanol/water medium. It was found that the particle size decreased with increasing initiator concentration. This is the opposite of what was previously reported in the dispersion polymerizations of styrene and methyl methacrylate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2692–2709, 2002     

漆膜厚度等因素对测定涂料中可溶性铅、铬含量的影响

用火焰原子吸收法测定涂料中可溶性铅、铬含量,在室温、盐酸酸度、搅拌速度等条件恒定的情况下,考察了漆膜厚度、粉碎颗粒大小对实验结果的影响。试验表明测试结果受漆膜厚度、粉碎颗粒大小的影响很大。     

反溶剂重结晶法制备超细碳酸氢钾粉体

采用反溶剂重结晶法进行了碳酸氢钾微粉化实验研究,通过正交实验确定了影响粉体粒径的因素,如溶液初始浓度、搅拌转速和溶剂反溶剂体积比,对优选条件进行了验证,并采用XRD和激光粒度分析仪对粒子的晶相及粒度分布进行了表征。实验结果表明,当碳酸氢钾水溶液初始质量浓度为100 g/L,搅拌转速为700 r/min,溶剂反溶剂体积比为1∶10时,可制备出平均粒径为491.9 nm且粒度分布较窄的碳酸氢钾超细粉体。     

Investigation of solvent–solute interactions and film properties of perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers

In this work, solvent composition effects on the average particle size and polydispersity of the commercial perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane, i.e., Flemion^®, in different solution mixtures were studied. Dynamic light scattering experiments were employed to determine the aggregate sizes of dispersed PFSA polymers in different water/alcohol solutions. The particle size distribution of the solute was analyzed and discussed for different solvent–solute systems. As the solvent gets more compatible with the Flemion^®, the particle size reduced. Increasing the water content in propanol/water mixture increased the average particle size of the solute. Comparing three solution mixtures shows that the mean particle size increased as the solvent was changed in the order of ethanol, methanol and propanol. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were conducted on the films obtained by recasting from different solution compositions. The results of DSC tests were used to investigate the water absorption and other thermal behavior. Structural properties such as equivalent weight of the polymer, free volume and the degree of aggregation of ionic groups or size of the clusters can influence the water uptake. DSC test results showed four different endothermic peaks which can be attributed to removal of surface and intergrain structural absorbed water, melting of crystalline segments and thermal degradation of the polymer, respectively.     

Oil‐absorption function of physical crosslinking in the high‐oil‐absorption resins

The concept of physical crosslinking was introduced into the research field of oil‐absorption resins, which were traditionally synthesized only by chemical crosslinking. Specifically, the partially physical crosslinking acrylic series for high‐oil‐absorption resins were prepared in the suspension process, and the swelling behavior of the samples was observed and recorded online. This demonstrated that a kind of relaxing three‐dimensional network was indeed formed by the introduction of polybutadiene (PB). The effects of monomer feed ratios, crosslinking agent concentration and type, particle size, and temperature on the oil absorbency and oil‐absorption speed were investigated. The results indicated that there were an optimum monomer feed ratio and an optimum amount of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate or PB. In addition, the particle size and temperature had a serious influence on the oil‐absorption speed in comparison with the monomer feed ratio and the crosslinking agent concentration and type. The results also showed that particle size affected oil absorbency to a great degree and that the effect of temperature on oil absorbency was complex. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3945–3950, 2003     

大颗粒吸水树脂的制备工艺及其性能

采用反相悬浮聚合制备了大颗粒聚丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸-丙烯酸钠[P(AM-AA-SA)]树脂微球,考察了搅拌速率与乳化剂对树脂微球粒径的影响,交联剂用量、单体配比和丙烯酸中和度对330μm树脂微球吸水倍率的影响,丙烯酸丁酯的用量对树脂吸水速率的影响以及树脂微球在80℃下的保水性能.结果表明:制备的树脂吸去离子水量达983.0 g/g,对NaCl和CaCl2溶液的吸水倍率最大值分别为91 3,15.6 g/g,在80℃下有良好的保水性能,丙烯酸丁酯的加入可将吸水饱和时间延长2倍.     

Multifactorial analysis in the study of hydroformylation of oct-1-ene using supported aqueous phase catalysis

The influence of the hydration and the surface characteristics of five supports in the hydroformylation of oct-1-ene by supported aqueous phase catalysis (SAPC) using [Rh₂(μ-S^tBu)₂(CO)₂(TPPTS)₂] as catalyst was studied. The results confirm that the size of the pores and the amounts of water were found to be the determining factors contributing to the SAPC. According to the size of pores there is a critical value for which the SAPC takes place either in the classical model or in conditions where the pores are filled. When the pores are fully filled the SAPC can operate efficiently onto the external surface, stabilising the conversion in a relatively wide range of support hydration.     

AOT逆胶束体系脂肪酶催化合成油酸乙酯

在二-(2-乙基己基)琥珀酸酯磺酸钠和异辛烷构建的逆胶束体系中,以Lipex脂肪酶为催化剂,合成了油酸乙酯,考察了各影响因素对其产率的影响,并进行了脂肪酶紫外荧光检测和体系粒度分析. 结果表明,Lipex脂肪酶具有良好的催化活性,反应条件优化选用异辛烷为溶剂,在反应温度25℃、缓冲液pH 6.5、水/表面活性剂(摩尔比)10、乙醇/油酸(摩尔比)20及Lipex脂肪酶浓度0.035 g/L、油酸浓度0.005 mol/L、摇床转速150 r/min、反应36 h的条件下,油酸乙酯产率达到71.25%. 逆胶束粒度和酶构象直接影响酶活性,最适逆胶束粒度约为80 nm.     

分散剂和非离子型表面活性剂对悬浮聚氯乙烯树脂颗粒特性的影响

研究了聚乙烯醇(PVA)分散剂和非离子型表面活性剂对悬浮聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂颗粒特性的影响。结果表明随着PVA醇解度的增加，PVC树脂的颗粒规整性和表现密度增加，孔隙率和吸油率降低；随着非离子型表面活性剂添加量的增加，PVC树脂的平均粒径和吸油率增大。从PVA和表面活性剂在水一油两相分配出发，讨论了PVA醇解度和添加非离子型表面活性剂对PVC树脂的颗粒特性影响机理。     

Preparation of Monodisperse and Spherical Zirconia Powders by Heating of Alcohol–Aqueous Salt Solutions

A novel method is demonstrated which yields a spherical ZrO₂ powder of narrow size distribution through heating of a zirconyl chloride solution with an alcohol–water mixture as the solvent. The kind and composition of the solvent mixture greatly influenced the behavior of the precipitation and the morphology of the resulting particles. When 1-propanol or 2-propanol was employed as the alcohol of the solvent mixture, the resulting particles had a spherical shape and a narrow size distribution. The particle size and the particle agglomeration level could be controlled by the amount of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) in the solution. As-prepared amorphous powder was crystallized to a mixture of metastable tetragonal phase and monoclinic phase at about 460°C. The metastable tetragonal phase was converted to the monoclinic phase as the calcination temperature was increased. After calcination, the spherical shape of the zirconia powder was retained, while its particle size was decreased slightly.