All-to-All Optical Routing in Chordal Rings of Degree 4

We consider the problem of routing in networks employing all-optical routing technology. In such networks, information between nodes of the network is transmitted as light on fiber-optic lines without being converted to electronic form in between. We consider switched optical networks that use the wavelength-division multiplexing (or WDM) approach. A WDM network consists of nodes connected by point-to-point fiber-optic links, each of which can support a fixed number of wavelengths. The switches are capable of redirecting incoming streams based on wavelengths, without changing the wavelengths. Different messages may use the same link concurrently if they are assigned distinct wavelengths. However, messages assigned the same wavelength must be assigned edge-disjoint paths. Given a communication instance in a network, the optical routing problem is the assignment of {routes} to communication requests of the instance, as well as wavelengths to routes so that the number of wavelengths used by the instance is minimal. We focus on the all-to-all communication instance I _A in a widely studied family of chordal rings of degree 4, called optimal chordal rings . For these networks, we prove exact bounds on the optimal load induced on an edge for I _A , over all shortest-path routing schemes. We show an approximation algorithm that solves the optical routing problem for I _A using at most 1.006 times the lower bound on the number of wavelengths. The previous best approximation algorithm has a performance ratio of 8. Furthermore, we use a variety of novel techniques to achieve this result, which are applicable to other communication instances and may be applicable to other networks. Received July 22, 1998; revised October 14, 1999.     

A gradient based routing scheme for street lighting wireless sensor networks

Routing for wireless sensor networks based on gradient is a simple, reliable solution resulting in low information costs for the network package, as well as for the node itself. It is used for convergent traffic, where sensor nodes send messages to the sink node. Due to message transmission failures inherent to wireless sensor networks, researches in this area agree that point-to-point message confirmation in these networks is essential. This work proposes solutions for gradient-based routing using a confirmation mechanism for different neighbors, where four protocol variations are evaluated for sensor networks applications in order to monitor and control electrical variables. Results demonstrate that the protocol based on the longest distance has a satisfactory package delivery rate in severe conditions specified to the application. Furthermore, results show in which situations each routing protocol variation better suits the target application.     

Adaptive scheduling for integrated traffic on WDM optical networks

One of the important issues in the design of future generation of high-speed networks is to provide differentiated service to different types of traffic with various time constraints. In this paper, we study the problem of providing real-time service to either hard or soft real-time messages and normal transmission service to variable-length messages without time constraints in WDM optical networks. We propose an adaptive scheduling algorithm for scheduling message transmissions in order to improve the network performance when both real-time and non real-time messages are transmitted in one topology. We have analyzed the complexity of the algorithm to show its feasibility. We have conducted extensive discrete-event simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The study suggests that when scheduling message transmission in WDM networks differentiated services should be considered in order to meet time constraints of real-time messages while non real-time messages are being served so that the overall performance of the network could be improved.     

波分复用光传输网中波长路由算法的研究进展

光纤正迅速成为主干通信网的标准传介媒质．随着光学器件的发展，使得信号在传输过程中，除了在源、汇节点需要光电转换外，中间节点可保持光传输，这种通信网络叫光传送网．光传送网中的波分复用技术是将整个光纤的带宽分成多个信道，不同的信道可使用不同的波长来同时进行信息传输，从而增加了整个网络的带宽．在光传送网中，实现一个通信请求需要建立一条通信路径，并为该通信路径所经过的每条链上分配一个波长，即所谓波长路由．该文详细介绍了波分复用光传送网中波长路由算法的研究进展，内容包括波长分配算法、网络的信元阻塞率分析、容错和QoS波长路由、多播波长路由、最小化ADM数路由以及基于光或光电连接的并行机模型等．     

基于发布/订阅模型的异构网络数据交换方法

消息数据高效传输是混合式网络的一个研究重点. 发布/订阅模型实现了消息发布者和消息订阅者之间解耦的消息传递模式, 适用于混合网络之间的消息数据传输. 通过将发布/订阅模型应用于消息数据交换, 规范了消息数据的格式, 实现了对各类通信设备的灵活管理以及基于消息内容的动态数据路由; 并利用一种基于循环调度的动态负载均衡算法, 对低速率网络和高速率网络之间的性能进行合理调度, 提高了低速率网络的性能. 模拟实验结果表明, 在混合式网络中发布/订阅模型能实现可靠的消息数据交换, 在负载平衡算法下性能更好.     

移动社会网络中基于社区的消息机会传输策略

移动社会网络是一种由大量具有社会特征的节点组成的机会网络.已有的基于社区的路由算法大多选用社会性最优的节点参与转发,而没有考虑到社区分布对节点移动的影响,将这些算法直接用于移动社会网络中会导致网络资源消耗高、传输成功率低等问题.针对这些问题,提出一种基于社区的消息机会传输算法,在社区间根据节点到目标社区的传输概率选择社区间的最优传输路径,在社区内选择与目标节点相遇概率较高的节点完成社区内传输.仿真实验结果表明,在移动社会网络中,该算法与 Prophet,Spray and Wait 等经典算法相比,提高了消息传输成功率,降低了网络开销.     

基于拓扑快速变化的OLSR改进路由协议研究

针对优化链路状态路由协议（OLSR）在网络拓扑结构快速变化时性能下降的问题,提出了一种新的结合鱼眼状态路由和能量感知的自适应改进路由协议,命名为AFE-OLSR。该改进协议通过监听节点链路集和多点中继选择集的变化情况,自动调整HELLO和拓扑控制消息的发送频率,实现移动感知。同时,它借鉴鱼眼状态路由的思想,节点自动调整拓扑控制消息的转发次数。通过这些机制,该协议能够记录接收消息的能量大小实现能量感知,以及根据能量感知和移动感知的结果来帮助节点选择更稳定和更可靠的路由。仿真结果表明,AFE-OLSR在网络拓扑变化时端到端时延减少8%,分组到达率提高11%,建立全网路由时间减少12%;在网络拓扑静止时HELLO发送量减少19%,TC转发量减少15%。     

A Routing Algorithm with Candidate Shortest Path

An improved algorithm based on the next node routing principle is proposed in this paper.In this algorithm there is a column added to the classical routing table, in which the candidateshortest distance to the destination node is the entry. When a link fails, the new shortest path inthe nodes connected directly with the failure link can be found immediately (it is just thecandidate shortest path before failure). For all other nodes in which routing tables should bechanged, the required number of control messages and time for convergence are also less thanTajibnapis' algorithm and Predecessor algorithm. The message looping problem does not existin duplex loop networks and is radically improved in mesh networks. These statements areproved by the analysis and simulation in this paper. From the simulation results of a 30-nodemesh network, when one link goes down, the total number of control messages generatedduring convergence with this algorithm on the average is about 30% of Tajibnapis' algorithm.The iterations required is 50% of Tajibnapis' algorithm. The memory space required andcomputation complexity in nodes are almost the same as the two algorithms mentioned aboveand the algorithm implementation is as easy as well.     

一种间歇性连接移动网络自适应路由协议

为提高间歇性连接移动网络的消息发送效率,提出一种基于移动自组网OLSR协议的自适应路由协议ARPBO。ARPBO在网络连通时通过OLSR协议快速转发消息;在网络中断时对OLSR协议进行扩展,从消息发送节点的局部连通网络中有效选择下一跳节点,然后通过延迟容忍网络的"存储-携带-转发"机制转发消息。实验结果表明,该路由协议能够在网络存在间歇性连接时获得较高的传递成功率和较低的传递时延。     

A theory of deadlock-free adaptive multicast routing in wormholenetworks

A theory for the design of deadlock-free adaptive routing algorithms for wormhole networks, proposed by the author (1991, 1993), supplies sufficient conditions for an adaptive routing algorithm to be deadlock-free, even when there are cyclic dependencies between channels. Also, two design methodologies were proposed. Multicast communication refers to the delivery of the same message from one source node to an arbitrary number of destination nodes. A tree-like routing scheme is not suitable for hardware-supported multicast in wormhole networks because it produces many headers for each message, drastically increasing the probability of a message being blocked. A path-based multicast routing model was proposed by Lin and Ni (1991) for multicomputers with 2D-mesh and hypercube topologies. In this model, messages are not replicated at intermediate nodes. This paper develops the theoretical background for the design of deadlock-free adaptive multicast routing algorithms. This theory is valid for wormhole networks using the path-based routing model. It is also valid when messages with a single destination and multiple destinations are mixed together. The new channel dependencies produced by messages with several destinations are studied. Also, two theorems are proposed, developing conditions to verify that an adaptive multicast routing algorithm is deadlock-free, even when there are cyclic dependencies between channels. As an example, the multicast routing algorithms of Lin and Ni are extended, so that they can take advantage of the alternative paths offered by the network     

Routing permutations on baseline networks with node-disjoint paths

Permutation is a frequently-used communication pattern in parallel and distributed computing systems and telecommunication networks. Node-disjoint routing has important applications in guided wave optical interconnects where the optical "crosstalk" between messages passing the same switch should be avoided. In this paper, we consider routing arbitrary permutations on an optical baseline network (or reverse baseline network) with node-disjoint paths. We first prove the equivalence between the set of admissible permutations (or semipermutations) of a baseline network and that of its reverse network based on a step-by-step permutation routing. We then show that an arbitrary permutation can be realized in a baseline network (or a reverse baseline network) with node-disjoint paths in four passes, which beats the existing results [M. Vaez et al., (2000)], [G. Maier et al., (2001)] that a permutation can be realized in an n /spl times/ n banyan network with node-disjoint paths in O(n/sup 1/2/) passes. This represents the currently best-known result for the number of passes required for routing an arbitrary permutation with node-disjoint paths in unique-path multistage networks. Unlike other unique path MINs (such as omega networks or banyan networks), only baseline networks have been found to possess such four-pass routing property. We present routing algorithms in both self-routing style and central-controlled style. Different from the recent work in [Y. Yang et al., (2003)], which also gave a four-pass node-disjoint routing algorithm for permutations, the new algorithm is efficient in transmission time for messages of any length, while the algorithm in [Y. Yang et al., (2003)] can work efficiently only for long messages. Comparisons with previous results demonstrate that routing in a baseline network proposed in this paper could be a better choice for routing permutations due to its lowest hardware cost and near-optimal transmission time.     

A multiobjective approach based on artificial bee colony for the static routing and wavelength assignment problem

Nowadays, the most promising technology for designing optical networks is the wavelength division multiplexing. This technique divides the huge bandwidth of an optical fiber link into different wavelengths, providing different available channels per link. However, a problem comes up when it is necessary to interconnect a set of traffic demands. This problem is known as routing and wavelength assignment problem, and due to its complexity (NP-hard problem) it is very suitable for being solved using evolutionary computation. The selected heuristics is the artificial bee colony algorithm, an heuristics based on the behavior of honeybee foraging for nectar. Therefore, we have applied multiobjective optimization to solve the static routing and wavelength assignment problem, and adapted this algorithm to the multiobjective context. New results have been obtained that significantly improve those published in previous researches.     

在分裂的机会网络中多个消息摆渡的路由设计

针对机会网络中节点分布不规则造成分割的网络区域相隔较远的情况, 提出了一种基于全局消息摆渡和节点中继的多摆渡路由算法（GMF-NRA）。该算法使用一个全局消息摆渡节点和各个区域内的中继节点为运行于区域内部的局部消息摆渡节点中继消息, 共同完成区域间的信息传输。摆渡节点在中继节点处交互区域间的信息, 以至于不再需要摆渡节点之间实现在线协作转发消息。最后, 仿真结果表明GMF-NRA较现有的节点中继算法在网络的平均传输时延和数据交付率方面能获得更好的网络性能。     

多粒度光网络中动态路由与波长分配算法

通过分析多粒度光网络路由与波长分配的特点,针对WAPG算法的波长碎片问题,通过定义5种不同的逻辑链路权重,修改了WAPG算法的波长权重标注方法,达到减少波长碎片的目的。仿真结果表明,提出的修正算法有效地减少了多粒度光网络中的波长转换数,降低网络的阻塞概率,同时节省网络资源。     

Using geometrical routing for overlay networking in MMOGs

At a first glance, transmitting update information to a geographic region in the virtual space seems to be an attractive primitive in Massively Multiplayer Online Gaming (MMOG) applications where players are constantly moving and need to send updates to their neighbors who are in the same region of the virtual space. The system would become more scalable if entities did not need to keep track of each other or send messages directly to one another. Rather, an entity could just send a message to a specific region in the virtual space (its area of effect), as opposed to sending packets to specific IP addresses, significantly reducing tracking and routing overhead. Fundamentally speaking, update message exchange is mostly based on users’ visibility range, which is mainly affected by proximity; i.e., avatars are interested in nodes within a specific distance around them. Therefore MMOG applications require a routing scheme that can deliver messages to specified locations in the virtual space. Such location based routing motivates the use of geographical routing, which has been introduced and successfully used in the context of wireless networks; however, in its current form it is not well suited for MMOGs which run on wired networks. In this article, we propose a scalable MMOG networking architecture based on hierarchical multi-grid geographical routing that is well suited for MMOG networks. We present our concept and design of hierarchical geometrical routing based on locality sensitive hashing, demonstrate its performance, and discuss both the strengths and shortcomings of our approach.     

Packet synchronization for synchronous optical deflection-routedinterconnection networks

Deflection routing resolves output port contention in packet switched multiprocessor interconnection networks by granting the preferred port to the highest priority packet and directing contending packets out other ports. When combined with optical links and switches, deflection routing yields simple bufferless nodes, high bit rates, scalable throughput, and low latency. We discuss the problem of packet synchronization in synchronous optical deflection networks with nodes distributed across boards, racks, and cabinets. Synchronous operation is feasible due to very predictable optical propagation delays. A routing control processor at each node examines arriving packets and assigns them to output ports. Packets arriving on different input ports must be bit wise aligned; there are no elastic buffers to correct for mismatched arrivals. “Time of flight” packet synchronization is done by balancing link delays during network design. Using a directed graph network model, we formulate a constrained minimization problem for minimizing link delays subject to synchronization and packaging constraints. We demonstrate our method on a ShuffleNet graph, and show modifications to handle multiple packet sizes and latency critical paths     

Compressionless routing: a framework for adaptive andfault-tolerant routing

Compressionless routing (CR) is an adaptive routing framework which provides a unified framework for efficient deadlock free adaptive routing and fault tolerance. CR exploits the tight coupling between wormhole routers for flow control to detect and recover from potential deadlock situations. Fault tolerant compressionless routing (FCR) extends CR to support end to end fault tolerant delivery. Detailed routing algorithms, implementation complexity, and performance simulation results for CR and FCR are presented. These results show that the hardware for CR and FCR networks is modest. Further, CR and FCR networks can achieve superior performance to alternatives such as dimension order routing. Compressionless routing has several key advantages: deadlock free adaptive routing in toroidal networks with no virtual channels, simple router designs, order preserving message transmission, applicability to a wide variety of network topologies, and elimination of the need for buffer allocation messages. Fault tolerant compressionless routing has several additional advantages: data integrity in the presence of transient faults (nonstop fault tolerance), permanent fault tolerance, and elimination of the need for software buffering and retry for reliability. The advantages of CR and FCR not only simplify hardware support for adaptive routing and fault tolerance, they also can simplify software communication layers     

An optimal fault-tolerant routing algorithm for weighted bidirectional double-loop networks

Double-loop networks are widely used in computer networks. In this paper, we present an optimal message routing algorithm and an optimal fault-tolerant message routing algorithm for weighted bidirectional double-loop networks. The algorithms presented are novel, and they do not use routing tables. After a precalculation of O(log N) steps to determine network parameters, the algorithms can route messages using constant time at each node along the route. The algorithm presented can route messages in the presence of up to three faulty nodes or links. The fault-tolerant routing algorithm guarantees an optimal route in the presence of one node failure.     

A dynamic fault-tolerant message routing algorithm for double-loop networks

Message routing is a fundamental function of a network, and fault-tolerance is an important tool to ensure the quality of service of a network. Assume that the network contains at most one faulty element and the algorithm does not know the faulty element in advance. We present an optimal fault-tolerant message routing algorithm for double-loop networks. We show that sending at most two messages with different routing strategies can ensure that one of the messages will be sent through a shortest path that avoids the faulty element. At each vertex, for any destination, the algorithm needs only constant time and space to determine the next vertex to which the message is to be sent.     

The flooding sink — a new approach to local area networking

A new local area networking technology is presented. The approach is based on an old routing algorithm called flooding — forward messages to all neighbouring nodes. The problem with this algorithm is that the network is deluged with duplicate messaes. The solution is a simple device which uses local memory to detect and ignore redundant messages, thus also acting as a message sink. Networks based on this device can be more flexible and reliable than current networks. Flooding also has the advantage that any messages lost due to transmission errors are quickly replaced by one of the copies. This can make low-level protocols unnecessary. When the low-level protocols are omitted, significant performance improvements are achieved. Simulation results are presented which show that this flooding technology can perform better than current CSMA and ring technologies.