PEM fuel cell supported distribution static compensator for power quality enhancement in three-phase four-wire distribution system

One of the major problems in electrical power system is the lack of quality of power due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load and unbalanced load utilization in three-phase four-wire distribution system. In this paper, PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell supported four-leg Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is modelled to mitigate harmonics, neutral current and load balancing under nonlinear load and unbalanced load conditions in three-phase four-wire distribution system. The instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory control algorithm is proposed for four-leg DSTATCOM. The Real coded Genetic Algorithm (RGA) optimized Proportional Integral (PI) controller and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller are used for regulating the DC link voltage of DSTATCOM. This paper also investigates the performance of ANFIS based DSTATCOM with conventional method. The proposed system is modelled and its performance is analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.     

A PV powered shunt active power filter for power quality improvement

This paper deals with power quality improvement using a three-phase active power filter (APF) connected to a PV power system. A direct power control (DPC) approach is proposed to eliminate harmonic current caused by any nonlinear loads and at the same time guarantees the delivery of a part of the load request from the same PV source. A boost converter is used for maximum power point (MPP) tracking purposes under various climate conditions through a fuzzy logic technique. The suggested study is tested under a MATLAB/Simulink environment. The obtained results depict the efficacy of the proposed procedures to meet the IEEE 519-1992 standard recommendation on harmonic levels.     

Power quality improvement for 20 MW PEM water electrolysis system

Hydrogen is an important alternative as a clean fuel for industry and power-to-gas energy storage. The water electrolysis process is a promising technology in green hydrogen production where proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology has been keenly interested. Industrial large-scale PEM electrolyzers need a high current power supply. When connected to an alternating current (AC) source, high current power rectifiers are used to convert AC to DC. Currently, the most commonly used topology in large-scale PEM electrolysis systems is the thyristor-based topology due to its technology maturity and low cost. However, this topology presents several drawbacks in terms of power quality and consequently leads to higher stack-specific energy consumption (SEC) and additional losses. In the present research, we demonstrate the potential power quality improvement for a 20 MW PEM water electrolysis system by rectifier topology upgrade. Rather than traditional thyristor-based topology, a 3-phase interleaved buck rectifier topology is proposed. The new topology presents advantages on both AC and DC sides via a validated simulation model, which is built using MATLAB/Simulink and then validated with experimental data from an industrial 20 MW PEM water electrolyzer at Air Liquide's Bécancour plant. Results show a great improvement in terms of power factor, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), and DC-current ripple reducing the total losses and the SEC of the PEM stack, especially under partial load. Towards a higher power efficiency, the proposed rectifier topology may be considered in the construction of future large-scale PEM systems.     

Power quality improvement of solar photovoltaic transformer-less grid-connected system with maximum power point tracking control

This paper presents a transformer-less single-stage grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with active reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in the reactive power generation mode, which powers control circuitry and maintains regulated DC voltage. Control scheme has been implemented so that the grid-connected converter continuously serves local load. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been implemented at maximum power which performs power quality control by reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid-injected current under varying environmental conditions. Standards (IEEE-519/1547) stipulates that current with THD greater than 5% cannot be injected into the grid by any distributed generation (DG) source. MPPT tracks actual variable DC link voltage while deriving maximum power from PV array and maintains DC link voltage constant by changing the converter modulation index. Simulation results with the PV model and MPPT technique validations demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed system.     

Unified power quality conditioner based on a three-level NPC inverter using fuzzy control techniques for all voltage disturbances compensation

This paper presents a novel and efficient control scheme for unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) based on three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter using fuzzy logic techniques. The proposed UPQC is capable of mitigating source current harmonics and compensate all voltage disturbances such as voltage sags, swells, unbalances and harmonics. It is designed by the integration of series and shunt active filters (AFs) sharing a common DC bus capacitor. The DC voltage is maintained constant using proportional integral voltage controller. The synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory is used to get the reference signals for shunt active power filters (APFs) and the power reactive theory (p-q theory) for series APFs. The shunt and series APF reference signals derived from the control algorithm and sensed signals are injected in two controllers to generate switching signals. To improve the UPQC capability, fuzzy logic techniques are introduced to control the series APF. The performances of the proposed UPQC system are evaluated in terms of power factor correction, mitigation of voltage or current harmonics and all other voltage disturbances compensation using Matlab-Simulink software and SimPowerSystem toolbox. The simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed UPQC at the common connection point of the nonlinear load to improve the power energy quality.     

考虑储能容量的电网电能质量治理策略

为提高储能参与电网电能质量治理的能力,延长储能系统寿命,文章提出了一种考虑储能容量的电能质量治理策略。首先,介绍了储能变流器(Power Conversion System,PCS)的结构,并给出了参考电流生成方法;随后,根据储能系统当前容量,选择补偿控制方法,并重点针对储能容量不足情况,提出了基于比例矢量比例积分(Proportional Vector Proportional Integral,PVPI)的PCS分频控制策略,利用PVPI控制具有的频率选择特性,根据储能剩余容量有选择地治理电网谐波、无功、三相不平衡等电能质量问题;最后,搭建含储能装置的分布式电源进行并网运行的相关实验,实验结果表明,所提出的储能变流器控制策略能够在储能容量不足时,有效地改善并网电能质量。     

基于RTDS的电铁录波回放实现

利用某重载铁路牵引变电站的录波数据,进行了电力系统暂态数据交换共用格式转换,实现了基于RTDS的录波数据回放．在指出在线数据处理缺陷的同时,提出了采用RTDS录波回放的方式进行电能质量监测的方法。     

A high power quality anti-islanding method using effective power variation

Islanding phenomenon is undesirable because it leads to a safety hazard to utility service personnel and may cause damage to power generation and power supply facilities as a result of unsynchronized re-closure. In order to prevent the phenomenon, various anti-islanding methods have been studied. Until now, frequency or start phase shift methods of inverter current have much attention as active anti-islanding methods, which cause reactive power variation to the utility. However, these methods deteriorate usually the power quality like power factor or harmonic performance. This paper proposes a high power quality active anti-islanding method using effective power variation, which is implemented by periodically increasing/decreasing variation of inverter current magnitude. If it causes the large variation of inverter output voltage after islanding, active frequency drift (AFD) method as a simple anti-islanding method will be injected into the inverter current for a designed period and islanding can be detected. In case of large voltage variation when the grid is connected, AFD method will be removed after the designed period. Unlike most active anti-islanding method deteriorating power quality, the proposed method will have high performance of islanding detection and good power quality. For the verification of the proposed method, simulated results and experimental results in addition to analysis are presented using a 3 kW PV inverter.     

三相不平衡负载下静止同步补偿器控制策略研究

低压配电网中不平衡负载会导致设备不正常运行、降低电能质量。对此,提出了一种新型控制策略,该策略通过瞬时对称分量法和信号延迟对消法(DSC)计算出负载电流、配电静止同步补偿器(DSTATCOM)输出电流的正序、负序分量,然后分别在正、负序同步旋转坐标控制正、负序分量,对正序分量的控制使DSTATCOM补偿负载无功电流,对负序分量的控制使DSTATCOM补偿不平衡负载导致的负序电流。搭建了DSTATCOM试验平台,试验结果表明,该策略在不平衡负载下,使得DSTATCOM能有效补偿负载无功电流和负序电流,实现了电网单位功率因数,电网电流平衡度达到了国标要求,总谐波失真(THD)小于5%。研究成果可为不平衡负载情况下的DSTATCOM控制提供参考。     

Power quality improvement of a stand-alone power system subjected to various disturbances

In wind-diesel stand-alone power systems, the disturbances like random nature of wind power, turbulent wind, sudden changes in load demand and the wind park disconnection effect continuously the system voltage and frequency. The satisfactory operation of such a system is not an easy task and the control design has to take in to account all these subtleties. For maintaining the power quality, generally, a short-term energy storage device is used. In this paper, the performance of a wind-diesel system associated with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system is studied. The effect of installing SMES at wind park bus/load bus, on the system performance is investigated. To control the exchange of real and reactive powers between the SMES unit and the wind-diesel system, a control strategy based on fuzzy logic is proposed. The dynamic models of the hybrid power system for most common scenarios are developed and the results presented.     

光伏发电并网逆变器建模及电能质量评估

鉴于光伏发电并网逆变器的建模对于光伏大规模接入、保障系统稳定运行具有重要意义,提出了系统仿真方案,利用Hammerstein-Wiener(HW)非线性模型对光伏并网逆变器的运行进行仿真。通过试验获得直流逆变器电压电流波形、交流逆变器电压电流波形、电压公共耦合点、电网和负荷电流;利用编程确定各种模拟波形并搜索与实际波形相比最准确的模型,同时将该方法运用到电能质量分析中,进而完成对系统的分析和建模。模拟结果表明,该模型效果较好,可以为系统规划、防止系统故障和改善电能质量等方面提供理论依据。     

基于TCR_TSC的电弧炉无功补偿仿真研究

由于电弧炉在运行过程中的功率因数低,无功功率波动急剧,负载变化大,产生大量的高次谐波电流,电压畸变,对电网产生不利影响,严重影响电能质量,造成大量的能量消耗,同时影响工业产量和质量。通过对电弧炉运行时的电气特性进行分析,采用TCR_TSC型SVC协调控制的补偿方法对无功进行补偿,滤除谐波。MATLAB/ Simulink仿真结果表明该装置滤波效果良好。     

LNG电厂烟气排放品质分析

分析了LNG电厂机组启动初期、低负荷及高负荷运行时烟气排放品质,对启动初期烟囱冒黄烟现象进行了分析,提出了降低机组运行过程中NOx排放的建议。     

Power quality improvement using fuzzy logic controller for five-level shunt active power filter under distorted voltage conditions

In this paper, a five-level inverter is used as a shunt active power filter (APF), taking advantages of the multilevel inverter such as low harmonic distortion and reduced switching losses. It is used to compensate reactive power and eliminate harmonics drawn from a thyristor rectifier feeding an inductive load (RL) under distorted voltage conditions. The APF control strategy is based on the use of self-tuning filters (STF) for reference current generation and a fuzzy logic current controller. The use of STF instead of classical extraction filters allows extracting directly the voltage and current fundamental components in the α-β axis without phase locked loop (PLL). The MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox is used for implementing the fuzzy logic control algorithm. The obtained results show that the proposed shunt APF controller has produced a sinusoidal supply current with low harmonic distortion and in phase with the line voltage.     

Power Quality Improvement in Conventional Electronic Load Controller for an Isolated Power Generation

This paper deals with the power quality improvement in a conventional electronic load controller (ELC) used for isolated pico-hydropower generation based on an asynchronous generator (AG). The conventional ELC is based on a six-pulse uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier with a chopper and an auxiliary load. It causes harmonic currents injection resulting distortion in the current and terminal voltage of the generator. The proposed ELC employs a 24-pulse rectifier with 14 diodes and a chopper. A polygon wound autotransformer with reduced kilovolts ampere rating for 24-pulse ac–dc converter is designed and developed for harmonic current reduction to meet the power quality requirements as prescribed by IEEE standard-519. The comparative study of two topologies, conventional ELC (six-pulse bridge-rectifier-based ELC) and proposed ELC (24-pulse bridge-rectifier-based ELC) is carried out in MATLAB using SIMULINK and Power System Blockset toolboxes. Experimental validation is carried out for both ELCs for regulating the voltage and frequency of an isolated AG driven by uncontrolled pico-hydroturbine.      

Fuzzy multi-objective technique combined with VCS algorithm for unified power quality conditioner based on hybrid power source PEMFC/SC

This paper is proposed to establish an optimal control method for UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) to improve power quality and manage effectively equal power sharing between shunt and series inverter of UPQC under electrical faults condition. The UPQC is modeled to protect sensitive load from source side voltage disturbances under nonlinear load conditions. A hybrid power generator that integrates a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the main energy source and a super capacitor (SC) as secondary source is proposed to feed the FACT device. In this work, a new control strategy is presented for considering the voltage sag, power factor and total harmonic distortion (THD) as multi-objective of UPQC controller. For this purpose, a new powerful algorithm named virus colony search (VCS) is used for determining the coefficients of the PI controller of UPQC. By using the fuzzification process for the objectives function, a suitable fitness function is established for the optimization method. From the simulations, it can be seen that the results obtained by the proposed algorithm are best and attractive compared to other method. Consequently, the proposed strategy is effective and outstrips other strategies.     

考虑用电优质系数的微电网分段混合策略优化调度

考虑需求侧响应的并网型微电网调度常忽略光伏出力特性对可控负荷调度的影响,且缺乏完善的需求侧评价指标。文章提出一种PVP&LS(Photovoltaic Priority&Load Shifting)分段混合调度策略,PVP策略依据预测光伏出力,以弃光率最小为目的调控可控负荷;LS策略以降低峰谷差率为目的,对上阶段剩余可控负荷移峰填谷。同时,提出了改进的用电优质系数模型,不仅避免调控过度,还可量化用户感受。最后通过自适应遗传算法仿真对比,运行成本减少了3.91%,用电优质系数增加了4.09%,弃光率下降了10.2%。     

配出中性导体的IT系统带非线性负载研究

阐述了配出中性导体的IT系统应用于船舶岸电的条件及优越性,综合考虑电压畸变率、中性导体电流等因素,分析了配出中性导体的IT系统带非线性负载时谐波电流规律。在Simulink／MATLAB中建立了系统仿真模型,并搭建了原型系统进行试验,结果表日月,配出中性导体的IT系统带非线性负载时满足现行国标对低压配电系统电能质量的相关要求。     

加强电网科学创新管理实现安全优质经济运行

天津电网处于华北电网的负荷中心,具有典型城市电网的特点。通过科学和创新管理,实现了电网安全优质经济运行,截止2006年底,电力调度通信中心安全调度记录超过3600天;近2年天津电网220kV电压合格率在国家电网公司同业对标中始终保持在A段水平;2006年度220 kV网损率低于同期水平。     

Power quality investigation of a solar PV transformer-less grid-connected system fed DVR

This paper presents a single stage transformer-less grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with an active and reactive power control. In the absence of active input power, the grid-tied voltage source converter (VSC) is operated in a reactive power generation mode, which powers the control circuitry, and maintains a regulated DC voltage to the VSC. A data-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control scheme which performs power quality control at a maximum power by reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) in grid injected current as per IEEE-519/1547 standards is implemented. A proportional-integral (PI) controller based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) control scheme is implemented which controls the grid side converter during single-phase to ground fault. The analysis includes the grid current THD along with the corresponding variation of the active and reactive power during the fault condition. The MPPT tracks the actual variable DC link voltage while deriving the maximum power from the solar PV array, and maintains the DC link voltage constant by changing the modulation index of the VSC. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validations of the proposed novel MPPT and DVR control systems under different environmental conditions.