California Continues Clean-Car Quest

When President Obama signed an executive order on 26 January advising the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to revisit California?s bid to set its own vehicle emissions standards, his pen stroke had huge ramifications. Just last March, the EPA had denied California?s request for a waiver exempting it from the US Clean Air Act, which mandates limits on air pollution levels but currently not greenhouse gas emissions.     

SF_6混合气体在开关设备中的应用

介绍了SF6气体具有优良的灭弧和绝缘性能,但SF6气体是一种公认的温室气体,在全球减排温室气体的前提下,为减少SF6气体的使用,开关设备行业开始采用SF6混合气体做为设备的绝缘和灭弧介质。本文同时介绍了SF6混合气体的比例选择、绝缘性能、灭弧机理、气体回收方法等。     

Grand Banquet of CDM for Power Enterprises

The Kyoto Protocol was taken into effect on Feb. 16, 2005. It requires developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, but it doesn＇t set binding limits on developing countries, such as China. The developed countries found that it is more cost-effective to reduce the emissions in developing countries than in their own. Therefore, the CDM emerged as the times require. Due to unfamiliarity and complicatedness, Chinese enterprises had been hesitating and taking wait-and-see attitude toward CDM, but they couldn＇t resist the attraction of free dinner of CDM, more and more enterprises started to attend the grand banquet of CDM since 2006.     

德国能源效率政策措施

提高能源效率是实现降低全球温室气体排放目标最快和最有效的方式之一。德国政府制定了多种政策措施,以减少二氧化碳排放。为提高交通运输业能源效率,德国采用资金奖励和征税并举的措施;为提高建筑物的能源效益,采取复兴信贷银行直接管理项目的方式;德国重视工业能源效率,设立资金激励机制鼓励中小企业提高能源效率。     

China's new growth pattern and its effect on energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions

China's economic transformation and new growth pattern have significant implications for energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. Using an extended version of a large computable general equilibrium model of China, we explore alternative futures for the Chinese economy and its energy needs over the period from 2015 to 2030. The simulation results show that encouraging household consumption and accelerating economic transition from investment-led to serviceled growth will boost China's economic growth. Capping coal consumption will improve China's energy consumption structure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly. The simulation exercises imply that, with a well-designed policy, the Chinese government can meet the challenges of strong economic growth, lower carbon emissions, environmental benefits, and energy security. Moreover, the Chinese government's goal of peaking carbon emissions at 2030 is achievable.     

低碳经济与智能电网

在相关文献资料的基础上概括了智能电网的定义及主要特征,并根据我国电力工业发展的实际情况,展望了未来数年内智能电网将对低碳经济起到的促进作用,提出大力发展智能电网将是低碳经济时代下的必然选择。     

Aligning gas regulation with climate goals: A road map for state regulators

Reduction in the usage of natural gas is critical to mitigate climate change. When combusted, natural gas usages can vary from home heating and cooking to large industrial processes to fuel for electric generation. While many states have adopted greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions targets and are conducting long-term planning for the transition away from natural gas, retail gas utilities and their regulators have generally continued to operate in a business-as-usual framework assuming static or increased natural gas usage. In most states, there is a lack of reconciliation between these two policy objectives. This paper presents recommendations for State Public Utilities Commissions (Commissions) and other regulators to align decision making regarding gas utility operations, rates and infrastructure with climate goals to drive reductions in GHG emissions. While this paper primarily focuses on states that have enacted climate laws, the recommendations are equally relevant for states without such laws, as they ultimately serve to improve regulatory oversight, protect customers from unnecessary costs, and support continued provision of safe, reliable and affordable service in an evolving industry.     

基于排放轨迹模型的电力行业CO_2减排模式分析

以CO2减排目标为强制约束是控制温室气体排放最直接、最有效的手段。在深入探讨我国电力行业的CO2减排场景的基础上,提出了基于排放总额度约束的标准排放轨迹模型。根据该模型特征,总结了我国电力行业潜在的几种CO2减排模式,进一步分析了在不同模式下通过调控模型中的关键参数实现减排目标的控制手段。结合我国电力行业的实际情况,运用标准排放轨迹模型量化地计算和比较了各种减排模式,并对我国未来电力CO2的减排场景进行了适应性分析。研究结果表明,排放轨迹模型可实现对CO2排放更有效、精确地控制,具有广泛的应用前景。     

The impact of advanced metering infrastructure on energy conservation: A case study of two utilities

An analysis of the potential of energy management tools enabled by advanced metering infrastructure to induce energy conservation behavior among customers of two utilities suggests that EMTs empower individual residential customers to have a more thorough understanding of their electricity consumption. This is encouraging news at a time that many U.S. states are developing climate action plans with aggressive targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.     

应对气候变化亟待加强水资源开发和管理

在当前全球变暖导致的气候异常情况下，温室气体排放和气候变化与水资源短缺问题之间明显有相互促进，产生恶性循环的趋势。因此，水利水电开发和建设在应对气候变化方面必须要解决好水资源的开发和管理问题。具体来说，一方面需要澄清误导公众的虚假宣传，加速我国的江河开发和水利水电工程的建设，特别要重视龙头水库的建设，尽快提高我国水库的蓄水能力。另一方面要加强宏观层面的水资源管理，尽快研究、实施动态汛限水位的防洪管理措施，科学调度水资源，让已建成的水利水电工程发挥出最大的生态环境效益。保障水资源的供应，减少温室气体的排放。     

基于混合电力推进的小型船舶能效改进

未来小型船舶建造的目标之一是减少船舶排放,以符合国际海事组织（IMO）关于温室气体和污染物排放现行和将来的规定。首先介绍了船舶对环境影响的背景和相关规章,指出电力推进,特别是混合动力推进系统（HPS）是减少小型船舶环境影响的具有前景的解决方案。小型船舶常常在人口密集区域附近使用,这些区域是减少污染和排放的非常关键的区域。然后提出了几种小型船舶混合动力和电力推进系统,包括综述了对未来船舶建造的挑战,以及描述了可能用于小型船舶的HPS拓扑结构。最后介绍了HPS的主要特征,并给出了小型电力混合船舶的实例。     

上海地区发展电动汽车的综合效益分析

随着环境与能源问题日益严峻,发展电动汽车成为国家关注的焦点问题之一。为了引导电动汽车在上海电网区域的发展,建立了电动汽车的节能减排模型,并在此基础上分析了未来3个阶段上海区域内电动汽车的节能减排效益。同时,电动汽车储能作为电网的可调度资源,不同的调度方式会给电网带来不同的影响,以2015年上海的典型日负荷为例,针对不同类型的电动汽车进行了分析。结果表明,电动汽车的合理调度可以平滑负荷曲线,减小峰谷差,提高电网运行可靠性、经济性,还可以有效的节约不可再生能源,并减少温室气体CO₂的排放,具有良好的环境效益。     

德国《能源战略2050》要点

为了实现到2050年温室气体减排80%(以1990年为基准)以上的目标,确保德国能源供应的安全、清洁、经济,2010年9月28日,德国联邦经济与技术部发布了《能源战略2050——清洁、可靠和经济的能源系统》报告,提出了德国至本世纪中叶能源发展路线图。介绍德国未来能源领域的战略要点,重点围绕可再生能源和电网发展,从统一规划、电网建设、可再生能源经济性等方面深入分析我国和德国各自的特点。为实现可再生能源健康持续发展,我国应加强可再生能源与电力系统的统一规划,建设坚强智能电网,提高可再生能源市场竞争力。     

低碳照明设计途径

低碳照明设计,将照明设计领域的重点从关注高效、节能深入到关注节约资源、降低能耗、减少温室气体的排放.本文以此为出发点,着重叙述了实现低碳照明的若干技术途径,将优化建筑设计中的天然光利用置于首位,积极研发融于建筑设计的遮阳设备及导光系统,并进一步推广高效照明设备及智能照明控制系统.与此同时,本文强调了低碳照明设计标准、相关能源产品条例及经济激励政策的重要性,并鼓励企业框架下的低碳照明意识运动,以推动低碳照明进程.     

To avoid global warming by 2°C—mission impossible

Investigations have been carried out into the basic implications of the decisions taken in December 2015 at the Paris conference of the countries–participants of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change for the world energy and for the atmosphere and climate. Based on the studied historical record of specific CO₂ emissions in the energy production by different countries, it is shown that the implementation of the Paris Agreement will require an unprecedented effort to modernize the global energy sector; in particular, rapid elimination of coal from the global energy mix and a substantially increased share therein of carbon-free energy sources (hydro and nuclear power and alternative renewable energy sources (renewables)) to one third by the middle of this century. We have developed a scenario for the global energy demand mix corresponding to the guidelines of the Paris Agreement and its more conservative variant extending the trend of the last 15 years. It has been established that, under any of the development scenarios, the global mean temperature is to exceed the level of 1.5°C as soon as within a few decades. Using model simulations of the changes in the atmosphere and climate, we show that even the full implementation of the Paris Agreements will not prevent the increase in average global temperature by 2°C as compared to the preindustrial levels. The world community faces a difficult choice between the implementation of more stringent measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which we believe to be almost unreal, and adaptation to utterly new climatic conditions, which will last for centuries to come.     

温室气体排放权交易对发电公司最优报价策略的影响

CO_2排放权交易是温室气体减排的主要机制之一.一些发达国家和地区已经或即将实施CO_2排放权交易.在此背景下,根据排放权交易市场CO_2排放配额价格变化的特点,采用了类似于随机生产模拟的方法进行估计.在假设所研究的发电公司能够估计其竞争对手报价策略的概率分布的前提下,构造了发电公司最优报价策略的机会约束规划模型并给出了求解方法.以一个有6个发电公司参与的电力市场为例对所提出的模型和方法进行了验证,并与无CO_2排放权交易情况下的结果进行了对比.     

Use of mine ventilation exhaust as combustion air in gas-firedturbo-electric generators

Methane liberated in coal mines is a potential safety hazard, because it is explosive at relatively low concentrations (5%-15%) in air. To manage methane, underground mines are ventilated with large quantities of air and, in some cases, the gas is also drained with gob wells and predrained with vertical and horizontal wells. The ventilation air is used to dilute methane emissions to levels well below the explosive limit, and the diluted stream is discharged to the atmosphere. Unfortunately, this waste stream may contain as much as 60% of the total gas energy that was originally in the coal. Also, methane is considered by some to be 24.5 times more detrimental than CO₂ in contributing to the greenhouse effect. The volume of the waste stream, the high electric power demands of a mine and the greenhouse effect of methane provide a strong incentive for converting the waste-methane chemical energy to the electrical or mechanical equivalent. A preliminary economic assessment of a proposed test-turbine installation at the Jim Walter Resources Blue Creek Mine Number 5 (JWR No. 5) shows that such a project makes good sense economically, even without considering the emission-reduction benefits. This unit could produce enough power to drive a ventilation fan, provide a profitable rate of return and produce a 2% reduction in emissions. A market study indicates that there is the potential to generate 706-816 MW of power from mine ventilation gas in the US. Worldwide, if only 10% of the estimated mine ventilation emissions can be used for power generation, this technology has potential for the generation of 1689-1953 MW of capacity, with a commensurate reduction in emissions     

清洁发展机制（CDM）与我国水电开发

2005年正式生效的《京都议定书》旨在限制全球温室气体排放总量,是国际社会共同应对全球性气候变化的重要举措。该议定书提出的清洁发展机制(CDM)规定发达国家可以通过提供资金、技术等方式帮助发展中国家实施减排来完成自己的温室气体减排义务。中国是最重要的发展中国家之一,CDM机制为我国节能减排、促进可持续发展提供了良好的机遇,也给我国相关行业发展带来巨大的商机。水电是清洁可再生能源,对减少温室气体排放具有重要作用,也是开发CDM项目的重要领域之一。我国水电行业在2002年出现全国性的电力紧缺形势以来,出现了快速发展的势头。本文对CDM在我国水电领域应用现状及存在的问题进行了系统分析,讨论了大中型水电工程纳入CDM机制的可行性,并提出充分利用CDM机遇,统筹协调我国水电开发的建议。     

碳市场与电能量市场均衡交易分析

为了减少温室气体的排放,有必要开展碳排放总量控制与交易机制设计工作。总结了电力工业中碳市场交易发生的条件,并基于碳排放效用曲线分析了碳市场交易对发电商剩余的影响。建立了碳市场和电能量市场均衡交易模型,量化分析碳市场与电能量市场的出清情况。该均衡交易模型考虑了碳排放权约束,可以使清洁能源机组获得更多的发电量,有利于低碳电力技术的发展。     

基于区间规划的多区域行业间碳排放权交易模型研究

碳排放权交易是为促进全球温室气体减排所采用的市场机制。在区域及行业层次的CO₂减排目标基础上,考虑交易过程不确定性特性及交易参数浮动特征,运用区间线性规划方法,建立了多区域行业间碳排放权交易模型,并应用于仿真案例研究,以期为区域及行业层次碳排放权交易管理决策提供有效的技术支持。