基于主成分分析法的窗口自适应粒子滤波算法

传统的窗口固定的粒子滤波跟踪算法在运动目标尺度发生明显变化时不能有效地跟踪目标。针对这一问题,提出了一种跟踪窗口尺寸和方向自适应变化的粒子滤波跟踪方法。该方法将主成分分析法引入到粒子滤波框架中,通过分析目标区域内像素值的协方差矩阵得到包含目标区域取向和尺寸信息的椭圆跟踪窗口。实验结果表明,该跟踪算法能自适应于目标区域形状的变化,在目标尺寸和方向发生变化时能很好地跟踪和确定目标区域。     

二维联合特征模型的自适应均值漂移目标跟踪

为了提高自适应均值漂移(CamShift)跟踪方法的跟 踪性能,提出了一种利用色度-微分二维联合特征建立目标模型的 改进CamShift跟踪方法。对每个像素8邻域的色度进行差分计算,最大差分值作为该像素的 微分值,用以 描述像素的相对位置信息和图像的细节信息;根据目标模型的色度-微分二维特征联合直方 图,利用反向投 影获得跟踪图像的色度-微分二维特征联合概率分布图,以减少单独特征建立模型时所产生 的冗余信息的干 扰;利用均值平移方法在跟踪窗内实现目标的定位。对目标尺寸的过大更新加以限制,防止 过多背景信息 干扰目标识别的准确性。仿真实验结果表明,本文方法跟踪性能稳定,当目标与背景相似, 或者背景中出现 与目标相似的干扰区域时,都能实现目标的有效跟踪,提高了CamShift跟踪方法的适 用性,单帧图 像的处理时间小于30ms,满足跟踪系统实时性的设计要求。     

基于协方差描述子的红外目标粒子滤波跟踪算法

针对传统协方差矩阵跟踪方法中不能捕获目标旋转变化的问题,提出了一种基于椭圆协方差矩阵的红外目标辅助粒子滤波跟踪方法.首先对矩形协方差矩阵进行扩展,构建了椭圆协方差矩阵描述子,能有效适应目标的尺度和旋转变化,有效提高了目标模型的分辨能力.进而采用改进的李群结构来进行距离度量.在贝叶斯跟踪框架下,采用辅助粒子滤波采样粒子,解决了粒子滤波采样时由于没有利用观测值而造成粒子不能完全覆盖在目标位置附近的问题,最终实现了红外目标的准确定位.实验结果表明该算法简单有效,能准确跟踪尺度和旋转变化的红外目标.     

尺度自适应CBWH跟踪算法研究

传统Mean Shift跟踪算法存在固定核窗宽导致目标尺度定位和空间定位不准确的问题。本文在背景加权的均值漂移算法(corrected background-weighted histogram ,CBWH Mean Shift)精确的目标定位基础之上,在RGB颜色空间下使用目标背景加权模型生成目标显著特征的颜色概率图,对其进行阈值分割和图像处理后获取二值图像,以此计算不变矩来调整下一帧的跟踪窗口,并在满足一定条件时及时更新背景加权模型以适应复杂背景下的跟踪任务。实验结果表明,上述方法能够自适应地更新核函数的带宽,提高了算法跟踪尺度变化目标的准确性和鲁棒性。      

跟踪窗口尺寸自适应调整的粒子滤波跟踪算法

当目标尺度发生变化时,传统的粒子滤波跟踪算法的跟踪窗口尺寸不变,在目标尺寸变化较大时容易丢失跟踪目标.针对这一问题,提出了一种跟踪窗口自适应调整的粒子滤波跟踪方法.该方法依据运动目标区域内粒子到目标中心点的平均距离与目标尺寸的关系,建立跟踪窗口尺寸的数学模型.在两种目标模型上对所建立的数学模型进行了仿真验证.实验结果表明,当目标尺度发生变化时,跟踪窗口能够很好的随目标的尺寸变化而自适应地连续调整,改进后的算法在目标尺寸变化率很大时仍能够稳定跟踪目标.     

背景抑制直方图模型的连续自适应均值漂移跟踪算法

针对传统连续自适应均值漂移(CAMshift)跟踪算法在建立目标颜色模型阶段容易包含大量背景颜色信息从而使跟踪效果变差的问题,该文提出一种改进算法。利用混合高斯模型背景法(GMM)将原始图像分割成前景和背景的叠加,在原始图像和背景图像上运动物体所在区域分别建立色调分量直方图,利用背景图像的色调分量直方图计算原始图像中对应色调分量的权值,抑制原始图像中与背景颜色相同的色调,扩大前景与背景颜色的差异性。该方法通过对原始颜色模型中属于背景的色调进行抑制,扩大了目标颜色模型的显著性,提高了跟踪的准确性和稳定性,目标定位的最大中心误差小于20%,能够准确跟踪不发生丢失。     

基于Mean Shift的变尺度快速运动目标自适应跟踪算法

为了实现对变尺度快速运动目标的良好跟踪,在对传统Mean Shift跟踪算法改进的基础上,提出了一种运动目标自适应跟踪算法。该算法首先采用目标区域的像素点空域加权后的彩色图像作为初始帧目标模板,目标的真实位置利用Mean Shift算法迭代求得,从而实现对快速运动目标的空间定位,然后将相邻帧的目标采用尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)算子进行特征匹配,根据目标的缩放因子实时更新下一帧的核带宽,修正算法跟踪窗口的尺寸,以适应目标尺度的变化,从而实现对快速运动目标的尺度定位。最后,通过实验表明,与传统的Mean Shift跟踪算法相比,该算法的跟踪准确率达到97%以上,能够实现对变尺度快速运动目标的精确跟踪。     

基于多模板匹配的双模型自适应相关滤波跟踪算法

为有效提升目标跟踪的精确度和实时性,设计了基于多模板匹配的双模型自适应相关滤波跟踪算法。对多模板匹配模型与核相关滤波跟踪模型参数进行初始化处理：多模板匹配模型选取得分函数作为模板与候选样本间匹配准则,通过候选样本得分获取最佳目标,更新多模板后,通过形变多样相似性实现多模板匹配;核相关滤波跟踪模型利用所采集目标样本数据建立循环矩阵,通过训练核化岭回归分类器获取核相关滤波器,并获取响应置信图,再利用响应置信图获取下一帧图像目标位置。通过自适应融合策略获取两个模型所估计目标位置,再采用金字塔尺度估计策略估计目标尺度变化,通过不断更新各模型参数实现目标精准跟踪。实验结果表明,在目标受遮挡或旋转、光照变化等复杂环境下,该算法的中心跟踪误差均低于15 dpi,平均跟踪精确度均高于98%,且目标定位时间低于100 ms,说明该算法在跟踪精确度和实时性上具有明显的应用优势。     

边界约束的核密度估计红外人体目标跟踪方法

基于核密度估计的均值漂移算法因其良好的实时性而被广泛地应用于目标跟踪,但传统的均值漂移算法极易因颜色等信息的缺乏而使跟踪不稳定,且目标尺度的变化也不利于目标位置的准确估计,为此,提出了一种具有边界约束的均值漂移红外人体目标跟踪新方法。该方法通过各向异性扩散,并联合红外图像的梯度与亮度信息来获取目标边界,自适应调整核窗宽,从而利用均值漂移策略进行红外人体目标跟踪。实验结果表明,该方法在红外人体目标尺度改变时仍能实现良好的跟踪。     

自适应跟踪窗的Mean Shift算法

针对经典Mean Shift算法在目标跟踪过程中不能自适应目标的形状变化,提出了一种跟踪窗自适应的Mean Shift目标跟踪算法。该算法利用权值图像的矩特征推导出了一种目标真实面积的估计方法,同时利用估计出的目标真实面积校正可表达目标窗口内图像特征的协方差矩阵,从而计算出目标区域的主轴长度和方向。实验结果表明,该方法保留了Mean Shift算法简单、有效的特点,同时该算法的跟踪窗具备当目标发生旋转和尺度变化时的自适应能力,并且具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks