农药低剂量导致其抗性发展

从生态调控和社会经济的角度出发,较低剂量农药的应用成为一种发展趋势。而这也致使农药新型抗性的发展。数十年之前,害虫对某种农药的抗药性大多数是由主效基因突变产生是单基因抗药性,属于主效基因编码的靶标位点抗性,而该位点处的受体酶将发生变异,不再与药剂进行特异性结合。早期主要使用较高的推荐剂量的农药防治抗性     

氰戊菊酯系列复合制剂“25%菊氧乳油”配方设计和研究

氰戊菊酯具有杀虫力强、击倒迅速、杀虫谱广、用量少、毒性低等优点。但杀螨效果差,害虫易于产生抗药性。氧化乐果具有内吸作用,杀螨效果优越。为了延缓菊酯类农药对害虫抗药性的发展,扩大单剂的杀虫谱和探索复合制剂     

害虫抗性管理100年

在1914年,A．L．Melander首次报道了害虫的抗药性——介壳虫对一个无机杀虫剂产生抗性。自第一次发现农业重要害虫对农药发展了抗性到现在已经100年了。在抗性发生后,由于DDT抗性的广泛发展,在20世纪50年代前,大部分的种植者就熟知害虫的抗药性。这以后,种植者就预期到由于抗性问题一个杀虫剂最终会失去效力。而对于每一类杀虫剂,如有机磷类、氨基甲酸酯类、甲脒类、拟除虫菊酯类、多杀菌素类和新烟碱类,在上市后2～20年内就出现抗性。     

棉蚜抗药性及其抗性治理对策的研究

棉蚜(Apkis gossypii Glover)是一种世界性的农业害虫．对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯类等多种杀虫剂均产生了抗药性。主要对棉蚜抗药性的形成与发展、影响因素、抗性机制等方面进行了综述，并探讨了抗性治理对策。对于延缓棉蚜抗药性和治理该虫有一定的参考价值。     

农药治虫存在的问题和对策

农药治虫是农作物保产的必要措施。根据近来研究的结果,有的农药除了治虫保产之外,还能促进作物生长,提高产品质量,增加产量。但是由于长期使用,或由于滥用农药,害虫产生了抗药性,降低了治虫效果,形成治虫不保产,因此,农作物遭受虫害损失,需要研究对策,预防抗性的产生,克服抗性,充分发挥农药的保产增产效益。     

测定增效醚对酯酶封闭作用的新方法

害虫种群遗传变化导致的抗性可能会致使以前有用的农药不再有理想的防治效果。杀虫剂抗性水平和抗性发展速率与杀虫剂的化学特性、害虫的遗传和生物学因素有关。这些因素包括：杀虫剂的用量和使用频率;杀虫剂作用机理;单基因抗性还是多基因抗性;昆虫种群的内在遗传变异水平、生活史和生态学。例如,害虫世代周期短和能产生大量后代有利于抗药性的迅速发展和蔓延。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的抗性机理研究进展

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐是一种高效、低毒、低残留的十六元大环内酯类杀虫剂。由于其独特的作用方式,且对鳞翅目害虫幼虫表现出很好的毒性,目前甲维盐已成为我国广泛使用的用来防治蔬菜害虫的新型农药。然而,甲维盐的大量使用使得人们对其抗药性问题甚感忧虑,且已有田间害虫产生抗药性的相关报道。从代谢抗性、靶标抗性以及ABC转运蛋白3个方面,就昆虫对甲维盐的抗药性机理进行综述。     

甜菜夜蛾对昆虫生长调节剂的抗药性研究进展

甜菜夜蛾是一种重要的农业害虫,已对有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂产生了较高水平的抗药性,目前生产中主要以昆虫生长调节剂、生物农药及新型农药为主进行防治,本文就甜菜夜蛾对昆虫生长调节剂的抗药性现状、交互抗性及抗性机理进行了综述,并提出了抗性治理对策。     

专利文摘

中国专利CN1178636A报道一种无公害化学生物农药及其制备方法,该农药采用含有生物碱的植物提取液和溶剂油的加成物作为杀虫的主要成分,能够对危害蔬菜、果树及农作物的多种害虫起到防治作用,并与化学农药相比无污染、无残留,药效长、成本低、害虫不易产生抗药性,该农药是一种高效、低毒、成本低的新型农药。     

北卡罗莱纳州东部美洲棉铃虫抗Bt显性基因的概率评估

近年来，转基因棉花特别是含有Bt内毒素的转基因棉花大面积种植，在那些棉铃虫类(棉铃虫、烟蚜和美洲棉铃虫的幼虫)为主要农业害虫的地区，Bt棉花提供了一种对这些害虫行之有效的防治方法。然而，许多研究者也担心因为害虫对转基因Bt棉花的抗性的增加而使这种方法成为短期的行为。为了有效地控制Bt抗药性在棉花害虫棉铃虫类上的增长，这就要求种植的棉花必须表达高剂量毒素杀死敏感和部分抗性的害虫。近年来实验室与田间研究     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.