摩擦对橡胶胀管的影响及减摩研究

1　前言橡胶胀管机是一种新型的胀管机械 ,它以液压为动力 ,以橡胶为胀管介质 ,通过挤压置于换热管内橡胶弹性体 ,完成换热器、锅炉等的胀管作业 ,其胀头结构如图 1所示[1] 。图 1　胀头结构图胀头的芯轴上套装一个橡胶弹性体 ,两端依次为密封圈和挡圈 ,工作时将胀头伸入欲胀接的管端内 ,胀接时液压活塞抽动芯轴 ,使得橡胶弹性体轴向受压 ,径向发生膨胀 ,迫使管子端部与管板发生弹塑性变形而胀合 ,液压活塞动力撤除后 ,橡胶弹性体立即恢复原状 ,管子与管板仍留有残余接触压力 ,管端与管板结合在一起 ,完成胀接。胀接过程中 ,橡胶弹性体在轴…     

胀接工艺对镍基合金换热管残余应力的影响

胀接残余拉伸应力是造成核岛换热设备换热管应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因。选取SB -163 UNS N06690镍基合金换热管开展胀接试验,检测分析换热管胀接残余应力。研究结果表明：换热管胀接过渡区残余拉应力最大,胀接区域次之,未胀接区域最小;机械胀接工艺使管子变形量明显大于液压胀接,过渡区域残余拉应力相对较大,且随壁厚减薄率的增加而变大。     

核电蒸汽发生器胀接接头质量事故分析及应对措施研究

全深度液压胀接技术是核电机组蒸汽发生器及其他换热器管子-管板接头普遍采用的制造工艺,具有液压胀接压力均匀、管壁减薄均匀、管子和管板的残余应力小、接头质量稳定等优点。液压胀管时需将300兆帕水介质封闭在胀管区域,一旦密封失效,将直接影响接头质量,胀接过程中易出现未胀合缝隙长度过大(欠胀)、过胀、肿胀、漏胀、重复胀接以及造成换热管划痕等质量问题。对国内外蒸汽发生器制造厂出现的典型胀接缺陷归类并进行原因分析,结合工程经验获得良好经验反馈及应对纠正措施,为核电蒸汽发生器管子管板接头胀接工序提供指导。     

核电蒸汽发生器管板液压胀接压痕问题的分析

液压胀接技术是核电蒸汽发生器管子和管板接头采用的关键制造工艺。介绍了液压胀接的原理,针对核电蒸汽发生器管板液压胀接后传热管内壁产生的压痕问题,进行了原因分析,并结合工程经验制订了改进措施,包括改进胀管器,改进胀接止环,对支撑圈使用控制,进行胀接过程控制。     

蒸汽发生器管子管板胀焊结合残余接触应力分析

采用有限元方法模拟蒸汽发生器管子管板的胀焊结合工艺过程,研究不同胀接压力下管子管板残余接触应力的分布情况、焊接温度场对管子管板残余接触应力的影响,以及未胀接区域长度对管子管板胀接区域残余接触应力的影响.分析结果表明,在胀接压力作用下,管子管板两端产生环向应力峰值,环向应力峰值随胀接压力的增大而增大,且管子过渡区域环向应...     

热交换器制造中管子管板的胀接方法

采用管子、管板来隔离介质的任何热交换设备,其管子、管板连接的好坏将直接影响热交换器的质量和使用寿命。 　　胀接是管子、管板联接的主要方法之一,传统管子、管板的胀接一般采用机械胀管的方式。随着技术的不断发展,相继出现了橡胶胀管、液压胀管和爆炸胀管等新工艺,使热交换器的制造技术前进了一大步。不论采用何种方法对管子管板进行胀接,其原理都是通过在管子内壁施加作用力来增大管子内径,使管子变形压向管孔并产生塑性变形,同时,管孔产生弹性变形 (或微量的塑性变形 )。在胀管结束卸去管内作用力后,由于管板的回弹,在管…     

“O”形圈液压胀杆受力及断裂分析研究

核电蒸汽发生器管子管板接头普遍采用胀接和焊接结合的连接方法。管子管板的胀接,能够消除换热器管子和管板间的初始间隙,提高管子管板接头耐压、耐高温和抵御载荷波动的能力,降低应力腐蚀和疲劳破坏的风险。本文结合公司某在制项目液压胀时胀杆偶然断裂事故,探讨"O"形圈液压胀杆胀接原理,在反复加载工作环境下,对胀杆胀接时拉伸载荷、弯曲载荷进行理论计算,并对此断裂断口形貌进行金相分析,提出预防此类事故的措施,为后续项目提供经验反馈和借鉴。     

蒸汽发生器管子管板液压胀保压时间数值模拟

第三代AP1000核岛主设备蒸汽发生器管子直径更小、管板厚度更厚、管子排列更密集、管子管板全长度液压胀管难度更大。采用ANSYS软件模拟蒸汽发生器管子与管板液压胀管的方法,着重用瞬态分析方法研究胀管压力和保压时间对接触压应力的影响,从而确定使接触压应力最大的平衡点。     

动态效应对管子与管板液压胀接接头接触压力的影响

常见的低碳钢换热管与低合金钢管板胀接为例,采用有限元法进行了管子与管板液压胀接的动态和静态分析,研究了材料应变率等动态效应对胀接接头接触压力的影响。计算结果表明将液压胀管过程简化为静态过程处理,能够节省大量计算时间,而且对结果影响甚微,因此,在换热器管子与管板液压胀接过程中,材料加工的动态效应不显著,将其简化为静态过程是合理的。计算结果为换热器管子与管板液压胀接的理论分析和数值模拟提供了参考。     

换热器渗铝管与管板的胀接

一般认为,渗铝管用一管式换热器是不能采用胀接的,其理由在于管子渗铝后,渗铝层硬度很高,试验证实,在正确选取材质和胀接电流、合理确定管板开孔尺寸成管子壁厚疏薄量的前提下,渗铝管与管板联接形式采用胀接是可行的。并且据此制作的两台胀接式渗铝管换热器已在某硫酸企业生产中得到长期应用。     

Statistical analysis of dimensional changes in thermomechanical tube-spinning process

Tube-spinning process is an effective method for manufacturing long thin-wall tubes with precision dimensions and desired mechanical property. The main objectives of this research deal with the influences of major process parameters of thermomechanical tube-spinning process such as preform thickness, thickness reduction, mandrel rotational speed, feed rate of rollers, solution treatment time, and aging treatment time on internal diameter growth and wall thickness changes for manufacturing of 2024 aluminum spun tubes using design of experiments. Experimental results are analyzed by analysis of variance and empirical models of internal diameter growth and wall thickness changes are developed. It is found that lower thickness reduction with thinner preform thickness, higher feed rate of rollers, slower mandrel rotational speed, and lower solution treatment time have advantages for obtaining smaller internal diameter growth and wall thickness changes.     

Forming characteristics analysis of the cross-section of axially inner grooved copper tube

The simulation of the cross-section forming of axially inner grooved copper tube (AIGCT) is conducted using finite element (FE) software MSC.Marc. The stress–strain distribution, metal flow rule, and contact force are analyzed based on the simulation and experimental results. The results show that gaps in the groove walls are caused not only by the diametric clearance between the inner wall of the copper tube and the mandrel but also the bending deformation of the copper tube. The cross-sectional geometry and surface characteristics of grooves are determined by the multi-tooth mandrel. Smooth transition of the mandrel teeth addendum improves the metal flow and makes contact force vary slightly, which is good for preventing mandrel from failure. Improving the mandrel surface finish can also improve the inner surface quality of AIGCT. The results help to optimize the forming process parameters and improve the forming quality.     

带有动芯轴的管料壁厚减薄缩口成形的理论解析

薄壁管口径尺寸精度要求高,须采用带有芯轴的缩径成形制造,带有芯轴的管壁厚减薄推缩径成形的理论解析研究还极少。管件的有芯推挤缩口成形的主要缺陷是管壁失稳屈曲,管子承受轴向力的能力受到限制。准确地计算出缩径力的大小和改变成形参数以找到减小缩径力的途径是最重要的。建立有芯缩口新的动可容速度场,对固定芯和动芯的推挤缩径进行了上限解析,分析了成形参数影响,并以传动轴管为例进行了试验分析,理论与实际结果非常吻合。     

V形密封槽在薄壁换热管与管板胀接连接接头中的应用

对管板管孔开设V形密封槽用于薄壁换热管与管板连接的可行性进行了论述,并对V形槽胀接工艺与矩形槽胀接工艺的优缺点进行了比较,研究并提出了采用V形槽胀接工艺时薄壁换热管胀管率的控制范围。最后对采用V 形密封槽胀接连接接头的密封性及强度进行了分析论证。实际应用中,多台产品使用效果良好,胀接处没有出现渗漏及强度缺陷现象。     

管坯大变形自由推压缩径残余应力的研究

管坯大变形自由推压缩径时端部存在翘曲,即端部外径大于定径区外径。针对端部翘曲区进行变形分析,并基于平衡条件推导了周向残余应力与翘曲变形和剪应力的关系表达式,揭示了由内表面层到外表面层整体存在周向残余拉应力的事实。在三向液压机上进行219 mm×7.5 mm无缝钢管的双侧大变形缩径,在缩径管件上截取包含端部翘曲区和定径区的试样,在其内外表面不同区域选取测量点,并采用X射线衍射法测量残余应力,端部翘曲区测量结果与理论分析结果趋势一致。针对缩径管件变形过程,采用ABAQUS软件进行有限元模拟,缩径变形及缩径力的模拟结果与缩径试验结果吻合,内外表面层残余应力的模拟结果与X射线衍射法测量结果趋势一致。给出了自定径区至端部沿壁厚方向及沿轴向方向的残余应力分布规律。     

Investigation of T-Shape Tube Hydroforming with Finite Element Method

In this paper, the finite element method is used to investigate the cold hydroforming process of a T-shape tube. A series of simulations on hydraulic expansion, axial feeding and the counterforce of the tubes was carried out using the program DEFORM-3D. The influences of the process parameters such as the internal pressure, the fillet radius, and counterforce on the minimum wall thickness of formed tube are examined. A suitable range of the process parameters for producing an acceptable T-shape tube that fulfils the industrial demand was also found. ID="A1"Correspondance and offprint requests to: Dr C.-T. Kwan, Department of Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, National Huwei Institute of Technology, 64 Wunhua Road, Huwei, Yunlin, 632, Taiwan. E-mail: ctkwan@sunws.nhit.edu.tw     

A study of process and die design for ball valve forming from stainless steel tube

In this paper, two process and die design methods for ball valve forming from stainless steel tubes are compared: one is the tube hydroforming method (THFM), and the other is the tube nosing method (TNSM). Simulations on hydraulic expansion, axial feeding, and tube nosing of the ball shell forming with the two methods using the program DEFORM-3D are carried out. The influence of the two methods on workpiece formability and wall thickness distribution of ball valve forming is examined. A tube nosing experiment is carried out with a SUS304 stainless steel tube at room temperature. An accepted product of ball valve satisfying the industrial demand is obtained using TNSM.     

Flow-forming optimization based on hardness of flow-formed AISI321 tube using response surface method

Flow forming is an advanced locally plastic deformation applied to manufacture seamless tubes with thin walls and high precision dimension. One of the important mechanical properties of flow-formed tubes is hardness. In this study, after preliminary experiments for definition of effective parameters, design of experiments (DOE) is utilized to determine the influence of the parameters such as rotational speed of mandrel, feed rate, and wall thickness reduction on the hardness of flow-formed AISI 321 steel tube. Under experimental results, a mathematical model comprising effective parameters is developed to predict the optimum hardness, using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM’s Box–Behnken design is employed to specify the optimum condition caused to a minimum hardness at high optimum confidence level. The analyzed model revealed that the hardness increases with increasing of the mandrel speed and the depth of cut, and it decreases with decreasing of the feed rate. The new point of view is related to the fact that the high level of thickness reduction covers the efficiency of mandrel speed.     

不同模具组合对0Cr21Ni6Mn9N不锈钢管数控弯曲成形质量的影响

采用有限元法研究了不同模具组合下0Cr21Ni6Mn9N不锈钢管数控弯曲应力应变分布、壁厚变化和截面畸变规律。研究结果表明：在弯曲模、夹块和压块组成的基本模块的基础上,添加防皱块会导致等效应力、切向拉应力和切向拉应变增加,而切向压应力、等效应变和切向压应变减小;添加芯棒会导致切向应力和等效应变减小,而等效应力和切向应变增大;同时添加防皱块和芯棒则会导致等效应力、切向应力和切向应变增大,而等效应变减小。添加防皱块会导致弯管截面畸变率增大,但对壁厚变化率影响不大;添加芯棒能够有效抑制弯管截面畸变,且壁厚减薄率仅为9.0%~9.15%,远小于15%的航空标准。综合考虑0Cr21Ni6Mn9N不锈钢管数控弯曲成形质量和生产成本,可确定出最优的模具组合为弯曲模+压块+夹块+芯棒。