数字电视设备原理及应用第五讲 QAM调制器原理及应用

复用器输出的TS传输流在送入信道传输前必须将数字码流调制到适合信道传输的载波上或变换为适合信道传输的形式。为了提高频谱利用率，必须采用多进制的调制方法，这样在一个码元上可以传输多个比特，可以降低码率和信道带宽，QAM调制就是常用的多进制调制方法，它采用幅度、相位联合调制的技术，利用载波的幅度和相位来传递信息比特。正交幅度调制也称为正交幅移键控，这种键控由两路数字基带信号对正交的两个载波调制合成而得到。为了避免符号上的混淆，一般用m—QAM代表m电平正交调幅，用MQAM代表m状态正交调幅，通常有4电平正交幅移键控（4一QAM或16QAM）、8电平正交幅移键控（8-QAM或64QAM）等，在日常应用中QAM调制器的命名一般用后者即64QAM、128QAM等。商用化的QAM调制器并不只是QAM调制单元，还包括信道编码单元。信道编码是指纠错，是为提高数字通信传输的可靠性而采取的技术措施。为了能在接收端检测和纠正传输中出现的错误，在发送的信号中增加了一部分冗余码，这些冗余比特与信息比特之间存在着特定的相关性。个别信息比特在传输过程中出现错误，     

不同调制格式对400 Gb/s通信系统传输容量和距离的影响

单载波400 Gb/s传输是下一代通信系统的主要应用速率,为提高此速率通信在实际工程应用中的传输效率,理论分析了高速通信系统中不同调制方式与传输谱宽的关系,基于16阶正交幅度调制(16QAM)、16QAM/32QAM混传、32QAM、32QAM/64QAM混传和64QAM 5种不同调制格式,对400 Gb/s传输系统的...     

基于数据辅助的QAM幅相均衡技术研究

针对高速无线数字通信传输的正交幅度调制(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,QAM),研究多进制下QAM调制在高斯白噪声信道的误码率性能,解决传输过程中信道幅相不一致的问题。将QAM信号分解为双路正交的MASK信号,利用MASK高斯白噪声误码率公式推导出QAM的误码率,综合考虑误码率性能和高速数字传输,选择了16 QAM调制;针对幅相不一致的信道对星座图和误码率的影响,提出了基于数据辅助(64位PN序列前导)的QAM幅相均衡技术,对信道进行了估计与均衡。通过Matlab平台仿真,结果表明均衡后的16QAM的误码率性能接近于无幅相偏差的理想QAM性能。该方法同样适用于高阶QAM调制,保证了高速无线数字通信的可靠性。     

30.7 Tbit/s相干光PDM 16QAM OFDM 80 km SSMF传输

为了研究超高速大容量光传输系统关键技术,利用16路光源,每路光源采用相干光PDM(偏振复用)16QAM(16进制正交振幅调制)OFDM(正交频分复用)调制实现了单路传输速率为1.92Tbit/s、C波段总速率为30.7Tbit/s的80km普通单模光纤传输系统。每路光源信道包含了45路光子信道,其频谱宽度为250GHz,系统谱效率为7.68Gbit/s/Hz。所有信道经过80km传输后的误码率均低于第三代FEC(前向纠错)解码门限2×10-2。     

灵活高阶正交幅度调制矢量光信号的产生与传输分析

灵活光发射机可根据不同应用场景需求软定义信号的调制格式，从而进一步优化光信号的传输性能。本文提出了一种基于双平行马赫-曾德尔调制器（MZM）和单MZM级联的灵活高阶正交幅度调制（QAM）光发射机方案，理论分析了圆形16QAM、4幅4相16QAM、圆形32QAM以及4幅8相32QAM光信号产生与自适应切换的原理与方法。在虚路径标识符（VPI）仿真环境下，分别验证了上述4种信号在5 Gbaud和10 Gbaud调制速率下的产生和传输性能。结果表明，通过灵活配置发射机的驱动信号（二进制或四进制）与直流偏置电压，可实现8/16/32QAM信号间的自由切换，同时，生成的上述4种信号经一定长度单模光纤传输后具有良好的信噪比。     

400Gbit/s高速大容量光通信系统单模光纤设计与制备

介绍了一种大有效面积单模光纤的数值设计分析与PCVD(等离子体化学气相沉积)制备工艺,该光纤的有效面积达到133μm2,同时在1 550nm处衰减系数优化到0.183dB/km,弯曲损耗优化至0.45dB/圈(弯曲半径7.5 mm)。在双偏振DFT-S CO-OFDM 4QAM/16QAM(4进制/16进制正交振幅调制的离散傅里叶变换扩展相干光正交频分复用)调制信号下,对该光纤在100Gbit/s和400Gbit/s系统的误码率和Q值等传输性能进行了验证。结果表明,该光纤能有效改善最佳入纤功率和非线性效应,可使传输距离提升30%,能有效优化400Gbit/s传输系统,并且在FTTx领域有着广泛的应用前景。     

8×40 Gbit/s全光OFDM系统的传输性能研究

通过对基于傅里叶变换过程的全光OFDM(正交频分复用)进行理论模型分析,采用马赫-曾德干涉仪级联的方式构造出复用/解复用模块,在光域上直接进行IDFT/DFT(离散型傅里叶逆变换/离散型傅里叶变换)过程。在DPSK(差分相移键控)调制、DQPSK(差分四相相移键控)调制、4QAM(2阶正交幅度调制)和16QAM(4阶正交幅度调制)下,利用全光复用/解复用模块模拟了8×40Gbit/s无保护间隔的OFDM系统传输,对误码率等性能作出分析。     

基于高阶统计量的OFDM子载波调制识别算法北大核心

针对OFDM(正交频分复用)信号子载波调制方式识别的问题,提出了一种将高阶矩和高阶累积量相结合的联合识别算法。该算法首先运用基于高阶矩的特征量把MPSK(多进制相移键控)调制(M=2、4)、64QAM(六阶正交幅度调制)和16QAM(四阶正交幅度调制)区分开,然后再利用基于高阶累积量的特征量区分BPSK(二进制相移键控)调制和QPSK(四相相移键控)调制。从理论上进行了推导与分析,该算法对多径衰落与噪声干扰不敏感。计算机仿真结果表明,所提算法在多径信道条件下具有良好的识别性能。     

QAM调制与解调的全数字实现

论述了适用于数字微波系统的全数字正交幅度调制解调方式，并根据星座图的形状指出了16QAM。64QAM(星座图为矩形)与32QAM，128QAM(星座图为十字形)在调制与解调方法上的区别，最后用ADS(Advanced Design System)对16QAM，32QAM，64QAM，128QAM全数字调制与解调过程进行仿真，并给出了64QAM在加性高斯白噪声条件下的误码率。实验证明，全数字正交幅度调制解调易于实现，且性能良好。     

16QAM/PPM光标记交换系统的仿真研究

提出一种脉冲位置调制光标记(PPM)与正交幅度调制(QAM)净荷相结合的光标记交换系统。利用仿真对携带40Gbit/s 16QAM净荷和2.5Gbit/s 2PPM标记的系统传输特性进行验证。通过优化系统频率间隔,得到BER=10-9时,标记和净荷的接收灵敏度与光信噪比(OSNR)分别为-28.51dBm/13.65dB和-22.03dBm/15.02dB。经96km光纤传输后,传输代价均未超过1.5dB。结果证明:16QAM/2PPM光标记交换系统具备良好的传输特性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks