Computer graphics and displays

A review is given of recent developments in computer graphics, with emphasis on displays. The principles of refresh, storage and raster-scan technologies are outlined, followed by an examination of developments in intelligent raster graphics terminals, displays for 3D computer graphics, and the emergence of powerful personal graphics workstations. Colour hardcopy is needed to complement today's colour raster displays, and ink-jet and electrostatic devices are described. A summary is given of the current status of international standards for computer graphics, and the paper concludes by pointing out some likely areas for future development.     

Guest Editors' Introduction: Computer Graphics in Education

This special issue of IEEE CG&A focuses on computer graphics in education. The guest editors present articles featuring innovative ways in which people are teaching computer graphics and ways in which people are using graphics to teach other topics. There is no doubt that the cross-disciplinary application of graphics to teach other topics is one of the things that makes the field so special. Few other areas within computer science are so capable of having such far-reaching effects.     

Kinematics with computer graphics

The impact which computer graphics can have on engineering education is illustrated in this paper by considering the subject area of kinematics. Details of the mathematical modeling needed to support the generation of motion curves and computer graphics simulation for kinematic analysis are given, and a comparison is made with the current popular methods of analysis. Several results of computer graphic displays are given to illustrate the wide variety of situations where computer graphics can add to the teaching and understanding of kinematics.     

A decade of applications [computer graphics]

First, most graphics articles originate from computer graphics professionals in computer science departments or computer technology companies. Their job is to extend and refine graphics technology itself, and tell us of their progress. Apply computer graphics in a new area. The best applications articles occur when new technologies and equipment allow a new problem domain to benefit from graphics-based solution. And even in areas with a history of using computer graphics, finding a new technique or efficiency can give traditional applications new reach.     

计算机图形并行处理的研究与发展

本文概述了计算机图形并行处理研究的产生与发展,着重阐述了并行处理功能部件的研究和发展及多边形绘制、全局光照模型(光线跟踪与辐射度方法)、物理场数据与体介质数据绘制、动画、并行化图形标准等研究领域在并行处理方面的研究和发展.文中叙述了在这一领域的研究工作,并在最后展望了计算机图形并行处理的进一步发展方向.     

Computer Graphics and Man-Machine Interactions

During the past 10 years, there has been a considerable growth of interest in the problems of applying computer graphics techniques to practical use. This interest has created an increasing need for the applications of theoretical computer graphics methods to software and hardware systems that are cost-effective as well as user-oriented. A number of books have been published on the subject of computer graphics, and some rather cost-effective graphics devices have been designed and built for practical use. The latter has mainly been the result of microminiaturization technology of the last five years. Microprocessors, microcomputers, and microprogrammability have helped considerably in making cost-effective display devices a reality, the intelligence of such devices being limited only by the capability of the microprocessors. Applications of computer graphics have steadily increased in such areas as engineering, design, education, medicine/biomedicine, chemistry, business, analysis, computer-aided design, management, structural design, simulation, and communication.     

谈谈图学教材

讨论大图学下的教学理念与方法及大图学学科系列教材的配套建设问题。从学科 分类、图学的科学基础、计算基础、图学实践、图学应用等各个角度讨论了图学的理论教学与 实践教学,以及各学科间的相互关系。基于形是图之源,图是形的载体的认识基础,给出了工 程图学、画法几何、计算机图形学、计算机图像学等主要教材的一些编写原则。基于图学的根 本是几何,建议专门编写一本《图学计算基础》作为图学的公共教材。     

中国图形工程：1995

对计算机图形学及至图形工程作了简要的介绍，并论述了图形与图象工程的关系。基于目前我国图形工程的研究以及有关文献的分布情况，在１９９５年出版的一些重要期刊上选取了近百篇有关图形工程的论文并根据其内容进行了分类统计。旨在使读者对图形工程的发展状况有一个总体了解，并对从事这一领域工作的读者查阅文献提供方便。     

Crystal gazing in computer graphics

We, the people, are in the midst of the age of the computer. We are at the beginning of the age of computer graphics. This article will crystal gaze upon a few of the areas of life which are beginning to be and soon will be very affected by computer graphics. Topics vary from homes and cities; hardware and animation; Congress and business; and architecture and drafting to art. These show that the future uses of computer graphics are limited only by the imagination.

Underlying the whole gamut is the theme that computer graphics must be user oriented! The application user must not be required to know anything about computers or their languages or how to manipulate complex mathematics!     

State of the Art on Neural Rendering

Efficient rendering of photo-realistic virtual worlds is a long standing effort of computer graphics. Modern graphics techniques have succeeded in synthesizing photo-realistic images from hand-crafted scene representations. However, the automatic generation of shape, materials, lighting, and other aspects of scenes remains a challenging problem that, if solved, would make photo-realistic computer graphics more widely accessible. Concurrently, progress in computer vision and machine learning have given rise to a new approach to image synthesis and editing, namely deep generative models. Neural rendering is a new and rapidly emerging field that combines generative machine learning techniques with physical knowledge from computer graphics, e.g., by the integration of differentiable rendering into network training. With a plethora of applications in computer graphics and vision, neural rendering is poised to become a new area in the graphics community, yet no survey of this emerging field exists. This state-of-the-art report summarizes the recent trends and applications of neural rendering. We focus on approaches that combine classic computer graphics techniques with deep generative models to obtain controllable and photorealistic outputs. Starting with an overview of the underlying computer graphics and machine learning concepts, we discuss critical aspects of neural rendering approaches. Specifically, our emphasis is on the type of control, i.e., how the control is provided, which parts of the pipeline are learned, explicit vs. implicit control, generalization, and stochastic vs. deterministic synthesis. The second half of this state-of-the-art report is focused on the many important use cases for the described algorithms such as novel view synthesis, semantic photo manipulation, facial and body reenactment, relighting, free-viewpoint video, and the creation of photo-realistic avatars for virtual and augmented reality telepresence. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the social implications of such technology and investigate open research problems.     

A facsimile-based graphics editing system by auxiliary mark recognition

This paper describes a facsimile-based graphics editing system using handwritten mark recognition, and presents some experimental results with the system. In a manner different from usual graphics editors based on CRT displays and data tablets, only facsimiles are used as input and output devices in this system. As the first stage in processing, a graphic subject is first given as a set of line drawings and characters handwritten on a sheet of paper, and it is then input into the computer as a binary picture from a facsimile transmitter. Auxiliary editing information is input into the computer as handwritten marks or seal marks prepared on a separate sheet of paper. As the second stage, the marks are recognized and used to create a mark parameter list for the graphics editing. Third, referencing the mark parameter list, the graphics are expressed by using a set of graphic commands, and edited by the computer. Finally, a correct edited copy of the graphics is constructed by picture processing based on graphic commands, and it is output to a facsimile receiver. Very good results have been obtained for various kinds of hand-written graphics by using the system described here.     

Accessibility analysis using computer graphics hardware

Analyzing the accessibility of an object's surface to probes or tools is important for many planning and programming tasks that involve spatial reasoning and arise in robotics and automation. The paper presents novel and efficient algorithms for computing accessible directions for tactile probes used in 3D digitization with Coordinate Measuring Machines. The algorithms are executed in standard computer graphics hardware. They are a nonobvious application of rendering hardware to scientific and technological areas beyond computer graphics     

Fraunhofer Institute: building on a decade of computer graphicsresearch

The Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics in Darmstadt, Germany has been one of the world's leading centers of applied research in computer graphics. The paper discusses the key technology and application areas of the Institute. Topics discussed include user interfaces, networked computer graphics and virtual reality     

A survey of partial differential equations in geometric design

Computer-aided geometric design is an area where the improvement of surface generation techniques is an everlasting demand, since faster and more accurate geometric models are required. Traditional methods for generating surfaces were initially mainly based upon interpolation algorithms. Recently, partial differential equations (PDE) were introduced as a valuable tool for geometric modelling, since they offer a number of features from which these areas can benefit. This work summarizes the uses given to PDE surfaces as a surface generation technique together with some other applications to computer graphics.     

Transportation interface facilities design using interactive high-level computer graphics

A prototype pedestrian facilities design system is described. The design system exploits the capabilities of an intelligent high-resolution vector graphics workstation which features a highly interactive computer graphics environment. A summary of historical developments in pedestrian facility design and graphics workstation architecture is presented, followed by a discussion of the stochastic model and interactive computer graphics features utilized by a prototype facilities design system. Potential applications of such a design system are discussed, and promising areas of future development are outlined.     

Interactive methods for visualizable geometry

Interactive computer graphics can provide new insights into the objects of pure geometry, providing intuitively useful images, and, in some cases, unexpected results. Interactive computer graphics systems have opened a new era in the visualization of pure geometry. We demonstrate the fruitful relationship between mathematics and the discipline of computer graphics, emphasizing those areas of low-dimensional geometry and topology where interactive paradigms are of growing importance     

Abstraction paradigms for computer graphics

In computer graphics we use techniques from different areas of mathematics. Mathematical models are used to simulate real-world objects, as well as natural phenomena. In order to understand these models and pose relevant problems in each particular field of this area, it is important to create levels of abstraction. These levels encapsulate common properties of the different models and allow us to have a global, conceptual view of the methods and techniques in each field. In this paper we study a paradigm for creating abstraction levels that can also be used to characterize more general problems in computational applied mathematics. We apply this paradigm to different areas of computer graphics: modeling, animation, illumination, color theory, image processing and human-computer interface.     

Interactive Computer Graphics Applied to Chemistry: Experiences and New Developments

This paper is essentially a progress report on three years of effort in computer graphics applied to chemistry. The major technical and human problems encountered when running our facility and integrating it into a chemistry department are described. Then progress of our research project, which is developing application programs in several areas of computer graphics applied to chemical education and research, is reviewed. Recent developments in the field of the representation of dynamic processes in molecules and illustrating some basic concepts of reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry are presented, and the important role of graphics in depicting adequately 3D reaction paths is stressed. Finally, some technical problems arising when using the calligraphic system as an audio-visual tool for teaching chemistry are discussed and some possible solutions are presented.