复合衬垫中污染物一维瞬态扩散–对流运移规律研究

采用GMB(土工膜)/GCL(膨润土防水毯)/SL(土质垫层)复合衬垫全瞬态扩散–对流运移解析模型,考察了对流区域对污染物运移计算结果的影响;探讨了用渗滤液水头高度替代衬垫水头差的简化计算的可行性;探究了土工膜类型对复合衬垫防污阻隔性能的影响;分析了对流、扩散、吸附作用对渗沥液中典型有机污染物运移规律的影响.研究结果表...     

基于污染物击穿时间的填埋场复合衬垫厚度简化设计方法

通过对中国6个典型垃圾填埋场中渗滤液各组分的实测浓度值的统计分析,并与中国生活饮用水卫生标准中的界限浓度值进行对比分析,确定了以渗滤液中不同污染物组分为指示性污染物时的典型击穿标准和极端情况的击穿标准分别为0.1和0.01。基于已有的污染物在复合衬垫GMB+CCL中的一维运移解析解,在分别考虑了以有机物污染物和无机污染物为击穿指标的情况下,利用数值拟合的方法得到了两种情况下复合衬垫中CCL厚度的简化计算公式。以杭州天子岭垃圾填埋场为例,利用简化计算方法对复合衬垫的厚度设计进行了验证;结果表明,若要保证渗滤液中的Pb击穿GMB/CCL复合衬垫的时间大于50 a,则土工膜下覆的CCL的厚度至少需要0.6 m。     

有机污染物在完好三层复合衬垫中的扩散分析

为了研究有机污染物在土工膜(GM)+土工复合膨润土衬垫(GCL)+土体保护层(AL)三层衬垫中运移规律,建立了有机污染物在GM+GCL+AL三层衬垫中的一维扩散模型。有机污染物在土工膜上的扩散假设为稳态运移,得到了模型的解析解。通过与已有解析解的比较计算,验证了该模型的合理性。基于文中模型,分析了AL的厚度对有机污染物在GM+GCL+AL三层衬垫中运移的影响并探讨了GM+GCL+AL衬垫与GM+CCL衬垫之间的等效性。结果表明增加AL的厚度可以有效减少GM+GCL+AL三层衬垫底部有机污染物通量。在文中的计算条件下,GM+GCL+2 m以上的AL衬垫可代替标准的GM+0.75 m CCL复合衬垫。     

热扩散作用下污染物在CCL中运移的一维解析模型及其应用

建立了污染物在对流、分子扩散和热扩散作用下压实黏土衬垫（CCL）的一维运移解析模型,并获得解析解。无量纲设计曲线表明对流作用对污染物在CCL中运移的影响至关重要;然而随着热扩散作用的增强,对流作用的影响会有所减弱。参数敏感性分析结果表明,当渗滤液水头达到3 m时,10 a的底部浓度和通量分别是无对流情况下的3.5～4.9倍和5.9～15.1倍;当热扩散作用较强（M=-5）时,10 a底部浓度和通量是无热扩散作用下的2.6倍和3.5倍;温度升高会增大土的渗透系数,从而影响污染物在CCL中的运移,在衬垫系统设计过程中应予以考虑。提出了衬垫厚度设计简化计算方法,并以西安江村沟填埋场为例,对CCL进行了简化设计;结果表明：若要保证渗滤液中的Cl-和As击穿CCL的时间大于50 a,则CCL的厚度分别需要不小于11.16 m和1.75 m。     

填埋场污染物在有限厚度土层中一维对流-扩散-吸附解析解

为避免垃圾填埋场对地下水的污染,衬垫系统的截污性能至关重要。针对卫生垃圾填埋场衬垫底部设有地下水导排层的工程要求,建立了污染物在有限厚度土层中一维对流-扩散-吸附解析模型并求解,其中模型底部采用Cauchy边界模拟渗滤液污染物透过衬垫向零浓度环境传质。算例结果表明,解析解与商用软件数值解所得浓度场分布完全吻合;参数分析表明,吸附、扩散和对流参数对击穿曲线均有较大影响,为延长击穿时间,应尽可能采用吸附性能好的土层并严格控制衬垫上的水头高度。     

粘土环境岩土工程特性对填埋场衬垫防渗标准的影响

采用溶质运移的一维迁移模型,研究了粘土环境岩土工程特性对填埋场衬垫防渗标准的影响,对目前采用的填埋场粘土类衬垫防渗设计标准及其有效性进行了多参数组合的计算分析;此外,还比较了粘土衬垫与复合衬垫对污染物离子的防渗阻隔性能,对土工膜在衬垫中的作用进行分析;研究表明,应针对不同地区的情况(干旱少雨或多雨等)考虑衬垫的形式。与其他因素相比,粘土的渗透系数对衬垫层渗漏影响最大,以水力渗透系数作为填埋场粘土衬垫的设计标准是可行的,但离子扩散系数的影响也不可忽略;而增强粘土的活性,提高粘土吸附离子的性能,则可延长离子通过衬垫的击穿时间;与单纯的粘土衬垫相比,复合衬垫对离子具有更好的阻隔性能,故在南方多雨地区宜采用复合衬垫;而用污染物的渗漏总量作为填埋场衬垫的设计标准比击穿时间更合理。     

挥发性气体通过填埋场复合覆盖层的一维扩散解析解

为了评价填埋场覆盖层对挥发性气体的防渗性能,建立了挥发性气体在复合覆盖层中的扩散运移模型并采用分离变量法获得了模型解析解。解析解的计算结果与数值解结果吻合得较好。分析结果表明,对于土工膜/土工复合膨润土垫（GM/GCL）与土工膜/压实黏土（GM/CCL）组成的覆盖层,覆盖层顶部气体扩散达到稳态的时间比较接近,约为1.6 a;对于压实黏土（CCL）系统达到稳定状态的时间为0.5 a;稳态时通量依次为6.0×10⁵,1.0×10⁶和7.4×10⁵ mg/ha/a。在这3个覆盖层系统中,GM/CCL对气体扩散的控制性能最差。对于GM/GCL,GCL含水饱和度从0.85增加到1时,覆盖层顶部通量减小了82.5%。饱和时GM/GCL系统顶部气体达到稳态的时间是非饱和情况下的约100倍。对于GM/CCL,CCL含水饱和度从0.1增加到0.85时,覆盖层顶部通量减小了近1个数量级。含水饱和度的变化可导致覆盖层顶部挥发性气体稳态时通量发生数量级的变化。     

垃圾填埋场渗沥液击穿防渗系统的指示污染物研究

中国垃圾填埋场渗沥液中的污染物种类繁多,成分复杂,污染物击穿填埋场防渗系统,造成地下水以及土壤污染已成为填埋场环境安全问题中最为关注的问题之一。目前以什么标准判断击穿,以何种污染物作为指示污染物计算击穿时间并评价防渗系统的防污性能尚不明确。针对这一问题,以中国6个典型填埋场内代表性污染物的平均浓度为初始浓度,以中国相关环境标准中规定的各类污染物极限浓度作为污染浓度,建立污染物在复合防渗系统中的一维对流–弥散有限元模型。通过计算各类污染物在填埋场防渗系统中的击穿规律和击穿时间发现,相比重金属和持久性有机污染物,有机污染物(COD)最早击穿防渗系统,有机污染物(COD)可作为判定击穿的指示污染物,击穿HDPE土工膜单层和双层复合垫层的时间分别为84.2 a和122.6 a;而击穿时间主要受污染物的初始浓度、规定的污染浓度和污染物的迁移弥散参数共同影响。这一结果可为填埋场防渗系统击穿时间的计算和防污性能的评价提供参考。     

赤泥渗滤液对改性GCL防渗性能的影响

旨在评价商用土工合成材料黏土衬垫(GCL)用于阻隔赤泥渗滤液的有效性。赤泥渗滤液作用下GCL的防渗特性是评价其防污性能的关键因素。以商用改性GCL中膨润土为研究对象,通过自由膨胀试验,研究了4种赤泥渗滤液中膨润土的自由膨胀指数。以商用改性GCL为研究对象,通过改进滤失试验,研究了4种赤泥渗滤液作为渗透液作用下GCL渗透系数的变化规律,评价了预水化作用对渗透系数的影响。研究还采用清洁自来水作为GCL的渗透液作为对照。结果表明,随着离子强度的增加,改性GCL中的膨润土自由膨胀指数随之减小。预水化处理改性GCL的渗透系数相较于未预水化处理试样降低了5倍左右。在实际工程应用中,建议采用自来水预水化处理GCL,以此充分发挥其防渗性能。随着改进滤失试验中施加气压的增大,不同赤泥渗滤液作用下的改性GCL渗透系数均下降。随着离子强度和一价二价离子摩尔数比的增加,改性GCL的渗透系数随之增大。随着膨润土自由膨胀指数的增加,改性GCL的渗透系数随之减小。与自来水渗透情况相比,赤泥渗滤液渗透作用下,改性GCL渗透系数增大4.35~12.0倍。     

具有裂隙的压实黏土衬垫污染物迁移参数研究

压实黏土衬垫中裂隙的存在缩短了渗滤液击穿屏障的时间,减少了衬垫的服役时间。获得污染物沿裂隙迁移的参数,用于预测具有裂隙的压实黏土衬垫被渗滤液击穿的时间,对于防污屏障性能的评价具有重要的意义。采用不同孔隙率的砂模拟压实黏土中的裂隙,通过室内土柱实验分别获得Cl-在裂隙中的分子扩散系数和水动力扩散系数。试验结果表明,当裂隙开度d≥15 mm时,裂隙中Cl-的分子扩散系数与其在纯水中的分子扩散系数基本一致;当d15 mm时,分子扩散系数随裂隙宽度成指数下降。裂隙的水动力扩散系数约比分子扩散系数大3个数量级,当裂隙开度d≥10mm时,在不同水力梯度情况下,裂隙的水动力扩散系数基本维持不变,数值上与采用纯砂所获得的水动力弥散系数基本一致;当水力梯度i≥0.2时,水动力弥散系数的变化基本趋于稳定,不再受到裂隙宽度的影响。     

Assessment of consolidation-induced VOC transport for a GML/GCL/CCL composite liner system

In municipal solid waste landfills, a triple-layer composite liner consisting of a geomembrane liner (GML), a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and a compacted clay liner (CCL) is commonly used at the landfill bottom to isolate the leachates from surrounding environment. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the effect of liner consolidation on the transport of a volatile organic compound (VOC), trichloroethylene (TCE), through the GML/GCL/CCL composite liner system. The numerical simulations were performed using the model CST3, which is a piecewise linear numerical model for coupled consolidation and solute transport in multi-layered soil media and has been extensively validated using analytical solutions, numerical solutions and experimental results. The performed numerical simulations considered coupled consolidation and contaminant transport with representative geometry, material properties, and applied stress conditions for a GML/GCL/CCL liner system. The simulation results indicate that, depending on conditions, consolidation of the GCL and CCL can have significant impact on the transport results of TCE (i.e., TCE mass flux, cumulative TCE mass outflow, and distribution of TCE concentration within the GCL and CCL), both during the consolidation process and long after the completion of consolidation. The traditional approach for the assessment of liner performance neglects consolidation of the GCL and CCL and fails to consider the consolidation-induced transient advection and concurrent changes in material properties and, therefore, can lead to significantly different results. These differences for with and without the consolidation effects can range over several orders of magnitude. The process of consolidation-induced contaminant transport is complex and involves many variables, and therefore case-specific analysis is necessary to assess the significance of liner consolidation on VOC transport through a GML/GCL/CCL composite liner system.     

Dynamic shear behavior of GMB/CCL interface under cyclic loading

The dynamic shear behavior of composite liner interface is of great importance for landfill seismic analysis. In this study, an experimental investigation of the shear behavior of the interface between smooth high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GMB) and compacted clay liner (CCL) is presented. A series of displacement-controlled cyclic shear tests were conducted to investigate the effects of displacement amplitudes, normal stress levels and number of cycles on the GMB/CCL interface shear behavior. Cyclic loading with higher displacement amplitude will produce greater vertical contraction and lower interface initial shear stiffness. Also, significant shear strength degradation was observed within the first 5 shearing cycles, then followed by slight interface reinforcement in subsequent cycles. The dynamic shear modulus of GMB/CCL interface is dependent on both normal stress levels and displacement amplitudes, while the damping ratio is only affected by displacement amplitudes. Finally, a method considering the GMB/CCL composite liner as an equivalent soil layer was proposed, which is useful for landfill seismic analysis.     

Preliminary results of composite liner field performance study

This paper presents preliminary results of a study of the field performance of composite liners. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the ability of composite liners to contain municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate. The paper presents data for double-lined MSW landfills having composite top liners consisting of a geomembrane (GMB) upper component and a compacted clay liner (CCL) lower component. Data on flow volumes and flow constituents for the leachate collection and removal system (LCRS) and the leakage detection system (LDS) components of the double liner system are analyzed to assess whether leakage has occurred through the composite top liner. Data for nine MSW landfill cells with monitoring periods of up to eight years are presented. Preliminary results indicate that the nine composite liners are performing well and are effective in containing MSW leachate.     

Fully transient analytical solution for degradable organic contaminant transport through GMB/GCL/AL composite liners

In this study, analytical solution for degradable organic contaminant transport through a composite liner consisting of a geomembrane (GMB) layer, a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and an attenuation layer (AL) is derived by the separation of variables method. The transient contaminant transport in the whole composite liner can be well described avoiding some weird phenomena in existing analytical solutions. The results of parametric study show that GCL has significant effect on improving the barrier efficiency especially for scenarios with high leachate head. The biodegradation and adsorption in GCL have significant influence on the contaminant transport through the composite liner when the half-life of contaminant in GCL is less than 5 years. Otherwise, the effect can be neglected.     

挥发性有机化合物在复合衬里中的一维扩散解

土工膜和粘土衬里组成的复合衬里已广泛用于填埋场的防渗。有机挥发性化合物在复合衬里中迁移时,其主要的机理是分子扩散作用。本文建立了有机挥发性化合物在复合衬里中的一维扩散模型,并得到了解析解。将该解析解和以往给出的数值解法作了比较,发现两者得到的结果较为接近,从而验证了本文解的可靠性。基于本文计算模型,分析了三种常用复合衬里对挥发性有机化合物的防渗性能。研究发现对于挥发性有机化合物甲苯,土工膜和GCL组成的复合衬里的浸出液总量要比土工膜和较厚粘土衬里组成的复合衬里大好几个量级。     

Contaminant mitigating performance of Chinese standard municipal solid waste landfill liner systems

In 2004, Chinese Government prescribed standard municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill bottom liners. However, very limited research has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the standard MSW landfill bottom liners prescribed by the Chinese Government. In this paper, the performance of the two types of Chinese MSW landfill bottom liner systems was evaluated based on: (1) the maximum leachate head; (2) leakage rate; (3) peak concentration of the target contaminant in an aquifer which was underlain the assumed landfill, and (4) total mass per unit area of the target contaminant discharged into the aquifer. The performance of the German standard MSW landfill bottom liner system was evaluated and compared with that of Chinese ones. It is found that the calculated maximum leachate head for the Chinese landfill liner systems was much higher than that for the German one. The calculated leakage rate, peak concentration and the maximum total mass per unit area in the aquifer of the target contaminant show that the performance of the Chinese standard landfill liner Type 2 is practically the same as that of the German standard landfill liner with holed geomembrane wrinkles, while the Chinese standard liner Type 1 is less effective, with regarding the mitigation of the impact of landfills to the groundwater quality. It is concluded that the overall performance of the Chinese standard landfill liner systems is less strict than that of the German standard landfill liner system.     

Heat mitigation in geosynthetic composite liners exposed to elevated temperatures

The hydrothermal behaviour of single and double composite liners subjected to elevated temperatures is examined. Particular interest is given to the effect of the presence of wrinkles in the geomembrane (GMB) as well as defects, and the existence of a gap between the primary and the secondary liners caused by the presence of a leak detection system. Heat flow resulting from elevated temperature was found to be mainly influenced by the size of the air-filled gaps present within the composite lining systems. The larger the air-filled gap size, the lower was the heat flow through a barrier system. The presence of a leak detection layer (i.e., large air-filled gap) and GMB layers were found to be the primary factors to reduce heat flow substantially through the lining systems. Therefore, the presence of a leak detection layer combined with a secondary GMB can improve the overall thermal insulation capacity of a double liner system, minimise heat flow through the secondary liner and offer the possibility of protecting the GCL (if present) and the subgrade from possible heat induced drying/desiccation. A leak in the geomembrane can minimise the gain in thermal insulation. However, this effect can be reduced if the liquid is regularly pumped out.     

Analytical model for coupled consolidation and diffusion of organic contaminant transport in triple landfill liners

A triple-layer composite liner consisting of a geomembrane liner (GMB), a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and a compacted clay liner (CCL) is commonly used at the landfill bottom liner system to isolate the contaminated leachates. In this paper, one-dimensional quasi-steady-state small deformation model (SDSS) was developed to investigate the behavior of organic chemicals transport in landfill composite liner system considering coupled effect of consolidation, diffusion and degradation. The first and second type bottom boundary conditions are used to derive the analytical solutions. The generalized integral transform technique (GITT) is adopted to derive the analytical solutions. The effect of consolidation on the performance of GMB/GCL/CCL with intact or leaking GMB is investigated. The triple liner under double drainage boundary condition (DDBC) has better performance compared to the case under single drainage boundary condition (SDBC). This is because the velocity induced by consolidation under DDBC is lower than that under SDBC. The effect of GCL consolidation shows an opposite trend compared to CCL consolidation. Considering GCL consolidation can increase the breakthrough time. The effective diffusion coefficient of GCL can be two magnitude orders smaller after consolidation, which provides a better diffusion barrier for the chemical transport. The effects of adsorption and degradation have been analyzed as well. Increasing the adsorption capacity of a deforming composite liner can increase the steady-state bottom flux, which shows the opposite tendency compared to the case without considering consolidation. This is due to the fact that for the case of a deforming composite liner, the advection induced by consolidation includes a new term due to the solid velocity. This velocity will result in the increase the mass of chemical migration through the composite liner.     

Landfill Lining for Leachate Containment

There is an increasing need for engineered liners to prevent the escape of leachate and to control the migration of landfill gas. This has been influenced by new European and UK legislation and codes of practice.
General principles of site design are explained, followed by a review of the advantages and disadvantages of different liner systems, including mineral liners (natural clay, mudrocks and soil/bentonite admixtures), geomembranes and composite liners.
The need for conservative factors of safety in site design and high standards of quality control, involving full-time supervision and independent certification of the installation works, are considered essential to ensure the effectiveness of the barrier.
There is no one ideal liner material. Composite mineral/geomembrane liners provide the highest degree of security against leakage and, as such, should be considered as 'the norm'rather than for use only in particularly high-risk situations.     

Organic acid transport through a partially saturated liner system beneath a landfill

A one-dimensional model was developed to investigate the transport of organic acids (commonly found in landfill leachate) through a partially saturated composite liner system beneath a landfill. Specific attention was paid to the influence of water content distribution on aqueous-phase diffusion process. Composite liner system was investigated, which was consisted of a geomembrane and a compacted clay liner underlain by three kinds of attenuation layer: sand layer, sandy clay loam layer, and clay layer. Volumetric water content profile in soil layers was obtained by Van Genuchten model, and the Millington and Quirk model was employed to describe the non-linear relationship between volumetric water content and diffusion coefficient. Three cases were analyzed and compared, i.e., totally saturated condition, unsaturated condition without considering unsaturated diffusion model, and unsaturated condition considering unsaturated diffusion model. The numerical results show that the unsaturated sand attenuation layer could serve as excellent diffusion barrier to organic contaminant due to its low water retention capacity. When the dependence of diffusion coefficient on volumetric water content is sufficiently considered, the contaminant flux decreases significantly in all the three kinds of attenuation layer. Unsaturated diffusion model capturing the relationship between water content and diffusion coefficient enables a more reasonable prediction of contaminant transport and distribution in soils.