Heat Exchanger Network synthesis with Detailed Heat Exchanger Design

Pressure drop and fouling are important issues in heat exchanger network synthesis, which are usually neglected. Heat exchangers were designed in detail during the heat exchanger network synthesis, and pressure drop and fouling effects were taken into account. Pinch analysis combined with exergoeconomic analysis was used for determining optimal minimum approach temperature (ΔT_min) for heat exchanger network synthesis. Exergy consumption of heat transfer in HENs was calculated using a subsection integral on balanced composite curves. The heat transfer coefficients of all heat exchangers in the network were calculated iteratively to meet the requirements of optimal area and allowable pressure drops. The proposed method was applied to an industrial case. Numerical results indicate the importance of the detailed design of heat exchangers in HENs synthesis.     

A computerized and integrated approach for heat exchanger network design in multipurpose batch plants

Significant savings in the utility cost of batch plants can be obtained by heat integration. In this study, an integrated mathematical programming approach is developed for the determination of the cost optimal heat exchanger network for multipurpose batch chemical plants. A single step, interactive computer program (BatcHEN) which is developed for the determination of the campaigns (i.e. the set of products which can be produced simultaneously), the heat exchange areas of all possible heat exchangers in the campaigns and finally the heat exchanger network are all discussed. A matrix search algorithm is used for the determination of the campaigns. Heat exchange areas for the possible heat exchangers are found by solving a nonlinear optimization model with a grid search algorithm. Finally the heat exchanger network optimization is modeled as a mixed integer linear programming problem and then solved by the modeling and optimization software GAMS/XA.     

Simultaneous MINLP synthesis of heat and power integrated heat exchanger networks

This paper describes the simultaneous MINLP synthesis of heat and power integrated heat exchanger networks. The objective of this work is to obtain feasible networks with optimal tradeoffs between investment, utility and power consumption caused by pressure drops in heat exchangers, and to use a detailed design model for exchangers in the synthesis in order to represent pressure drops and heat transfer coefficients as functions of exchanger design variables. In this way, the simultaneous synthesis of HEN and the detailed exchanger design become completely consistent and optimal.     

常减压换热网络的优化节能研究

应用自行开发的换热网络软件包,对吉化炼油厂常减压装置的换热网络进行了优化节能研究,通过换热网络的合成、分析、换热器优化设计及流程模拟,找出了原有换热网络存在的问题,提出了对原有换热网络优化改进的方案,并进行了优化设计。     

A monogenetic algorithm for optimal design of large-scale heat exchanger networks

The optimal design of large-scale heat exchanger networks is a quite difficult task not only due to its non-linear characteristics but also due to a great number of local optima in its solution space. An explicit analytical solution of stream temperatures for the superstructure heat exchanger networks was developed, which reduces number of decision variables significantly. Based on this solution, a mathematical model for synthesis of heat exchanger networks was formulated for searching the optimal configuration of a heat recovery system by a hybrid genetic algorithm. For large-scale heat exchanger networks, a monogenetic algorithm based on the optimization of sub-networks is proposed. In the first step of the optimization, the hybrid genetic algorithm is applied to the synthesis of the whole heat exchanger network for finding the functional groups (sub-networks) rather than the chromosomes (positions of the heat exchangers and splits of the streams) and genes (areas and heat capacity flow rates). Then the monogenetic algorithm for evolution of the functional groups is carried out to improve the HEN. This procedure was applied to examples taken from literature and better results were obtained.     

换热器结垢与换热网络裕量设计方法研究进展

从结垢现象影响换热系统正常运行的角度出发,介绍了近几年换热网络裕量设计以及针对结垢问题不同学者研究出的换热网络优化设计。总结了在换热网络设计中对换热器清洗时序、清洗周期优化或者增加换热网络的裕量设计的不同换热网络设计最优方法,但这些方法都是在换热网络设计之初,考虑换热器结垢最严重的情况即换热网络在“最差”工况下进行的优化,因此优化得到的换热网络难以保证换热网络全运行周期的持续节能优化。本文结合现有换热网络设计方法的利弊,针对结垢过程的慢时变、持续特点,提出一种基于长周期持续节能的换热网络设计优化方法,在换热网络设计之初,定量分析结垢对网络结构的影响,以换热网络全周期累积总费用为目标函数,实现换热网络的最优综合。     

基于智能预测和机理模型的换热网络清洗决策

原油石化装置的换热器常受到结垢影响,导致换热器性能衰退严重,换热网络性能也会随之衰退,同时换热器之间的耦合关系,导致不同换热器的性能衰退对换热网络整体性能变化的影响不同。以往的清洗决策主要是根据单台换热器性能衰退到一定程度来制定的,这会导致换热网络整体可能处在较差的运行状态。因此,本文提出一种基于智能预测和机理模型的换热网络清洗决策方法,基于换热器的运行数据建立智能预测模型,获得换热器性能变化趋势,结合换热网络的性能模拟模型,进一步获得换热网络的性能变化趋势,从而从换热网络整体性能变化的角度来制定清洗方案。研究表明,对收集到的原油换热器运行数据,建立神经网络预测模型,具有较好的预测精度。通过对原油精馏装置换热网络的案例分析,当HE1、HE2和HE5三台换热器同时发生性能衰退时,换热网络年度公用工程能耗费用将增加12.1%。与传统基于单台换热器性能衰退情况制定的清洗方案相比,从换热网络整体性能衰退角度制定的清洗方案,年度额外公用工程费用减少13.1%,损失费用减少14.1%,年度总费用减少13.8%,而清洗次数仅增加3台次。     

多管程换热器换热网络的合成

Many methods have been proposed for synthesis of heat exchanger networks in recent years, most of which consider single pass exchangers. In this study some evolutionary rules have been proposed for synthesis of multipass exchanger networks. The method is based on the heuristic that optimal networks should feature maximum energy recovery and have the minimum number of shells. The effectiveness of the developed evolutionary rules is demonstrated through some literature examples.     

Synthesis of multipass heat exchanger networks using genetic algorithms

In this work, a methodology based on genetic algorithms (GAs) is developed for the optimal synthesis of multipass heat exchanger networks (HENs). The network model is based on a stagewise superstructure, and the problem of finding the optimum number of 1–2 shells in series of multipass heat exchangers is aided by an efficient optimization model that uses the standard F_T design method. The proposed methodology allows for proper handling of the trade-offs involving energy consumption, number of units, number of 1–2 shells and network area to provide a network with the minimum total annual cost. The results of the examples show that the new approach is able to find more economical networks than those generated by other methods.     

换热网络的同步综合设计

提出了换热网络的一种新的转运模型,以并串模式和非等温混合过程描述换热网络的热力学和经济性的总要求,不使用挟点分离、最小单元数等启发式规则,并允许交叉换热和不同物流间的膜传热系数与温差合理匹配.这一模型与优化模型相结合,自动产生换热网络,确定相应的最优公用工程费用、换热面积、换热器台数与冷热流间的匹配,其可行域由一集线性约束确定,鲁棒性很好,易于求解.该方法克服了换热网络的各种分步骤综合方法的缺陷(包括挟点技术、双温差法及相关数学规划方法).与文献上其它同步优化方法比较,具有模型简单、规模小、可算性强、初始化简易、计算结果可靠的优点.通过对文献中广泛使用的例题的检验,结果优于现有的其它方法.     

基于Kalman滤波的换热器非线性状态参数校正

炼化工艺系统中换热网络数据的准确提取将直接影响到集成优化方案和优化控制的性能。针对换热器非线性状态参数的数据校正,构建了换热器分段线性集总参数传热过程模型,有效地解决了换热器流股物性非线性变化所引起的非线性状态空间方程求解的问题;提出了分段线性的Kalman滤波状态空间方程建立和换热器状态参数校正方法,并通过蜡油加氢装置反应流出物高压换热器工业实例阐述了所提出方法的实现过程和效果。研究表明：换热器分段线性集总参数模型中分段数对Kalman滤波的计算收敛性具有重要影响,随着分段数的增大,换热器状态参数收敛于固定值,分段数需根据计算精度通过试差确定。本文方法可对换热器非线性状态参数实施有效的数据校正,对流股物性进行分段线性化处理具有较高的计算精度,可用于大温差或物性变化较剧烈情况下换热器非线性状态参数的数据校正。     

基于场协同原理的换热网络性能评价因子

换热网络问题严重的非凸、非线性使从数学角度发现此类问题的全局最优解变得十分困难。鉴于此,本文以场协同理论为基础,建立了一种从温差场均匀性角度描述换热网络结构性能的评价因子,以期简化换热网络综合过程,获得高效的换热网络结构。首先以单体换热器的温差均匀性因子为基础,比拟出适用于换热网络的温差均匀性因子,称之为换热网络性能评价因子。继之,选择3个不同的算例,在固定结构和固定面积两个角度下分析了评价因子的有效性。最后,计算结果表明：提出的基于权重的换热网络温差均匀性因子与网络结构的总换热量之间能够形成明显的对应关系,可以准确地描述换热网络结构性能。简而言之,温差均匀性因子的值越小,对应换热网络结构的性能越好。     

Analysis and operation of cooling water flows in a heat exchangers network

In general, the flow rates of cooling water flowing in a heat exchangers network should be measured for its operational purpose. However, it is difficult to install flow meters on every spot because of the financial and technical reasons. This work presents an explicit algorithm for determining the flow rates of cooling water flowing in the heat exchangers network in the chemical plant. An algorithm is also presented to obtain the desired flow rates of cooling water in each heat exchanger. In order to solve this problem, multivariable optimization techniques will be used to minimize the differences between the desired flow rates and the present cooling water flow rates which flows through the heat exchanger. The commercial computer program GAMS/MINOS which solves the nonlinear optimization problem is used. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the scope of this work which can be handled with the formulation.     

Design of heat exchanger network based on entransy theory

The heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis problem based on entransy theory is analyzed. According to the characteristics of entransy representation of thermal potential energy, the entransy dissipation represents the irreversibility of the heat transfer process, the temperature difference determines the entransy dissipation, and four HEN design steps based on entransy theory are put forward. The present study shows how it is possible to set energy targets based on entransy and achieve them with a network of heat exchangers by an example of heat exchanger network design for four streams. In order to verify the correctness of the heat exchanger networks design method based on entransy theory, the synthesis of the HEN for the diesel hydrogenation unit is studied. Using the heat exchange networks design method based on entransy theory, the HEN obtained is consistent with energy targets. The entransy transfer efficiency of HEN based on entransy theory is 92.29%, higher than the entransy transfer efficiency of the maximum heat recovery network based on pinch technology.     

带有热储罐的间歇过程换热网络综合

间歇过程流股对时间的依赖性增加了其换热网络综合的难度。提出了一种采用间接换热进行换热网络综合的方法,且考虑了直接换热,同时提出了合并热储罐的方法,并利用热储罐的特点合并间接换热中的换热器,用以减少设备费用,以热储罐中介质的温度为变量以年度总费用最小为目标函数建立非线性规划数学模型,确定热储罐内介质温度,最后将该方法应用于实例中证明此方法的有效性。     

柔性换热网络综合与清洗计划同步优化(英文)

A novel methodology is presented for simultaneously optimizing synthesis and cleaning schedule of flexible heat exchanger network (HEN) by genetic/simulated annealing algorithms (GA/SA). Through taking into account the effect of fouling process on optimal network topology, a preliminary network structure possessing twofold oversynthesis is obtained by means of pseudo-temperature enthalpy (T-H) diagram approach prior to simultaneous optimization. Thus, the computational complexity of this problem classified as NP (Non-deterministic Polynomial)-complete can be significantly reduced. The promising matches resulting from preliminary synthesis stage are further optimized in parallel with their heat exchange areas and cleaning schedule. In addition, a novel continuous time representation is introduced to subdivide the given time horizon into several variable-size intervals according to operating periods of heat exchangers, and then flexible HEN synthesis can be implemented in dynamic manner. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate that the presented strategy is feasible to decrease the total annual cost (TAC) and further improve network flexibility, but even more important, it may be applied to solve large-scale flexible HEN synthesis problems.     

Design of resilient processing plants—IV: Some new results on heat exchanger network synthesis

Simple and reliable methods to synthesize the most efficient network of heat exchangers to heat and cool known process streams between stated temperatuExamples in this paper demonstrate the strong need for systematic design procedures for resilient networks. Networks designed on the basis of intuitiveSome fundamental properties of optimal resilient heat exchanger networks are proven first. On this basis a theoretically rigorous synthesis technique i     

Optimal operation of heat exchanger networks through energy flow redistribution

This article presents a novel energy flow redistribution methodology to achieve optimal operation of heat exchanger networks. The proposed method aims to manipulate the propagation path of a disturbance through the network to reduce its impact on utility consumption. Specifically, an optimization problem is formulated to generate new duty targets for heat exchangers of the network when a disturbance is encountered. Subsequently, a feedback control system is designed to track these targets by manipulating bypasses around the process heat exchangers. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is illustrated with the help of three benchmark examples. The proposed approach can handle disturbances in inlet as well as target temperature, inlet flow and heat transfer coefficient of individual heat exchangers.     

用于超结构换热器网络热计算和网络综合的显式解

For the optimal design of a heat exchanger network, the inlet and outlet stream temperatures of each heat exchanger in the network should be known. An explicit analytical solution of stream temperatures of an arbitrary connected heat exchanger network was introduced, which is suitable for the thermal calculation of heat exchanger networks. For the heat exchanger network synthesis, this solution was further developed and coupled with the stage-wise superstructure heat exchanger networks. The new calculation procedure reduced the computer memory requirement dramatically. On the basis of this solution, a mathematical model for synthesis of heat exchanger networks with genetic algorithm was formulated, which is always feasible and no iteration is needed. Two examples were calculated with the proposed approach and better results were obtained.     

有分流换热网络的弹性设计-基于温度波动情形

提出了基于温度波动的有分流换热网络的超结构模型和同步优化的弹性设计方法。首先对于起始温度在一定范围内波动的物流进行预处理。即分段处理。然后建立换热网络同步优化的数学模型,最后对分段物流进行合并,并通过能量松弛方法得取满意一定弹性要求的换热网络结构。