Effective distribution of domestic wastewater effluent between percolation trenches in on-site treatment systems.

On-site treatment systems discharging to groundwater rely on the effective distribution of effluent across a percolation area to provide an appropriate loading rate for the subsoil. In Ireland, this is achieved in a distribution box which splits the effluent evenly between the requisite number of percolation pipes. The flow regime experienced at four different distribution boxes was monitored continuously over twelve month periods which established that the most common flow rates at the distribution unit were in the range 1-4 litres/minute for a four to five person dwelling. In addition, the average flow rate from the four sites was only 100 litres per person per day, compared to recommended design value of 180 litres per person per day. Two distribution boxes were also tested in the laboratory to assess their distribution efficiency over a range of loading rates. The most commonly installed unit was found to significantly favour two out of the four trenches and both units were shown to perform particularly poorly at a range of different off-level installation angles. Modifications to the boxes were also tested, involving plastic V-notch inserts which were shown to greatly improve the hydraulic distribution and make the unit much less sensitive to off-level installation or subsidence.     

翻斗式雨量计的误差分析与改进

目前国内外水文自动测报系统使用的翻斗式雨量计存在翻斗式雨量传感器测量误差偏大问题,翻斗式雨量传感器主要存在最大起始、翻斗计量、器口尺寸等误差,在分析误差产生原因的基础上,提出相应的改进措施,主要措施有:调整翻斗感量,减小翻斗倾角,缩短2斗室转换时间,增大承雨口面积,安装阀门消减器差装置,仪器表面喷涂特氟龙,利用软件改正误差.从理论上解决了翻斗式雨量计误差偏大问题,可以在实践中推广应用     

Calibration of tipping bucket rain gauges

A tipping bucket rain gauge measures rain fall volumes with high resolution, thus enabling calculation of rain intensities. To ensure that the volume of one tipping is independent of the rain intensity a syphon is introduced. However, the syphon introduces problems with respect to both a time lag and problems when reconstructing the underlying rain intensities. This problem is studied in detail. The rain gauge in question is a RIMCO tipping bucket rain gauge, used by the Danish Water Pollution Control Committee (DWPCQ. The rain gauge has been tested in the laboratory and in the field. The study shows, that it is possible to reduce the syphon volume to a level where the problems of the syphon are small and yet maintain the same accuracy with respect to volume registrations.     

The development of a code of practice for single house on-site wastewater treatment in Ireland

The performance of six separate percolation areas was intensively monitored to ascertain the attenuation effects of unsaturated subsoils with respect to on-site wastewater effluent: three sites receiving septic tank effluent, the other three sites receiving secondary treated effluent. The development of a biomat across the percolation areas receiving secondary treated effluent was restricted on these sites compared to those sites receiving septic tank effluent. This created significant differences in terms of the hydraulic loading on the percolation areas with implications for the transport and attenuation of indicator microorganisms and nitrogen down through the subsoils and into the groundwater. The results of this work have formed a large input into the production of a new Code of Practice Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems Serving Single Houses. This has led to changes in the design of on-site hydraulic loading from 180 L per capita per day (L/c.d) down to 150 L/c.d. The range of acceptable subsoils receiving septic tank effluent has narrowed for more highly permeable subsoils following a series of tracer studies using bacteriophages. However, the range has been extended for lower permeability subsoils (range 0.08 down to 0.06 m/d) receiving secondary treated effluent in order to encourage the effluent to spread further along the trenches. The maximum individual length of percolation trenches receiving secondary effluent has also been reduced to 10 m to encourage dispersion on a wider area. This paper thus highlights how research can directly feed into a Code of Practice.     

池式窄缝戽流消能计算方法研究

本文提出一种新型的综合性消能工，为池式掺气窄缝墩戽流消能，与常规的戽式消力池进行了比较。试验表明：池式掺气窄缝墩戽流消能极明显地提高了消能效果，文中给了出了戽内断面水深ｈ１，窄缝墩绕流阻力系数Ｃｄ以及下游界限水深ｈ１的计算公式，同时对下游河床的冲刷进行了分析，给出了冲坑长、冲坑深的经验公式。     

翻斗式雨量计翻斗旋转时间特性分析

在翻斗式雨量计的研究中,由于翻斗旋转速度较快,造成翻斗旋转时间的测量一直以来都是一个难点。利用图像处理中的帧间差分法,结合Matlab软件编程,提出了一种新的翻斗旋转时间测量方法。在此基础上,将该方法应用于4种常用的翻斗式雨量计,在不同的雨强尺度下分别进行试验研究,分析翻斗旋转的时间特性。结果表明:（1）试验中使用的4种单层翻斗式雨量计的翻斗旋转时间在小雨强下不稳定,波动较大;在大雨强下较为稳定,波动较小。（2）JDZ02和CQS·JD02的翻斗旋转时间随雨强的增大而减小,呈较好的线性关系,R2分别为0.99和0.86;JDZ05和CQS·JD05的线性关系不明显,R2均小于0.6。（3）引入数字图像处理中的帧间差分法可以有效获取翻斗旋转的时间特性,并加深对翻斗雨量计的认识。     

挑流反弧段水流掺气浓度的试验研究

通过泄槽水力学模型试验,研究了溢洪道、泄洪洞等泄水建筑物挑流反弧段掺气浓度的沿程变化规律;分析反弧段掺气浓度分布与挑坎高度、挑流段反弧半径以及来流流量之间的关系,以期为优化掺气坎体型及掺气坎下游设施提供依据。试验结果表明,挑流反弧段水流表、中、底不同部位掺气浓度的沿程衰减率是不相同的;在试验范围内,挑流反弧段水流掺气浓度随掺气坎高和反弧半径的增大而增大,随流量的增加而减小。     

净水箱护岸设计及试验研究

本文将生物-生态水体修复技术引入护岸结构,设计了净水箱护岸结构,该结构充分利用了河道排污管所在岸坡具有一定坡度和落差的特点,只需对原有小而分散的沿河排污管道进行简单改造,将污水布入净水箱护岸结构即可。现场试验表明,尽管累计水力停留时间仅为2h,但系统对初期径流污水中的监测污染物去除率都在40％以上;截留后的雨水仅在净水箱中停留5d,相对进水浓度而言的监测污染物累计去除率都在75％以上。该结构净化污水效果好,整洁美观,运行成本低,维护简单,不占用土地,在我国有较高的推广应用价值。     

旧州水文站自动测报与人工观测降水量对比分析

介绍了翻斗式雨量计和普通式雨量计使用原理,主要就自动测报系统降水量与人工观测降水量进行对比分析,从仪器本身误差、人为误差、安装位置等不同方面对降水存在的误差进行分析,以利于更好发挥系统作用。     

河渠分汊处流量与污染物分配

本文建立了一个深度平均的水环境全场紊流模型,将流场与浓度场耦合求解以确定流场和浓度场的分布,通过数值积分得出分流比与污染物分配比。对分汊河渠不规则边界的处理,本文提出了一种新方法:区域坐标系统法。应用上述数学模型和数值方法,本文对河渠分汊点上游存在岸边排放口时分汊河段的流场和浓度场进行了计算,并着重讨论了对称分汊情况下分汊角、排放口入射动量对汊道分流比和污染物分配比的影响。所得计算结果与作者的实验资料符合较好。在此基础上,对不对称分汊情况下流量及污染物的分配也进行了初步探讨。     

Nitrogen loading on groundwater from the discharge of on-site domestic wastewater effluent into different subsoils in Ireland.

The performance of six separate percolation areas has been intensively monitored to ascertain the attenuation effects of the unsaturated subsoil with respect to on-site wastewater effluent. Septic tank effluent on three sites and secondary treated effluent on the other three sites was discharged into subsoils of varying percolation values. Samples of the percolating effluent were taken using suction lysimeters installed to nominal depths of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 m below the invert of the percolation trenches. The results clearly showed that the development of a biomat across the percolation areas receiving secondary treated effluent was muted on these sites compared to the sites receiving septic tank effluent. Significant differences were found between the sites receiving septic tank and secondary treated effluent in terms of the potential nitrogen loading to groundwater. The average nitrogen loading after 1.0 m depth of unsaturated subsoil per capita equated to 5.5, 3.3 and 3.2 gTotal-N/d for the sites receiving secondary treated effluent compared to 4.2, 1.7 and 0.3 gTotal-N/d for the sites receiving septic tank effluent. The noticeably higher nitrogen loading on one of the septic tank sites corresponded to the effluent percolating through highly permeable subsoil that counteracted any significant denitrification.     

长沟泵站泵装置流道优化与选型研究

经对南水北调长沟泵站肘型和钟型进水流道分别与平直管式、低驼峰式、虹吸式出水流道组合成10个装置流道方案,进行水力优化设计和CFD计算分析,优选出较佳的2种进水-出水流道与优选的2个转轮模型,再组合成4组泵装置,进行装置模型同台对比试验。试验所得最优泵装置即TJ04-ZL-06模型转轮配肘型进水流道-低驼峰出水流道,在设计工况（对应泵站平均扬程3.66、流量33.5m3/s）时装置效率达78.2%,综合性能达到了较理想的目标,大大提高了装置效率和叶轮中心安装高程,不仅减少了工程投资还节约了年运行费。     

浅水软地基海区桶形基础平台的沉贯技术

为了在渤海辽东湾海域应用桶形基础采油平台,针对该海域水文地质状况,在负压安装机理研究的基础上制定了桶形基础防冲淘、平台沉贯整体倾斜调整的技术方案,开展室内负压沉贯与静力压贯试验,设计了负压沉贯抽吸泵组模块,并成功应用于JZ9-3W桶形基础平台的海上安装,为在表层地基软弱、海底冲淘严重的浅水区安装桶形基础平台提供了一套可重复利用的抽吸泵组模块和负压安装技术。     

饱和砂土吸力基础沉贯过程中渗流场分布

针对不同长径比的传统吸力基础及裙式吸力基础,采用有限元数值模拟的方法,研究其在饱和砂土内吸力沉贯过程中的土体渗流场分布规律。研究结果表明:传统吸力基础在沉贯过程中,土中渗流场均呈现层状分布,水头等值线密集分布于主桶内部土体,相对比较平缓;而主桶外部水头等值线变化较小且分布比较稀疏。裙式吸力基础渗流场主要存在于主桶内部和裙结构内部,并向外扩散至部分土体。吸力沉贯过程中土体的水头损失主要集中在主桶内部和裙结构内部,土体中的孔压分布和传统吸力基础规律一致,即成层状分布并未出现泡状的孔压分布形式。研究成果对揭示吸力基础沉贯机理有理论指导意义。     

Hydraulic performance of a modified constructed wetland system through a CFD-based approach

Low-cost household technologies, as horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands, are important to address water and sanitation needs in the Asia-Pacific region in a more integrated and sustainable manner, and a better understanding of these technologies would benefit their engineering design. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of a modified constructed wetland system (EvaTAC) were undertaken to determine empirical effects of geometric and flow parameters on the hydraulic performance and the effluent pollutant fraction. The CFD model was validated by comparing the computed residence time distribution (RTD) with experimental results. RTD functions were then used to quantify hydraulic indexes: short-circuiting, mixing, and moment. The EvaTAC is composed of an evapotranspiration and treatment chamber (CEvaT) and a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF-CW). For the CEvaT, length and the interaction between length and flow rate were the most important factors for the hydraulic efficiency. For the effluent pollutant fraction, the most important factor was flow rate. For the HSSF-CW, the strongest influence on the hydraulic efficiency was the length. Baffles and the interaction between length and baffles also had significant statistical influence on the hydraulic efficiency. Furthermore, the results showed that flow rate, length, and the interaction between flow rate and length influenced the effluent pollutant fraction significantly. Finally, a poor correlation between hydraulic indexes and effluent pollutant fraction was obtained, indicating that the hydraulic indexes are not good predictors of the effluent pollutant fraction.     

粉质黏土中筒型基础沉放的影响范围研究

随着我国近海风电场规模化建造,宽浅式筒型基础得到了越来越多的应用。为了抵抗百米高塔筒产生的巨大弯矩,筒型基础直径达到了40 m。为了准确评估筒型基础在施工期和服役期的地基承载力,有必要研究筒型基础沉放过程对周围土体产生的影响。本文开展了系统的室内模型试验研究,模拟了筒型基础的自重沉放与负压沉放过程,监测了筒基沉放过程中筒内外土体孔隙水压力变化及沉放前后土体强度的改变;基于孔穴扩张理论推导了筒型基础沉放最大径向影响范围的计算公式。研究结果表明:筒型基础在自重沉放阶段对周围径向土体的影响范围为距筒中心2.2倍半径;负压沉放阶段对土体的影响范围为距筒中心1.6倍半径。     

曲率缓变型反弧段水流的紊动特性

本文在曲率缓变型反弧段水流时均特性研究的基础上，进一步使用二维激光测速系统对其紊动特性进行探讨，通过试验测得反弧段时均流速分布，流向和法向脉动流速的各种特征值；应用离心不稳定性理论分析了反弧水流特性，阐明沿程断面流速分布在反弧前半部趋于瘦弱，后半部趋于丰满的原因，并说明离心不稳定性作用导致反弧水流的混掺加剧；论证了壁面切应力和紊流强度在反弧后半段逐渐增加的原因；通过试验发现离心不稳定性效应的滞后现     

双层翻斗式雨量计翻斗特性的试验和模拟分析

为探究双层翻斗式雨量计(DTBR)减小计量误差的作用机理以及进一步提高DTBR的计量精度,利用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,通过高速摄像掌握翻斗翻转特性,结合动网格和流体体积法(VOF)模型对DTBR上层翻斗的翻转过程进行流体动力学模拟,并进一步优化了DTBR的结构设计。结果表明:DTBR依靠上层翻斗,通过中间漏斗将自然降水强度下的出流量稳定在1.01.g/s左右注入下层计量翻斗,可明显降低降水强度对雨量计计量误差的影响,且在高降水强度下的效果更加明显；中间漏斗在不同降水强度下的流量均稳定在1.g/s(等效1.91 mm/min降水强度)左右,在DTBR标定中,可考虑只对下层的计量翻斗进行1.91 mm/min降水强度的标定,即可满足DTBR的计量要求；中间漏斗存在震荡出流过程,出流最大可达2.g/s左右；降低上层翻斗的中轴高度可在一定程度上稳定中间漏斗的出流过程。     

用于潮流能双向发电的导流装置性能研究

为解决受叶片翼型的影响而导致发电设备在一个潮流周期内平均效率下降的问题,提高发电设备总的输出功率,对一种可将潮流双向流动转换为单向流动的双向导流装置进行了研究分析。首先,建立了发电装置输出功率的数学模型,采用数值分析的方法研究了圆角半径对双向导流装置内部流场、阻力系数k、流速比以及水轮机输出功率的影响,随后进行水下拖拽试验,测试双向导流装置的实际效果。研究结果表明:当R<1.4 l时,增大过渡圆角半径有利于降低流动阻力损耗,改善流速分布不均的情况,提高双向导流装置的性能。在相同负载条件下,潮流流速为1 m/s时,加装双向导流装置后,负载上的平均电功率比裸叶片提高了79%。双向导流装置能够避免潮流反向带来的负面影响,显著提高发电设备在一个潮流周期内的平均输出功率。     

基于翻斗法的自动量水技术及其应用

分析翻斗式自动量水技术发展现状,对其基本结构组成和工作原理进行阐述.同时介绍了作者从降低制造成本角度设计的3种新型自记流量计.介绍了翻斗式自动量水技术在降雨量及其过程监测、坡面径流小区的径流监测、小流域地下裂隙潜流的监测以及水面蒸发监测中的应用情况.