Complex oxide structures formed by oxidation of Ag(100) and Ag(111) by hyperthermal atomic oxygen

Abstract

Silver (100) and (111) single crystals were exposed to a unique hyperthermal atomic oxygen source, which produces a high flux of 5.1eV atomic oxygen, for seven hours at 220°C. The resultant oxide and oxide–metal interfaces were characterized by optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM). The oxide scale was more than 10 µm thick and very weakly attached to the Ag substrate. The silver oxides were complex and surprising, differ in their thickness and the oxide phases due to the orientation of the Ag single crystals. The cross-section TEM studies revealed complex microstructures with many defects, such as micro-twins, porosity and irregular shaped grains.     

Evaluation of atomic oxygen resistant coatings for space structures

The present generation of satellites has a life expectancy limited to 3–5 years, often as a result of environmentally induced degradation of the structural materials. Far from being just inert vacuum, low Earth orbit contains reactive atomic oxygen, an increasing quantity of man made debris, natural micrometeorides, ultraviolet radiation and large temperature extremes. As a result of the synergistic effect of these factors, most polymers and polymer matrix composites degrade rapidly. Atomic oxygen resistant coatings are required to protect them. Flexible protective coatings for solar arrays, fiberglass structural elements and silver interconnects have been designated as a critical technology deficient area. In response to this need, a number of protective siloxane and carborane (siloxane) coating systems were developed and evaluated. The results of the Limited Duration Candidate Exposure flight experiment for these coatings are described. The addition of the carborane is essential in preventing cracking of the coating upon oxidation. Due to its unique structure, each carborane unit can incorporate up to 15 oxygen atoms. This gain offsets the shrinkage caused by carbon loss and densification as the upper layer of the coating turns into a silicate or borosilicate glass. No cracking of the carborane (siloxane) coating was detected, in contrast to the siloxane that cracks upon oxidation. Surface analysis of coatings exposed to the low earth orbit environment demonstrates the formation of a glassy borosilicate layer that provides excellent protection to the substrate.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备的SiO2涂层抗原子氧侵蚀性能研穷

以正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）为原料，在乙醇共溶剂和盐酸催化剂条件下，采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备SiO2胶体溶液，通过旋涂法在Kapton基体上制备了SiO2薄膜。采用自己研制的空间综合环境地面模拟设备对试样进行了原子氧暴露实验，测试表明溶胶-凝胶制备的SiO2涂层抗原子氧侵蚀性能优异，抗原子氧侵蚀性能比聚酰亚胺基体提高了2个数量级以上。经FTIR和XPS分析表明在原子氧暴露后涂层表面生成了一层SiO2，它阻止了原子氧对基体材料的进一步侵蚀。涂覆涂层后基体的光学性能没有受到影响。实验证明溶胶-凝胶制备抗原子氧侵蚀的防护涂层是一种行之有效的方法。     

原子氧环境中聚酰亚胺的质量变化和侵蚀机制

用石英晶体微天平(QCM)原位监测并研究了聚酰亚胺薄膜在地面原子氧模拟装置中暴露时的质量变化.结果表明,聚酰亚胺薄膜在较低的原子氧束流通量暴露的初期,试样的质量先增加后降低,质量的降低与暴露的时间成正比.在高原子氧束流通量暴露的初期,试样质量的增加不明显,甚至一开始就发生稳态氧化失重.实验数据拟合的结果表明,原子氧对聚合物造成的侵蚀主要发生在有氧原子吸附的表面.质量的增加是由于较低的原子氧通量没有能完全氧化聚合物的表面.原子氧对聚合物材料的侵蚀机制服从Langmuir吸附理论.     

空间材料的原子氧侵蚀理论和预测模型

低地轨道环境中的原子氧对航天器材料的侵蚀导致材料的性能变坏甚至失效，原子氧的侵蚀机理和防护技术是当前空间环境效应研究的热点．在对原子氧效应机理已有理解的基础上，准确预测空间材料在低地轨道环境中由原子氧引起的侵蚀效应，可对设计者在工程选材和飞行器设计提供帮助。本文综述了近年来发展的原子氧与空间材料相互作用的理论模型和侵蚀速率预测模型，并对各种模型进行了分析，也指出了关于原子氧效应的研究重点．     

Surface engineering of synthetic nanopores by atomic layer deposition and their applications

In the past decade, nanopores have been developed extensively for various potential applications, and their performance greatly depends on the surface properties of the nanopores. Atomic layer deposition （ALD） is a new technology for depositing thin films, which has been rapidly developed from a niche technology to an established method. ALD films can cover the surface in confined regions even in nanoscale conformally, thus it is proved to be a powerful tool to modify the surface of the synthetic nanopores and also to fabricate complex nanopores. This review gives a brief introduction on nanopore synthesis and ALD fundamental knowledge, and then focuses on the various aspects of synthetic nanopores processing by ALD and their applications, including single-molecule sensing, nanofiuidic devices, nanostructure fabrication and other applications.     

电化学原子层外延制备Bi—Se系薄膜

采用电化学原子层外延（electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy，ECALE）方法尝试在Pt电极上沉积Bi2Se3纳米热电薄膜。利用循环伏安扫描研究了Bi^3＋、Se^4＋在Pt电极上的欠电势沉积参数，在此基础上利用自动电沉积系统交替沉积400个Bi、Se原子层。采用电量分析、XRD、EDX对沉积物进行表征。电量分析表明沉积物中存在硒的富余，XRD结果表明沉积物中除了Bi2Se3化合物外还有单质Se的富余。EDX分析沉积物的硒铋原子比为4：1，与XRD分析结果一致。     

模拟空间原子氧对Teflon FEP/Al薄膜性能的影响

在模拟空间环境原子氧辐照的条件下,采用固定的原子氧束流密度进行不同时间的辐照试验,研究了温控材料Teflon FEP/Al薄膜的质量损失、光学性能、表面形貌和表面粗糙度的演化规律.结果表明,材料的质量损失与原子氧的作用时间成正比.辐照前后材料的表面形貌和表面粗糙度发生明显变化,致使太阳吸收率发生明显变化,从而导致材料的光学性能发生变化.     

Chemisorption of molecular oxygen on small copper clusters and the Cu(100) surface

Calculations within the local density approximation are presented for the chemisorption of O₂ on Cu₇---Cu₁₀ and a cluster model for the Cu(100) surface. The charge transfer from the copper atoms to the antibonding π_g^* orbital of the oxygen molecule is investigated in terms of a partial density of state analysis. The copper 4p orbital is found to be of importance for the formation of the bond between metal and adsorbate. The calculations indicate that shell structure effects are of importance for the chemisorption on the clusters.     

Surface morphology and structure of ultra-thin magnesium oxide grown on (100) silicon by atomic layer deposition oxidation

Ultra-thin magnesium oxide layers were elaborated by atomic layer deposition and oxidation process on silicon (100) starting from (2 × 1) thermally-reconstructed or hydrogen-terminated Si surfaces. Low-energy electron diffraction experiments show (2 × 3) and (3 × 3) reconstructions while depositing a magnesium monolayer on Si clean surfaces, and a 3-dimentional growth of the oxide as confirmed by ex-situ atomic force microscopy. For hydrogen-terminated or clean surfaces previously physisorbed by oxygen, uniform cobalt/magnesium-oxide/silicon stacks of layers are observed by transmission electron microscopy. Annealing above 150 °C leads to MgO dissolution and formation of an interfacial complex compound by inter-diffusion of Si and Co.     

泵氧型铈锆固溶体参比氧传感器的制备

传统片式浓差型氧传感器存在陶瓷成型工艺复杂、成本高等问题。为解决此类问题,利用铈锆固溶体储氧材料的储氧特性,将其作为固体氧参比材料代替空气参比,研制铈锆固溶体参比氧传感器,探讨不同化学组成和厚度的CeO2-ZrO2固溶体对传感器氧敏信号的影响。并通过增加泵氧单元以抑制氧敏信号衰减,解决了实际使用中因铈锆固溶体中氧消耗而导致的氧传感器输出信号衰减问题,可满足车用氧传感器的正常工作需要。     

Design of active and stable oxygen reduction reaction catalysts by embedding Co<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>O<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">y</Emphasis></Subscript> nanoparticles into nitrogen-doped carbon

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential in research pertaining to life science and energy. In applications, platinum-based catalysts give ideal reactivity, but, in practice, are often subject to high costs and poor stability. Some cost-efficient transition metal oxides have exhibited excellent ORR reactivity, but the stability and durability of such alternative catalyst materials pose serious challenges. Here, we present a facile method to fabricate uniform Co _x O _y nanoparticles and embed them into N-doped carbon, which results in a composite of extraordinary stability and durability, while maintaining its high reactivity. The half-wave potential shows a negative shift of only 21 mV after 10,000 cycles, only one third of that observed for Pt/C (63 mV). Furthermore, after 100,000 s testing at a constant potential, the current decreases by only 17%, significantly less than for Pt/C (35%). The exceptional stability and durability results from the system architecture, which comprises a thin carbon shell that prevents agglomeration of the Co _x O _y nanoparticles and their detaching from the substrate.

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半绝缘InP（Fe）的低温氯化物VPE生长

介绍了一种半绝缘ＩｎＰ（Ｆｅ）的低温氯化物气相外延（ＶＰＥ）生长方法，生长温度为５５０℃，可为金属有机气相淀积的量子阱结构二次外延半绝缘ＩｎＰ（Ｆｅ）盖层。４０μｍ层厚时电阻率超过５×１０８Ωｃｍ，临界击穿电压达到１０Ｖ以上。用这种方法制备的激光器阈值电流达８０ｍＡ，较平板式的降低３倍，远场图样平行和垂直结平面方向光功率曲线对称性良好，远场发散角，器件测试得到较好光谱。目前尚未见到其它类似报道。     

Structural characterization of InAs quantum dot chains grown by molecular beam epitaxy on nanoimprint lithography patterned GaAs(100)

We combine nanoimprint lithography and molecular beam epitaxy for the site-controlled growth of InAs quantum dot chains on GaAs(100) substrates. We study the influence of quantum dot growth temperature and regrowth buffer thickness on the formation of the quantum dot chains. In particular, we show that by carefully tuning the growth conditions we can achieve equal quantum dot densities and photoluminescence ground state peak wavelengths for quantum dot chains grown on patterns oriented along the [011], [01 ?1], [011] and [001] directions. Furthermore, we identify the crystal facets that form the sidewalls of the grooves in the differently oriented patterns after capping and show that the existence of (411)A sidewalls causes reduction of the QD density as well as sidewall roughening.     

Photoelectrochemical and in situ atomic force microscopy studies of films derived from o-methoxyaniline solution on gallium arsenide (100) photoelectrode

Organic films derived from o-methoxyaniline water solution were deposited on GaAs electrodes in an adsorption process. The photoelectrochemical behavior of the modified electrodes was examined by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic methods. The film morphology dependencies on the monomer concentration in the bulk of solution, electrode potential and oxidation time were monitored by in situ atomic force microscopy. The monitored morphology changes were correlated with the changes in the photocurrent. The differences in the onset potentials and photocurrent magnitude were explained in terms of the formation of a continuous organic film and on the basis of the p-n junction creation at the GaAs/organic film interface. It is suggested that the organic film mediates transfer of the photocharge to the solution. Based on morphological changes in the deposited film and the spectrophotometric data, the formation of the leucoemeraldine, a reduced form of poly (o-methoxyaniline) is proposed.     

Solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME) for simultaneous separation/preconcentration and determination of cobalt and nickel by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS)

Solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME), combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was proposed for simultaneous separation/enrichment and determination of trace amounts of nickel and cobalt in surface waters and sea water. 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) was used as chelating agent. The main parameters affecting the performance of SFODME, such as pH, concentration of PAN, extraction time, stirring rate, extraction temperature, sample volume and nature of the solvent were optimized. Under the optimum experimental conditions, a good relative standard deviation for six determination of 20 ng l⁻¹ of Co(II) and Ni(II) were 4.6 and 3.6%, respectively. An enrichment factor of 502 and 497 and detection limits of 0.4 and 0.3 ng l⁻¹ for cobalt and nickel were obtained, respectively. The procedure was applied to tap water, well water, river water and sea water, and accuracy was assessed through the analysis of certified reference water or recovery experiments.     

Photocatalytic activities of TiO2 thin films prepared on Galvanized Iron substrate by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin films were prepared on Galvanized Iron (GI) substrate by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) using tetrakis-dimethylamido titanium and O₂ plasma to investigate the photocatalytic activities. The PE-ALD TiO₂ thin films exhibited relatively high growth rate and the crystal structures of TiO₂ thin films depended on the growth temperatures. TiO₂ thin films deposited at 200 °C have amorphous phase, whereas those with anatase phase and bandgap energy about 3.2 eV were deposited at growth temperature of 250 °C and 300 °C. From contact angles measurement of water droplet, TiO₂ thin films with anatase phase and Activ™ glass exhibited superhydrophilic surfaces after UV light exposure. And from photo-induced degradation test of organic solution, anatase TiO₂ thin films and Activ™ glass decomposed organic solution under UV illumination. The anatase TiO₂ thin film on GI substrate showed higher photocatalytic efficiency than Activ™ glass after 5 h UV light exposure. Thus, we suggest that the anatase phase in TiO₂ thin film contributes to both superhydrophilicity and photocatalytic decomposition of 4-chlorophenol solution and anatase TiO₂ thin films are suitable for self-cleaning applications.     

原子层沉积技术及其在铁电薄膜制备中的应用

讲述原子层沉积技术原理与特点的同时，进一步论述了它在沉积机理和实验真空度这两方面与传统薄膜沉积工艺的异同；综述了此技术在铁电薄膜制备研究方面的最新进展，前驱体的制备与选择、薄膜缺陷的控制以及表面化学反应动力学依然是当前原子层制备铁电薄膜研究的重点；最后展望了原子层沉积技术制备铁电薄膜的发展方向。     

Effects of oxygen on multiwall carbon nanotubes growth by PECVD

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were grown by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-type plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method in downstream. The temperature was 973 K and the compositions of gases were methane, hydrogen and oxygen in the total pressure of 0.05 MPa. The effect of O₂ concentration in the mixture on the configuration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated in detail. Results from scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that CNTs grown in CH₄/H₂ (38.6%/61.4%, volume) mixture have many defects and contained disordered graphitic materials. With the addition of appropriate amount of O₂ (∼0.67%), high-purity CNTs could be obtained. However, no CNT, even no carbon matrix existed under the condition of an excessive oxygen concentration (>1.0%, volume) in the mixture. In order to understand the role of O₂ during CNTs growth, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was in-situ employed and the results predicted that the improvement of CNTs quality in O₂ addition was attributed to the effect of OH oxidation from the reaction of atomic oxygen with hydrogen in the plasma.