国外化合物半导体产业的现状

1.半导体材料的种类 从化学组成角度看,半导体材料可分为元素半导体和化合物半导体。化合物半导体又可分为Ⅳ-Ⅳ族、Ⅲ-Ⅴ族、Ⅱ-Ⅵ族、Ⅳ-Ⅵ族。每族的典型晶体见表1。     

阴极氧还原催化剂Co基过渡金属硫族化合物的研究进展

简要介绍了高压合成法、固态反应法、水热/溶剂热法、机械合金化法、磁电溅射法、低温回流法等几种制备Co基过渡金属硫族化合物的方法,综述了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)阴极Co基过渡金属硫族化合物催化剂的研究进展,重点讨论了Co-Se、Co-S、Co-Te等催化剂对氧还原反应(ORR)的催化活性,提出了阴极Co基过渡金属硫族化合物催化剂存在的问题以及发展趋势.     

单分散性硫族化合物半导体量子点的制备与表征

硫族半导体化合物大多具有直接能带结构,是良好的光电功能材料,其量子点具有典型的量子效应.介绍了单分散量子点的无机成核/有机包裹的合成方法,通过尺寸选择性沉淀可以得到单分散的量子点;TEM、XRDUV-Vis吸收谱对硫族量子点的表征.     

骨架结构型多元硫砷金属化合物的合成研究

骨架结构的多元硫属金属化合物是一类很好的无机多功能材料，这一类化合物晶体的合成研究引起人们广泛的兴趣。主要介绍了硫、砷(As)与某些金属(如Bi、Ni等)形成阴离子骨架结构这一类化合物的设计合成与研究状况。讨论了采用溶剂热方法合成此类晶体时，影响合成过程的一些因素。     

新型二维铜族硫族化合物MX(M=Cu,Ag,Au;X=S,Se,Te):二维极化金属与可见光催化剂（英文）

二维过渡金属硫族化合物因其优异的特性和广泛的应用前景而受到众多研究领域的关注.本文报道了一类具有极化金属和可见光催化特性的新型二维铜族硫族化合物MX (M=Cu,Ag,Au;X=S,Se,Te).金属性ι-CuS、ι-AgS和ι-AgTe的原子结构是面外反演非对称的,其底部和顶部具有不同功函数.因而这些金属单层与石墨烯形成异质结可使其功函数从4.35 eV扩展到3.87–5.04 eV.半导体性β-AgSe和α-AuTe/α-AuS/α-AuSe在pH=0/7下仅仅满足H⁺/H₂和H₂O/O₂反应的带边要求.进一步,α-AuSe/α-AuTe异质结作为Z型光催化剂在可见光驱动的水分解中具有极大的应用潜力,其具有合适的带边位置、增强的光吸收以及高太阳能-氢能转换效率(20.47%).这些优异的性能使二维铜族硫族化合物MX成为二维过渡金属硫族化合物研究领域的重要组成部分,有望得到理论和实验的密切关注.     

ZnO薄膜生长技术的最新研究进展

ZnO是一种新型的Ⅱ-Ⅳ族半导体材料，目前已研究了开发了许多ZnO薄膜的生长技术，其中，磁控溅射，喷雾热分解，分子束外延，激光脉冲沉积，金属有机物化学气相外延等沉积技术得到了有效应用；而一些新的工艺方法，如溶胶－凝胶，原子层外延，化学浴沉积，离子吸附成膜，离子束辅助沉积，薄膜氧化等也进行了深入研究，详细阐述了ZnO薄膜生长技术的最新研究进展。     

新型红外波段非线性光学晶体材料研究通过验收

中科院福建物构所主持的“新型红外波段非线性光学晶体材料研究”项目通过了专家的验收。该项目组针对非线性光学晶体材料发展前沿领域,开展了红外波段非线性光学晶体材料探索研究,取得了一系列创新性研究进展。他们合成了数种在中红外区透过的新型硼铌酸盐化合物,粉末非线性倍频系数为6．8-20倍KDP,采用助溶剂法研究了晶体生长。合成了数种中远红外透过的新的硫属化物,在空气中可稳定存在至700℃,初步粉末倍频效应测试表明,该类硫属化物具有非线性光学效应。     

我科学家发明制备半导体多晶纳米管新方法

日前。中科院上海硅酸盐研究所在IV-VI族化合物半导体纳米管设计和可控制备研究中取得重要进展。该所朱英杰研究员带领的课题组发明了一种生物分子辅助纳米晶定向自组装的新方法，巧妙地利用含多功能基团的生物分子在室温下成功地制备出一系列铅的硫族化合物（PbS，PbSe，PbTe）半导体多晶纳米管。所制备的铅的硫族化合物多晶纳米管表现出了明显的量子限域效应，在红外成像、红外激光器、半导体红外探测、光敏电阻器、太阳能电池和热电器件等领域具有良好的应用前景。该方法的主要优点是简便、快速、成本低、产率高、无需使用表面活性剂、可在室温下大量制备。该方法不仅为铅的硫族化合物纳米管的设计和可控制备提供了一条新的途径，而且对其它材料体系纳米管的设计和制备也具有启发作用。     

金属氰胺化合物的结构、合成及电化学储能应用

金属氰胺化合物M_x(NCN)_y作为类氧硫族化合物, 是一类新兴的无机功能材料。准线性[NCN]^2-阴离子赋予其空旷和具有孔道的晶体结构、独特的电子结构和新奇的物化性质, 金属氰胺化合物在固态发光、光/电催化及电化学储能等诸多领域展现出应用前景, 近年来逐渐成为研究热点。本文简要回顾了金属氰胺化合物的研究历史, 概述了金属氰胺化合物的晶体结构及物化性质, 总结了常见合成方法及策略, 探讨了金属氰胺化合物在电化学储能领域的应用, 重点论述了其作为锂钠离子电池新型负极材料的电化学性能及存储机制。     

金属氯代硫杂酞菁配位化合物敏化TiO2的研究

研究表明修饰在n-TiO_2多晶半导体电极表面上的金属氯化硫杂酞菁配位化合物,能对TiO_2产生光敏作用,在可见光区出现了光电流响应,且与该配位化合物的电子吸收光谱基本一致;敏化效果与金属氯化硫杂酞菁配位化合物的中心原子有一定的关系。     

多元金属硫族化合物的合成和结构表征

介绍新的发展起来的反应性熔盐法及其在多元金属硫族化合物中温固相合成中的应用，并讨论了这类化合物的结构特征，低维性和热力学介稳性。     

Metal Chalcogenide Clusters on the Border between Molecules and Materials

The preparative and materials chemistry of high nuclearity transition metal chalcogenide nanoclusters has been in the focus of our research for many years. These polynuclear metal compounds possess rich photophysical properties and can be understood as intermediates between mononuclear complexes and binary bulk phases. Based on our previous results we discuss herein recent advances in three different areas of cluster research. In the field of copper selenide clusters we present the synthesis of monodisperse, nanostructured α‐Cu₂Se via the thermolysis of well‐defined cluster compounds as well as our approaches in the synthesis of functionalized clusters. In case of silver chalcogenides we established a strategy to synthesis cluster compounds containing several hundreds of silver atoms with the nanoclusters arranging in a closely packed crystal lattice. Finally the presented chalcogenide clusters of the group 12 metals (Zn, Cd, Hg) can be taken as model compounds for corresponding nanoparticles as even the smallest of frameworks display a clear structural relationship to the bulk materials.     

Synthesis of 2D Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films through the Process Involving Solution‐Phase Deposition

2D metal chalcogenide thin films have recently attracted considerable attention owing to their unique physicochemical properties and great potential in a variety of applications. Synthesis of large‐area 2D metal chalcogenide thin films in controllable ways remains a key challenge in this research field. Recently, the solution‐based synthesis of 2D metal chalcogenide thin films has emerged as an alternative approach to vacuum‐based synthesis because it is relatively simple and easy to scale up for high‐throughput production. In addition, solution‐based thin films open new opportunities that cannot be achieved from vacuum‐based thin films. Here, a comprehensive summary regarding the basic structures and properties of different types of 2D metal chalcogenides, the mechanistic details of the chemical reactions in the synthesis of the metal chalcogenide thin films, recent successes in the synthesis by different reaction approaches, and the applications and potential uses is provided. In the last perspective section, the technical challenges to be overcome and the future research directions in the solution‐based synthesis of 2D metal chalcogenides are discussed.     

Synthesis of Inorganic Nanotubes

Nanotubes constitute an exciting class of one‐dimensional nanomaterials of which carbon nanotubes are recognized widely as materials of importance. The possibility of having inorganic nanotubes was recognized early in the 1990s, accompanied by the report of nanotubes of MoS₂ and WS₂. Since then, nanotubes of several inorganic materials have been prepared and characterized. While nanotubes of metal chalcogenides and oxides form a high proportion of the inorganic nanotubes investigated hither to, nanotubes of many other materials have also been prepared and characterized. Several synthetic strategies including both physical and chemical methods have been employed, of which the use of templates, precursors, and hydro‐ or solvothermal methods are prominent. In this article, we shall present a brief account of the present status of the synthesis of nanotubes of elemental materials as well as binary and complex metal oxides, chalcogenides, pnictides and carbides.     

The lithium intercalates of the transition metal dichalcogenides

The lithium intercalation compounds of the layered transition metal dichalcogenides, prepared by reaction with nbutyl lithium, have been characterised by x-ray analysis. The group IVB and VB compounds are stoichiometric and stable; the intercalation proceeds by simple expansion of the lattice at the Van der Waals gap. The group VIB chalcogenides, SnS₂ and ReSe₂ do not form lithium intercalation compounds with the exception of MoS₂ and that appears to be metastable.     

Transition metal chalcogenides exhibiting quasi-one-dimensional behaviour

This paper presents a survey of transition metal chalcogenides (mainly sulphides and selenides) that exhibit unidimensional structural features and electronic properties arising therefrom. The survey indicates that linear, single-atom, chains of transition metals are formed in chalcogenides by sharing faces of MX₆ (X=chalcogen) trigonal prisms or octahedra as well as corners or edges of MX₄ tetrahedra. Besides these single-atom chain compounds, chalcogenides possessing multiple-atom chains are known among the early members of the transition series when the transition metal is in a low formal oxidation state. Typical examples of this class are Ti₅Te₄ and TlMo₃Se₃. Contribution No. 223 from the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit.     

正交双频光栅CCD系统剪切干涉测量二维温度场

以半导体激光器为光源，利用正交双频光栅（ＯＤＦＧ）ＣＣＤ系统剪切干涉对带平板边界的半圆柱体热源的二维温度场进行实时诊断，分析剪切干涉图时，用柱函数系作为拟合基底，给出二维自然对流温度场的定量分布。     

Preparation of Inorganic Materials Using Ionic Liquids

Conventional synthesis of inorganic materials relies heavily on water and organic solvents. Alternatively, the synthesis of inorganic materials using, or in the presence of, ionic liquids represents a burgeoning direction in materials chemistry. Use of ionic liquids in solvent extraction and organic catalysis has been extensively studied, but their use in inorganic synthesis has just begun. Ionic liquids are a family of non‐conventional molten salts that can act as templates and precursors to inorganic materials, as well as solvents. They offer many advantages, such as negligible vapor pressures, wide liquidus ranges, good thermal stability, tunable solubility for both organic and inorganic molecules, and much synthetic flexibility. In this Review, the use of ionic liquids in the preparation of several categories of inorganic and hybrid materials (i.e., metal structures, non‐metal elements, silicas, organosilicas, metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, metal salts, open‐framework structures, ionic liquid‐functionalized materials, and supported ionic liquids) is summarized. The status quo of the research field is assessed, and some future perspectives are furnished.     

Delocalized Spin States in 2D Atomic Layers Realizing Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution

The electrocatalytic activity of transition‐metal‐based compounds is strongly related to the spin states of metal atoms. However, the ways for regulation of spin states of catalysts are still limited, and the underlying relationship between the spin states and catalytic activities remains unclear. Herein, for the first time, by taking Ni^II‐based compounds without high or low spin states for example, it is shown that their spin states can be delocalized after introducing structural distortion to the atomic layers. The delocalized spin states for Ni atoms can provide not only high electrical conductivity but also low adsorption energy between the active sites and reaction intermediates for the system. As expected, the ultrathin nanosheets of nickel‐chalcogenides with structural distortions show dramatically enhanced activity in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution compared to their corresponding bulk samples. This work establishes new way for the design of advanced electrocatalysts in transition‐metal‐based compounds via regulation of spin states.