镍基合金TIG焊接熔池及热影响区组织模拟

基于枝晶生长动力学和晶粒长大理论,采用元胞自动机法(CA)建立了焊接熔池及热影响区的微观组织演变模型.通过有限元模型计算了TIG焊接过程的温度场分布,并利用插值算法将热循环曲线应用于CA模型,计算了镍基合金TIG焊接熔池凝固过程枝晶生长及热影响区的晶粒长大.结果表明,焊缝边缘的晶核主要以柱状晶的形式向焊缝中心生长,其最终形貌取决于半熔化母材晶粒上的联生结晶及不同取向枝晶间的竞争生长,焊缝中心为等轴晶组织.焊接热影响区的晶粒长大使得熔池凝固形成的柱状晶组织粗大.模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

镍基合金TIG焊接熔池及热影响区组织模拟

基于枝晶生长动力学和晶粒长大理论,采用元胞自动机法(CA)建立了焊接熔池及热影响区的微观组织演变模型. 通过有限元模型计算了TIG焊接过程的温度场分布,并利用插值算法将热循环曲线应用于CA模型,计算了镍基合金TIG焊接熔池凝固过程枝晶生长及热影响区的晶粒长大. 结果表明,焊缝边缘的晶核主要以柱状晶的形式向焊缝中心生长,其最终形貌取决于半熔化母材晶粒上的联生结晶及不同取向枝晶间的竞争生长,焊缝中心为等轴晶组织. 焊接热影响区的晶粒长大使得熔池凝固形成的柱状晶组织粗大. 模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

ULCB钢焊接熔池凝固过程数值模拟

采用元胞自动机法建立ULCB钢焊接熔池凝固过程的宏微观耦合模型,模拟非均匀温度场下焊接熔池凝固过程的组织形貌演变和溶质场分布,分析不同形核参数和合金成分对焊接熔池枝晶形貌的影响。结果表明,熔池边缘形成柱状晶,熔池中心形成等轴晶,柱状晶和等轴晶相互抑制长大;枝晶生长过程中始终存在着枝晶偏析现象;形核密度和合金成分影响枝晶的形核和生长,随着形核密度和合金成分的增加,焊缝中等轴晶区域增加,晶粒细化。     

Ni-Cr二元合金焊接熔池中柱状枝晶生长模拟

通过构建元胞自动机与有限差分耦合的CA-FD(cellular automaton-finite difference)模型,实现Ni-Cr二元合金焊接熔池柱状枝晶生长过程的模拟,研究熔池边缘柱状晶的生长过程以及该过程中的溶质浓度分布形态.模拟结果再现了焊接熔池中二次、三次枝晶的生长,枝晶间的竞争生长以及晶界偏析等微观现象.基于模拟结果深入分析了焊接熔池中枝晶生长的特点,同时对溶质浓度场进行了定量分析.对模拟结果的分析表明,焊接熔池中枝晶间竞争生长激烈,枝晶形态复杂,枝晶偏析和晶界偏析显著.     

Ti-45Al合金焊接熔池凝固过程数值模拟

采用元胞自动机法和有限差分法建立了宏微观耦合下的焊接熔池微观组织凝固模型,对Ti-45Al合金焊后凝固过程中的枝晶生长形貌和溶质场浓度分布进行模拟,并通过试验对模拟结果进行验证. 讨论分析了焊接热输入、内部形核数和表面传热系数对枝晶生长及形貌的影响. 结果表明,熔池内的组织主要由柱状晶和等轴晶两种形态组成. 热输入的增加和传热系数的减少均有助于柱状晶的生长,而内部形核数越大则越有利于等轴晶的生长. 所建立模型的计算结果与试验结果在关于枝晶生长的定向研究中有较好吻合.     

单相合金凝固过程微观组织的三维数值模拟

基于晶粒形核和生长物理过程及热质基本传输过程，建立了单相合金凝固过程微观组织和微观偏析形成及枝晶形貌演化的三维数学模型，模型中考虑了成分过冷．曲率过冷和各向异性等重要因素．数值模拟结果表明，所建数学模型能够合理反映质点形核、晶粒生长和柱状→等轴晶转变物理过程，温度场．溶质场和微观组织形貌的模拟计算结果合理自由枝晶生长过程的模拟结果表明，各向异性强度对枝晶生长和最终组织形貌具有重要影响：强各向异性趋于得到分支发达的树型结构，内部组织为取向平行排列规则的二次枝晶臂簇；而弱各向异性趋于得到表面凹凸不平的近似正八面体结构．模拟结果还证实枝晶内部存在小的孤立熔池，这有助于揭示微观组织中出现点偏析和微观缩松的根本原因．     

焊接熔池快速凝固过程的微观组织演化数值模拟

基于晶粒形成原理和枝晶生长动力学特点,建立了焊接熔池凝固过程中的形核、枝晶生长、溶质再分配及扩散的二维数学物理模型,对焊接熔池快速凝固过程中柱状晶向等轴晶的转变以及不同的冷却速度对这一转变过程的影响进行了模拟.结果表明,焊接熔池在快速冷却凝固过程中,溶质再分配与扩散明显;柱状晶向等轴晶转变时,熔池中心等轴晶凝固排出的溶质使柱状晶尖端浓度急剧升高,抑制了柱状晶的生长;冷却速度越大,柱状晶越容易向等轴晶转变,且转变所需时间越短.     

基于CA模拟焊缝凝固过程枝晶生长的分析

将元胞自动机方法用于焊缝金属凝固组织演变的模拟中,不仅为焊缝微观组织演变的数值模拟开辟了一种新的途径,同时也有助于研究焊接接头组织并依此优化工艺来提高焊件质量.文中研究了焊缝凝固过程中的溶质扩散问题,构建了基于元胞自动机的焊缝枝晶生长速度模型,在此基础上进行了焊缝中心等轴晶和熔池边缘柱状晶生长的模拟.初步计算了焊缝中心等轴晶和熔池边缘柱状晶的生长形态,计算结果明显再现了二次、三次枝晶的生长及竞争生长等微观现象.结果表明,元胞自动机方法是研究和模拟焊缝微观组织的有效手段之一.     

基于一种改进CA模型的微观组织模拟

基于热传输、溶质传输等基本传输过程及晶粒生长物理过程,建立了单相合金凝固过程微观组织及枝晶形貌演化的三维数学模型,并提出了新的生长模型和单元捕获规则,新规则在三维立方有限差分单元的基础上保证了晶粒在各个随机的优先生长方向生长时的枝晶连续性,并较好的在三维立方网格中体现出了晶粒形貌.此外,模型中考虑了成分过冷、曲率过冷和晶粒随机各向异性生长等重要因素.数值模拟结果表明,所建立的数学模型能够合理描述晶粒沿任意角度生长的过程,温度场、溶质场和微观组织形貌的模拟计算结果合理.多晶核定向生长模拟结果表明,多晶核定向竞争生长达到稳定状态时,枝晶间的一次枝晶臂间距与初始形核数目无关.所建立的模型和晶粒捕获规则适用于进一步定向凝固微观组织演化的研究.     

元胞自动机法模拟铝合金三维枝晶生长

以元胞自动机模型为基础,基于晶粒形核和生长的物理过程及热质传输过程,建立了铝合金凝固过程微观组织形成及枝晶形貌演化的三维元胞自动机模型.与传统的元胞自动机不同,该模型不仅考虑了温度场扩散而且考虑了固液相中的溶质扩散、曲率过冷等重要因素.枝晶尖端生长速度与局部过冷度的关系采用KGT(Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi)模型,温度场和浓度场计算采用有限差分法.使用该模型模拟了单晶生长和多晶生长.模拟结果表明,所建立的模型能够合理反映质点形核、单晶粒生长和多晶粒生长,微观组织形貌的模拟计算结果合理.     

Numerical simulation of heat-affected zone microstructure in GMAW

The grain size in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of workpieces is an important factor for evaluating the welding quality. The Monte Carlo technique of grain growth in the heat-affected zone of alloy is widely used. A finite element model (FEM) was employed to simulate the temperature field of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) ; the data of thermal cycles were used in the Monte Carlo model to calculate the grain sizes in different welding heat inputs. The equation for the relationship between Monte Carlo Step and real time has been estimated using regression analysis. Then mathematics model of the grain growth could be worked out by both the kinetic model and the Monte Carlo model. The dynamic process of grain growth was simulated by the result of the Monte Carlo model. The experimental result was used to prove the validity of this method in simulating of microstructure.     

Phase-Field Modeling of Nugget Zone for a AZ31-Mg-Alloy Friction Stir Weld

This work presents simulation of microstructure evolution in the nugget zone (NZ) of a AZ31-Mg-alloy friction stir weld. The process parameters (tool geometrical characteristics, rotational speed, travel speed, applied load) have been correlated with the resulting microstructural features in the NZ of the weld (grain size and population) with the aid of the MICRESS software, which provides the ability to simulate both nucleation and grain growth during dynamic recrystallization phenomena evolving in the NZ during the weld thermal cycle. The input parameters of the developed model include the tool geometry, the welding conditions as well as the recrystallization energy, the grain boundary mobility and specific material properties. NZ microstructure obtained by simulation shows good agreement with experimental measurements for both grain population and size.     

Simulation and experimental study of dynamic recrystallization process during friction stir vibration welding of magnesium alloys

A two-dimensional cellular automaton (CA) model was utilized to analyze the effect of mechanical vibration on microstructure evolution of AZ91 alloy during friction stir welding (FSW). The simulated results, namely grain topology, grain size distribution, average grain size, and also the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) fraction were compared with measured data. The adequate comparability between FEM and experimental data shows that the CA method can be applied to the analysis of the microstructure progression during the friction stir welding of AZ91 alloy. It is concluded that the dislocation density during the friction stir vibration welding (FSVW) is higher than that in the FSW process and the process of nucleation and grain growth is faster for samples during FSVW compared to FSW. The grain size modification and DRX phenomenon with various vibration frequencies were also simulated in detail during FSVW. It is found that vibration makes nucleation start earlier and decreases the proportion of the incubation period and the percentage of recrystallization as vibration frequency improves.     

电阻点焊熔核微观组织模拟

基于有限差分思想建立了电阻点焊的三维宏观传热模型,并在此模型基础上通过进一步细化网格差分得到枝晶形核和生长所需的温度信息.基于元胞自动机方法建立枝晶形核和生长的微观模型,将已建立的宏观温度场模型和微观元胞自动机模型互相耦合起来,建立了电阻点焊熔核微观组织模拟的宏微观耦合模型.利用耦合模型模拟了5754铝合金电阻点焊一定参数下熔核的微观组织形成过程,所得的模拟结果为"柱状+等轴"晶组织,与试验结果吻合较好.     

Analysis of grain growth in hybrid weld HAZ based on the coupled thermo-fluid mode

Accurate calculation of thermal cycles is a prerequisite to model grain growth in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). T improve the computation precision of thermal field and HAZ geometry, a coupled model of heat transfer and fluid flow is developed for laser + GMAW-P hybrid welding of TCS stainless steel. Utilizing computed temperature fields from the coupled model, the evolution of grain structure in the HAZ of TCS stainless steel in hybrid welding is numerically simulated by using a three dimensional Monte Carlo model. Simulation results show that more accurate HAZ grain structure can be obtained based on the coupled model of fluid flow and heat transfer, and the computed grain size distribution agrees well with the corresponding experimental results.     

焊接热影响区微观结构演化的蒙特卡罗计算机模拟方法

焊接热影响区是影响焊接性能的主要区域。焊接热影响区的晶粒长大常常导致焊接热影响区成为性能薄弱的环节，对焊接热影响区晶粒长大的研究一直是焊接接头的重要研究课题。焊接热影响区微观结构演化与诸多因素密切相关，是一个复杂的过程。运用适当的计算机方法进行模拟，完成对晶粒生长的完全预测，具有重要的意义，可以为优化焊接工艺参数，提高焊接质量提供依据。在此对在模拟焊接热影响区微观结构的演化时采用的基本方法进行综述。     

多道次MIG焊铝合金的焊接界面行为研究

采用自制填充焊丝多道次MIG焊接8 mm厚铝镁合金板材,运用金相、扫描、X射线衍射以及电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等观测分析手段对焊接接头进行了微观组织分析。结果表明,焊缝区为典型的铸态组织,不存在明显的择优取向问题。但由于多道次焊接过程中焊接热循环的综合叠加效应,以及交界面两侧组织结构的相似性,相比较而言,靠近焊道交界处再加热粗晶热影响区的晶粒更倾向于外延生长,织构比细晶层和焊缝区更强烈一些,且晶粒长大明显,显微硬度更低,残余应力仅次于焊缝底端,成为焊接接头的一个薄弱环节。     

Cellular automaton modeling of semisolid microstructure formation

Computer modeling of semi-solid structure formation is of significance in both understanding the mechanisms of globular structure formation and determining the effect of solidification conditions on final microstructure. A modified cellular automaton (mCA) model has been developed, which is coupled with macroscopic models for heat transfer calculation and microscopic models for nucleation and grain growth. The InCA model is applied to A356 Al alloy - one of the most widely used semi-solid alloys, to predict grain morphology and grain size during semi-solid solidification, and determines the effects of pouring temperature on the final microstructure. The modeling results show that the lower the initial temperature, the finer grain size will be obtained. In addition, the model can be used to predict the solutal micro-segregation.