小麦抗性淀粉的理化性质研究

利用压热法制备小麦抗性淀粉RS3,并考察其部分理化性质及结构性质。结果表明,该产品含抗性淀粉13.89%,透光率较好,持水力、溶解度和膨胀度都随水浴加热温度的升高而上升。其淀粉-碘复合物最大吸收波长为594 nm,碘吸收曲线在580~610 nm之间呈较宽的吸收峰。该产品颗粒形状大部分为圆形,偏光十字明显,多呈十字型,且交叉点均位于颗粒中心;起糊温度为68.7℃,糊化不易发生,但较易老化。淀粉颗粒结晶结构为C型,仍保留了小麦淀粉红外光谱的特征吸收峰。     

不同热处理方式对大蕉抗性淀粉理化性质的影响

研究了干热、湿热和微波加热在不同条件下处理大蕉抗性淀粉对其保留率、色泽、颗粒形貌、碘吸收曲线、溶解性、膨胀性和持水性等理化性质的影响。结果表明,高温干热、湿热和微波加热均会减少抗性淀粉的含量;湿热和微波加热不利于保护色泽;三种热处理方式均使大蕉抗性淀粉的偏光十字减弱,但没有改变最大碘吸收峰位置;干热和湿热处理使抗性淀粉溶解度减少,微波处理使溶解度增加;干热处理使膨胀度减小,微波加热使膨胀度增大,湿热对膨胀度没有明显的影响。     

香蕉成熟度对抗性淀粉理化性能的影响

本文提取了大蕉和皇帝蕉两个品种的5个成熟度抗性淀粉,考察了香蕉成熟度对抗性淀粉持水性、溶解度、膨胀度、碘吸收曲线、黏度特性等理化指标的影响。结果表明:大蕉和皇帝蕉成熟度越高,抗性淀粉持水性呈现先增加后下降的趋势,温度升高时差异显著,皇帝蕉抗性淀粉的持水性优于大蕉抗性淀粉;大蕉和皇帝蕉的溶解度随着成熟度的增加而增加,膨胀度无显著变化;随成熟度的增加,大蕉和皇帝蕉抗性淀粉碘吸收曲线峰面积减小,前三级成熟度抗性淀粉峰值黏度和最终黏度随成熟度增加而降低,且大蕉抗性淀粉较皇帝蕉抗性淀粉不易老化。因此,香蕉抗性淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度较低,持水性和抗老化性均较好,作为一种新型淀粉资源,具有广阔的开发和应用前景。     

冻融循环处理对玉米淀粉凝胶结构及颗粒理化特性的影响

本文研究了不同次数(0、1、2、3、4、5和6次)的冻融处理对糊化后的普通玉米和糯玉米淀粉凝胶理化性的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜对淀粉凝胶的微观结构进行分析,测定了凝胶化淀粉的碘蓝值、碘结合力、最大吸收波长、透明度、持水性、溶解度与膨胀力、水解特性和体外消化性。普通玉米淀粉凝胶呈孔状结构,糯玉米淀粉凝胶冻融2次后出现层状结构,二者孔径和层距都随冻融次数增加而减小。冻融循环处理对两种凝胶化玉米淀粉的碘蓝值、碘结合力、最大吸收波长和直链淀粉含量均无显著性影响。随冻融次数增加,普通玉米淀粉的透明度、持水性、RDS与SDS含量逐渐减小,而溶解度、膨胀力、水解率和RS含量逐渐升高;而糯玉米淀粉的透明度、持水性、溶解度和膨胀力逐渐减小,RDS、SDS和RS含量及水解率均无显著性变化。     

颗粒态绿豆抗性淀粉的制备及性质研究

以绿豆淀粉为原料,采用湿热处理制备颗粒态抗性淀粉,并研究其颗粒形貌、直链淀粉含量、溶胀度、黏度及结晶性质等。试验表明:淀粉经过湿热处理后,抗性淀粉含量显著提高;湿热处理淀粉仍保持完整的颗粒外观,属于颗粒态抗性淀粉,部分淀粉颗粒表面出现了裂纹和凹坑,偏光十字强度有所减弱;湿热处理淀粉的直链淀粉含量明显增加,而溶解度、膨胀度和峰值黏度下降,淀粉糊化变得困难;X-射线衍射图谱表明原淀粉和湿热处理淀粉都为"A"型结晶,且湿热处理淀粉在15.2°、17.4°、22.9°左右的衍射峰强度有所加强。     

3种麦芽淀粉主要理化性质的比较

研究了啤酒麦芽、小麦麦芽和药用麦芽淀粉的理化性质,包括化学组分、颗粒形貌、结晶结构、溶解度、膨胀度、糊透明度和冻融稳定性。通过碘量法测得啤酒麦芽、小麦麦芽和药用麦芽淀粉中直链淀粉的含量分别为28.64%、29.24%和30.30%;3种麦芽淀粉颗粒仍保持了未发芽原淀粉的形貌和A型结晶结构,且在衍射角(2θ)为20°附近有直链淀粉-脂类复合物的特征吸收峰。啤酒麦芽淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度和糊透明度最高;其冻融稳定性与药用麦芽相近,优于小麦麦芽淀粉。麦芽淀粉作为一种淀粉新资源,具有一定的开发价值和广阔的发展前景。     

黑龙江省主栽小米淀粉特性分析

为研究黑龙江省主栽小米淀粉的特性,利用冰箱反复冻融法、紫外分光光度等方法,对6种小米淀粉的功能性质进行了测定及分析。结果表明:吨谷1号淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度和透明度最高,分别为10.36%±0.06%、18.24%±0.27%和3.58±0.23。朝新谷8号淀粉的凝沉性最高,冻融稳定性最差。直链淀粉含量与溶解度、膨胀度、冻融稳定性和透明度呈负相关;与凝沉性呈正相关。支链淀粉含量与溶解度、膨胀度和凝沉性呈正相关,与冻融稳定性呈负相关。淀粉的支直比与溶解度、膨胀度、冻融稳定性和透明度呈正相关,与凝沉性呈负相关。本研究为小米及其淀粉的深加工利用提供参考。     

脚板薯淀粉理化特性研究

采用碱法工艺提取脚板薯淀粉,并对其组成、透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、持水性、溶解度、膨胀度、糊化和黏度特性等理化性质进行了分析。结果表明:脚板薯直链淀粉含量为27.05%,淀粉透明度、凝沉性、持水力、热稳定性较好,但冻融稳定性差,不易糊化,脚板薯淀粉的溶解力和膨润力随着温度的升高而增大,与水之间的相互作用较强。     

微波辐射对木薯淀粉性质影响

研究微波辐射前后木薯淀粉物化性质变化,采用微波对30%水分含量木薯淀粉进行处理,结果表明,微波处理增强对应X–射线衍射峰强度,降低膨胀度、溶解度和冻融稳定性;木薯淀粉经处理后糊化起始温度升高、粘度降低,但其粘度曲线不改变。以上数据表明,在淀粉颗粒内无定形区和结晶区直链淀粉与直链淀粉、直链淀粉与支链淀粉发生交互作用,微波处理使淀粉分子发生一定程度降解。     

糜黍淀粉理化性质及消化特性

以黍子面和糜子面为原料,用碱法制备黍子淀粉和糜子淀粉,对其颗粒形态、红外光谱特性、透光率、溶解度、持水力、凝沉稳定性以及消化性等性质进行研究。结果表明：黍子淀粉中支链淀粉含量为91.78%,直链淀粉含量为8.21%;糜子淀粉中支链淀粉含量为65.28%,直链淀粉含量为34.72%。糜子面粉、黍子面粉及其淀粉中的抗性淀粉含量均超过50%,糜子面和糜子淀粉中的抗性淀粉含量均分别高于黍子面和黍子淀粉。黍子淀粉的透光率高于糜子淀粉。糜子淀粉凝沉稳定性强于黍子淀粉。糜子淀粉和黍子淀粉的溶解度、持水力随温度的升高,呈现上升趋势。     

Effects of Protein in Wheat Flour on Retrogradation of Wheat Starch

Albumins, globulins, gliadins, and glutenins were isolated from wheat flour and the effects of those proteins on retrogradation of wheat starch were investigated. The results showed that only glutenins retarded retrogradation of wheat starch and other 3 proteins promoted it. The results of IR spectra proved that no S–S linkage formed during retrogradation of wheat starch blended with wheat proteins. Combination of wheat starch and globulins or gliadins through glucosidic bonds hindered the hydrolysis of wheat starch by α‐amylase. The melting peak temperatures of retrograded wheat starch attached to different proteins were 128.46, 126.14, 132.03, 121.65, and 134.84 °C for the control with no protein, albumins, glutenins, globulins, gliadins groups, respectively, and there was no second melting temperature for albumins group. Interaction of wheat proteins and starch in retrograded wheat starch greatly decreased the endothermic enthalpy (△H) of retrograded wheat starch. Retrograded wheat starch bound to gliadins might be a new kind of resistant starch based on glycosidic bond between starch and protein.     

Dietary fibre in bread and corresponding flours--formation of resistant starch during baking

Dietary fibre, assayed with an enzymatic/gravimetric method, was higher in wheat/rye bread than in the corresponding flours. The increase was most pronounced in crumbs from bread baked with mainly low-extraction-rate flour, and could be accounted for to a large extent as "resistant starch", i.e. a starch fraction available to amyloglucosidase only after solubilization with 2 m-KOH. The resistant starch was formed at dough-making and/or baking and did not increase further during freezing or storage at room temperature. The chemical modifications leading to resistant starch formation remain to be investigated. Starch-lipid complexes are probably not involved, since these are hydrolyzed by the heat-stable amylase used in the dietary fibre assay.     

Oil-binding Ability of Gelatinized Prime Starch Granules from Chlorinated Wheat Flour

Gelatinized prime starch granules from chlorinated wheat flour were found to bind to rapeseed oil droplets, as was previously observed using non-gelatinized starch from chlorinated wheat flour. This ability was not lost by pepsin-digestion, or by treatment with lipid-extraction solvents. The oil-binding ability was lost by amylase-digestion, treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution or mechanical treatment by freezing and thawing, which suggests that lipophilic material may complex with higher structure of starch.     

Production of Resistant Starch by Extrusion Cooking of Acid-Modified Normal-Maize Starch

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to utilize extrusion cooking and hydrothermal treatment to produce resistant starch (RS) as an economical alternative to a batch-cooking process. A hydrothermal treatment (110 °C, 3 d) of batch-cooked and extruded starch samples facilitated propagation of heat-stable starch crystallites and increased the RS contents from 2.1% to 7.7% up to 17.4% determined using AOAC Method 991.43 for total dietary fiber. When starch samples were batch cooked and hydrothermally treated at a moisture content below 70%, acid-modified normal-maize starch (AMMS) produced a greater RS content than did native normal-maize starch (NMS). This was attributed to the partially hydrolyzed, smaller molecules in the AMMS, which had greater mobility and freedom than the larger molecules in the NMS. The RS contents of the batch-cooked and extruded AMMS products after the hydrothermal treatment were similar. A freezing treatment of the AMMS samples at −20 °C prior to the hydrothermal treatment did not increase the RS content. The DSC thermograms and the X-ray diffractograms showed that retrograded amylose and crystalline starch–lipid complex, which had melting temperatures above 100 °C, accounted for the RS contents.     

Fructooligosaccharides Impact on the Hydration and Retro-Gradation of Wheat Starch and Gel

In the present work, the hydration and retro-gradation of mixtures of wheat starch and fructooligosaccharides in diluted hydrated matrixes were discussed. Rapid Visco-Analyzer, differential scanning calorimeter, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction were used to determine the properties of the mixture of wheat starch and fructooligosaccharides. Swelling of the wheat starch showed significant changes when the addition of fructooligosaccharides surpassed 0.1 g/g starch. Water absorption index showed obvious change but there was no regular variation. The water solubility index of starch increased after adding the fructooligosaccharides and the highest value was up to 19.85 as compared with the control (3.61). There was no significantly change for the pasting parameters of the mixture. Fructooligosaccharides significantly affected the enthalpy of wheat starch from the result of differential scanning calorimeter analysis, and enlarged the freezing scope of the mixture gel (from –23.09 ± 0.25ºC to –38.85 ± 0.32ºC). The melting enthalpy of sample with fructooligosaccharides decreased by 9.9 J/g as compared with the control. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy results showed that there were no obvious differences between the samples with or without fructooligosaccharides except that the O–H stretching vibration of hydrogen bond of the mixture gel strengthened after storage for 2 or 4 days. Scanning electron microscopy results indicated fructooligosaccharides should be conductive for starch to form fine gel structures and could inhibit the retrogradation of wheat starch. X-ray diffraction spectrum further illustrated the fructooligosaccharides could interfere with the retrogradation of wheat starch during storage.     

Dietary fibre in bread and corresponding flours —Formation of resistant starch during baking

Dietary fibre, assayed with an enzymatic/gravimetric method, was higher in wheat/rye bread than in the corresponding flours. The increase was most pronounced in crumbs from bread baked with mainly low-extraction-rate flour, and could be accounted for to a large extent as “resistant starch”, i. e. a starch fraction available to amyloglucosidase only after solubilization with 2m-KOH. The resistant starch was formed at dough-making and/or baking and did not increase further during freezing or storage at room temperature. The chemical modifications leading to resistant starch formation remain to be investigated. Starch-lipid complexes are probably not involved, since these are hydrolyzed by the heat-stable amylase used in the dietary fibre assay.     

不同处理方式对紫甘薯全粉面品质的改良效果

本研究通过考察紫甘薯全粉面蒸煮损失率、微观结构、流变学特性及抗性淀粉含量的变化,探讨加工过程中蒸制、老化和冷冻等处理条件对紫甘薯全粉面品质的影响。结果表明,经蒸制、老化或冷冻处理后,挤压制备紫甘薯全粉面的蒸煮损失率、抗性淀粉含量、微观结构及流变学特性均发生了变化。在老化时间为2~4h时,紫甘薯全粉面中抗性淀粉含量从3.01%增加至4.02%,老化时间的进一步延长则对抗性淀粉含量无显著影响;在蒸制时间为3~5 min范围内,抗性淀粉含量由3.41%增加至4.82%,而在5min~11min范围内则从4.82%降至2.40%。处理方式对紫甘薯全粉面表面微观结构变化影响显著,适宜的蒸制、老化或冷冻处理可以改善紫甘薯全粉面的微观结构,但处理时间过长反而导致其结构被破坏。未经处理的紫甘薯全粉面其储能模量和损耗模量得值均明显高于经过不同处理的紫甘薯全粉面,且其储能模量均明显高于损耗模量,弹性模量占主导地位。因此,适宜的蒸制、老化和冷冻等处理可以有效改善紫甘薯全粉面的整体品质。     

小麦抗性淀粉物理性质研究

采用微波—酶法制备小麦抗性淀粉,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察小麦抗性淀粉颗粒结构,用X-射线衍射仪测定其结晶结构,并测定抗性淀粉持水性、乳化性、粘度等物理特性。研究结果表明,与原小麦淀粉相比,小麦抗性淀粉表面粗糙,形状变得不规则,结晶结构为B型和V型结合体,持水性大于原淀粉,而乳化能力和乳化稳定性均低于原淀粉;在相同溶液浓度条件下,抗性淀粉粘度比原淀粉低得多。     

Characterization of Phosphate Monoester Resistant Starch

The properties and structures of corn, wheat, and potato native starches and their phosphate monoester resistant starches were tested and compared. The results indicated that the resistant starch content, light transmittance, and freeze-thaw stability of the phosphate monoester resistant starch increased after modification. The native starches exhibited much higher peak viscosities compared with resistant starch (RS) and phosphate monoester resistant starches. The phosphate monoester resistant starch from corn and wheat starch exhibited a higher peak and final viscosity and lower gelatinization temperatures compared with the resistant starch, while the peak and final viscosity of the potato phosphate monoester resistant starch samples were lower than that of potato resistant starch. In the FT-IR graph, a new peak at 1244 cm^?1 (P=O bond) was observed for all kinds of phosphate monoester resistant starch.     

槲皮素和芦丁对小麦淀粉的消化特性及其之间相互作用的研究

本文通过模拟小麦淀粉的体外消化实验研究了槲皮素和芦丁与小麦淀粉复合后的消化特性差异,并通过淀粉与碘的显色反应、红外光谱和X-射线衍射等试验研究槲皮素和芦丁与小麦淀粉的相互作用。结果表明:在槲皮素和芦丁与小麦淀粉的混合体系中,随着老化时间的延长,快消化淀粉显著减少（P<0.05）,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉显著增加（P<0.05）。槲皮素和芦丁的添加,对淀粉葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的活性均有抑制作用。槲皮素或芦丁与小麦淀粉之间存在相互作用,并通过氢键或疏水键相互结合。槲皮素和芦丁对酶的抑制和与小麦淀粉之间的相互作用,降低了小麦淀粉的消化性,增加淀粉的抗消化性,为开发降血糖等相关功能食品的开发奠定了理论基础。