GKS-9x: Some Implementation Considerations

The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was published as an ISO standard for computer graphics programming in August 1985. GKS is now undergoing revision in ISO/IEC and at the time of writing the text of the Draft International Standard of GKS-9x was being finalized. This paper presents a way in which a key part of the new functionality in GKS-9x, namely namesets and selection criteria, can be implemented effectively.     

Graphics standards in the GDR

This article outlines implementations and applications of the GKS standard and GKS-3D standard in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The graphical standardization in the GDR was highly stimulated by becoming a member of the ISO and by the active colaboration of the GDR in the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC24 “Computer Graphics.” Some of the national activities and efforts in this field are illustrated.     

Assurance and IT Development Paces and Challenges

ISO/IEC 15408, “Evaluation criteria for IT security”, was initially published almost twenty years ago. Originating from a number of governmental certification bodies, the standard has gained international acceptance. However, the needs for IT security certification are evolving and at the same time there is more demand than ever before. ISO/IEC 15408 is currently under revision, and many of the current needs are being taken into account in the new design of the standard that is expected to be published in 2020.     

Evaluation of Standard Graphics Packages

In order to compare the quality of different implementations of GKS, the ISO0 standard for computer graphics, an evaluation method for GKS implementations is presented. It is based upon several groups of criteria. One group of criteria is concerned with performance, by which we understand here the memory requirements and time requirements for programs using GKS functions. A program that measures the performance of GKS packages is presented. Results of this evaluation method with several commercially available GKS implementations are described in summary. A checklist for evaluation of standard graphics packages is added as an appendix.     

At Last an ISO C Binding of GKS

The C⁴ bindings of GKS1 and other semantic computer graphics standards like GKS–3D² and PHIGS³ are long overdue. While GKS was completed in 1985 and GKS–3D² (and PHIGS³) became an international standard in 1988, none of their C bindings could be standardized, for the simple reason that the C language itself was not a standard. Instead, a host of de facto GKS/C bindings⁹ appeared.
This paper will give the flavour of the ISO C binding^5,6 of GKS; the main features will be outlined.
1983 CR Categories: D.3.0,I.3.0,I.3.4.     

Standards in computer graphics

GKS, which recently became the International Standards Organization (ISO) standard for computer graphics programming, is the first of a set of interlocking graphics standards. This paper outlines the important ideas behind GKS, describes its relationship with other standards and discusses the benefits of standardization.     

中国在ISO/ IEC JTC1/ SC2 的活动与中文编码的国际标准化

标准化是实现技术产业化的基础。中文信息处理技术是我国特有的、具有国际领先水平的技术。我国自 20 世纪80 年代参与ISO/ IEC J TC1/ SC2 的活动以来,在中文编码技术的国际标准化工作中取得了显著成绩。本文介绍了ISO/ IEC J TC1/ SC2 的工作领域、工作方式和组织结构;我国参与ISO/ IEC J TC1/ SC2 及其下属该组织活动的方式;国际标准ISO/ IEC 10646 的大致情况和我国在参与此国际标准研制工作中取得的成绩、当前的工作和未来工作的计划。本文论述了我国参与本文ISO/ IEC J TC1/ SC2 活动的意义,以及我国在ISO/ IEC J TC1/ SC2 活动中的作用、地位和影响。作者还提出了对未来工作的建议。     

GKS Programming in a PHIGS Environment

GKS is an international standard for the functional interface to 2D graphics, whilst PHIGS is currently an ISO work item for 2D and 3D graphics. In addition, PHIGS allows improved control over structuring graphics data in the system. With a new work item, the upwards compatability from GKS to PHIGS is being called into question. This paper is an attempt to give direction to these discussions by listing the implications of introducing a software layer between a GKS application program and a PHIGS environment on which this application is to be run. It is intended to highlight differences between the systems and to answer questions such as, “How compatible?”, “Is it possible?”, “How much does the software layer have to do?”, etc.     

3D extension to GKS

The Graphical Kernel System GKS has [1] been established as the first standard in the field of Computer Graphics covering two-dimensional (2D) graphics. Now work is going on to develop standards in related areas. One important effort is the extension of GKS for three-dimensional (3D) graphics. This paper will briefly overview the history of standardization efforts with respect to 3D graphics and then report the current activities of various national and international standardization bodies for extending GKS to 3D. Then the paper will concentrate on GKS-3D [2], a proposal for a 3D extension of GKS which is developed by the Dutch standardization committee NNI in close collaboration with the International Organization for Standardization ISO/TC97/SC21/WG2. Technical work is expected to finish in 1985. Scope and purpose of this future 3D standard and goals of the design are given and the functionality of the 3D extension is described in some detail. As technical work on GKS-3D is going on, changes may occur to the standard document. The major issues will be surveyed and trends will be sketched.     

Documentation in the ISO/IEC 27701 Standard

The author proposes a set of possible documents that an organization must develop and demonstrate during the certification of its information privacy management system to comply with the international ISO/IEC 27701 standard 2019 “Security techniques. Extension to ISO/IEC 27001 and 27002 for privacy information management. Requirements and guidelines.”

     

Guidelines for Determining When to Use GKS and When to Use PHIGS

GKS, GKS-3D, and PHIGS are all approved ISO standards for the application programmer interface. How does a system analyst or programmer decide which standard to use for his application? This paper discusses the range of application requirements likely to be encountered, explores the suitability of GKS and PHIGS for satisfying these requirements, and offers guidelines to aid in the decision process.     

A multi-classifier approach to face image segmentation for travel documents

The adoption of face images in machine readable travel documents requires some quality constraints to be fulfilled (e.g., no flash reflections on skin or hair across eyes), as specified in the ISO/IEC 19794-5 standard. Automatically evaluating the compliance of a face image to such requirements needs a precise knowledge of the image structure, intended as the partitioning of the image into its main components (face, hair, clothes and background regions). In this paper a multi-classifier system based on color and texture information is proposed for face image segmentation. Extensive experiments carried out both on the segmentation algorithm and on its application to ISO/IEC 19794-5 standard compliance verification are reported and discussed. The results obtained are encouraging and confirm that: (i) the robustness of the proposed segmentation approach to deal with difficult image characteristics (e.g., uneven illumination or varied background) is satisfactory and (ii) the knowledge deriving from image segmentation is very useful for ISO/IEC 19794-5 standard compliance verification.     

Standards-HyTime: a standard for structured hypermedia interchange

Some of the key concepts and features of HyTime, which is being developed as an American and an international standard (ISO/IEC 10744) for structured representation of hypermedia information, are introduced. HyTime is an application of ISO 8879 and is interchanged using ASN.1 (ISO 8824) for OSI compatibility. HyTime complements and enhances the utility of standards for individual multimedia objects, such as motion video and still pictures. HyTime is not a complete hyperdocument architecture. Its functions will be incorporated into architectures and applications designed by standards committees, industry groups, and others     

Misleading Metrics and Unsound Analyses

The authors demonstrate that the recommendations for analyzing productivity in the appendix to the ISO/IEC 15939 standard are inappropriate. They also show that problems with the ISO/IEC advice can be compounded if software engineers attempt to apply statistical process-control techniques to software productivity metrics. They recommend using small meaningful data sets as the basis for productivity analysis and using effort-estimation models to assess productivity rather than productivity metrics. This article is part of a special focus section of software metrics     

浅谈IT服务的可用性设计方法

2011年新版ISO／IEC20000的发布,为IT服务管理的实施提供了参照标准。本文根据ISO／IEC 20000：2011版中的IT服务可用性要求,提出面向客户服务级别需求设计和实现IT服务的可用性,并指出可用性设计是实现高质量IT服务的有效途径。     

Information security management system standards

This article presents ISO’s most successful information security standard ISO/IEC 27001 together with the other standards in the family of information security standards — the socalled ISO/IEC 2700x family of information security management system (ISMS) standards and guidelines. We shall take a brief look at the history and progress of these standards, where they originated from and how became the common language of organizations around the world for engaging in business securely. We shall take a tour through the different types of standard at are included in the ISMS family and how the relate and fit together and we will finally conclude with a short presentation of ISMS third party certification. The material used in this article has been derived directly from the many articles and books by Prof. Humphreys on the ISO/IEC 2700x ISMS family and they are implemented and applied in practice in business, commerce and government sectors.     

浅谈软件质量度量和软件产品评价

软件质量度量和软件产品评价系列标准是国际标准化组织ISO／IEC JTC1近年来在软件工程标准方面的研究重点之一,对于通过量化手段进行软件产品的度量和评价,规范软件产品的质量管理,这两个系列标准提供了一条可以参考的实施途径。本文在多年跟踪研究国际上软件工程标准和制定软件工程国家标准的基础上,对ISO／IEC JTC1近年推出的ISO／IEC 9126和ISO／IEC 14598系列,以及正在研制的ISO／IEC 25000系列标准进行综合介绍。     

一个基于ISO/IEC10646的汉字输入模型

计算机中各国文字编码的统一是必然趋势,而ISO/IEC10646正是顺应这种趋势而诞生的一个国际标准。现有的输入法绝大多数是基于本地代码页(ANSI CODE),存在着移植困难、不能跨语言平台以及向国际化标准过渡困难等缺点。本文首先分析了现有本地化输入法存在的问题,并在此基础上阐述了基于ISO10646的汉字输入法的实现方法,并给出了一个以ISO10646为核心的通用汉字输入法模型和原理,该模型由输入法管理/服务器、ISO10646输入码对照表、码本检索/过滤模块、输入法与OS接口模块、输入法内核和本地化接口六部分构成。最后,本文重点论述了输入法的核心—输入码对照表的设计和检索技术。