Triton X-100/正己醇/环己烷反相微乳液体系合成纳米羟基磷灰石

用Triton X-100/正己醇/环己烷/水四元反相微乳液体系制备了纳米羟基磷灰石(HA)粉体,确定了影响制备过程的最佳pH值和煅烧温度等工艺条件.x-射线衍射仪、TEM、SEM对羟基磷灰石的颗粒进行表征和分析表明:颗粒分散均匀,呈杆状,a轴尺寸为20～40nm左右,c轴尺寸为60～80nm,此方法可以有效地控制和改变HAP的分散性和粒度大小.     

微乳液法纳米SnO2材料的合成、结构与气敏性能

本文研究了由阴离子表面活性剂组成的微乳液在纳米SnO_2气敏材料合成中的应用,研究了阴离子表面活性剂类型及肋表面活性剂对纳米SnO_2材料平均晶粒度的影响．实验结果表明：由AES或K_(12)和丁醇组成的微乳液可得到平均颗粒尺寸＜20nm,平均晶粒度只有6nm左右的均分散SnO_2,用这种材料制成的气敏元件无需掺杂即具有较高的气体灵敏度．     

静电凝聚法制备苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物/氧化铈核壳纳米复合材料

致力于苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物(P(St-co-AA))微球/氧化铈核壳纳米结构的制备,以无皂乳液聚合制备的P(St-co-AA)微球为负电组成,水热法合成的氧化铈纳米粉体为正电组成,设计了静电凝聚法复合工艺,对复合工艺条件进行了初步的探索。结果表明:采用无皂乳液聚合制备的P(St-co-AA)微球呈正球形,颗粒尺寸均一,尺寸在160~390nm范围内可控;以CTAB为表面活性剂,采用水热法在100℃条件下成功制得了颗粒尺寸在10~20nm的氧化铈纳米粉体。在水溶液体系中,在静电凝聚作用下,所制备氧化铈在P(St-co-AA)微球表面紧密堆积,形成了P(St-co-AA)/氧化铈核壳结构。可通过调节P(St-co-AA)微球的尺寸与负电性以及复合过程中pH值来调控所得核壳结构形貌。正负颗粒电性的匹配是构筑核壳结构的关键,一味地增加颗粒表面正电性或负电性对于实现调控复合过程形成纳米核壳结构并非有利。当苯乙烯与丙烯酸单体比例为10∶1时所得P(St-co-AA)微球在pH 2.0~3.0下所得核壳结构形貌均一,分散性较好。     

微乳液法合成不同维度氧化锌纳米材料及其光催化活性

利用表面活性剂JFC、正辛醇、环己烷和水溶液组成的反相微乳液体系,通过调控水相/油相体积比(R),分别合成出φ30～80nm球形,φ80nm×350nm棒状,厚度50nm片状结构氧化锌纳米材料.XRD、SEM和HRTEM分析表明,合成的氧化锌纳米材料虽然维度不同,但晶体结构相近,初步分析其合成机理为:微乳液水核形状控制了合成材料维度,水核之间反应物动态交换的特点和氧化锌在水溶液中各向异性生长的特性共同决定了纳米材料晶体结构;微乳液电导率变化趋势与水核形状密切相关,可依据其合成不同形态氧化锌纳米材料;以甲基橙水溶液为模拟污染物评价不同维度纳米氧化锌光催化性能,结果表明,一维棒状纳米氧化锌具有更高的光催化活性.     

小尺寸单分散铂纳米粒子的制备

为提高铂催化剂的催化活性,降低催化剂成本,在水/TX-4(壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚)/正丁醇/环己烷微乳液体系中成功制备了粒径2～4nm的单分散铂纳米粒子,并对其进行了TEM和EDS表征。微乳液体系的相图表明,Kw=5∶3,m(S-As)/m(O)=3∶2是制备小尺寸铂纳米粒子的最佳配比。H2PtCl6和NaBH4(过量时)浓度增大时,对产物粒径影响不大,但使粒径的均匀性降低;增溶水量ω增大,粒子粒径增大。CH2PtCl6≤25mmol·L-1,CNaBH4≥100mmol·L-1,ω≤2是制备小尺寸、单分散铂纳米粒子的关键,粒子尺寸可通过改变ω值调节。     

表面活性剂对超细BaTiO3纳米颗粒制备的影响

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,醋酸钡为钡源,采用改进的水热法(即溶剂热法)在低温条件下合成钙钛矿结构的超细钛酸钡纳米颗粒,重点研究表面活性剂对产物的影响,探讨了不同表面活性剂影响产物形貌和种类的作用机理.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及能谱(EDS)对产物进行表征,结果表明加入不同的表面活性剂时,制备的产物不同,其产物的形貌分别为超细纳米线、纳米棒(直径约几十纳米)和纳米颗粒(尺寸约50～100nm).通过调节反应过程中的表面活性剂,可以实现从线状钡的硫酸盐到纯相的超细钛酸钡纳米颗粒的转变.此方法为尺寸小于20nm的钛酸钡颗粒的制备及铁电材料尺寸限制效应的研究提供了重要参考.     

一种制备一维纳米材料的新方法--固相转化法

利用微乳技术和固体反应方法分别合成了锰的氢氧化物和单质锡纳米颗粒前驱体(直径D≤20 nm).首次将熔盐技术应用于一维蚋米材料的合成,以纳米颗粒前驱体为原料制备了一维纳米结构蚋米棒、纳米线和纳米带;并发现了一维蚋米结构生长的新现象,即蚋米颗粒固相自生长.通过TEM,记录了纳米颗粒前驱体生长的中间体--项链状纳米线.实验分析了熔盐介质、热处理温度和颗粒临界尺寸对纳米颗粒自组织生长的影响,提出了固相生长机理模型.     

超声微乳液法制备Ag/AgCl复合纳米颗粒及其光催化性能研究

设计了一种全新的微乳液体系,以十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)、乙醇、正丁醇和异辛烷的混合物作为复合乳化剂,采用超声微乳液法制备了Ag/AgCl复合纳米颗粒。利用SEM和EDS研究样品的形貌、尺寸及表面组成,通过研究样品对甲基橙降解过程的催化作用证明了样品在可见光下的催化活性。重点研究了反应物浓度对Ag/AgCl颗粒尺寸及形貌的影响,结果表明,Ag/AgCl复合纳米颗粒尺寸主要由微乳液尺寸决定,受反应物浓度的影响较小,反映出本工作提出的超声微乳液制备技术具有较高的工艺稳定性。     

反相微乳液制备纳米SiO2颗粒

微乳液法可以控制纳米颗粒的粒度,在AOT作为表面活性剂的微乳液体系中引入助表面活性剂正丁醇和戊醇,对生成的纳米颗粒起到保护作用,能够形成大小均一、分散良好的纳米SiO2颗粒。随着正丁醇含量的增加纳米SiO2球形颗粒的粒径变大,正丁醇加量0.5mL时粒径为18.7nm,正丁醇加量增加到3mL时粒径达109nm。随着时间的增加,微乳液法制备的纳米SiO2粒径基本保持稳定,而且颗粒变得更加均匀。     

微乳液法制备纳米NiO颗粒

以Triton X-100/环己烷/正己醇/水为反相微乳体系,氯化镍和氨水为原料,利用微乳液法成功地制备出了纳米NiO颗粒.并以TG-DTA、XRD,FTIR和TEM对所制备的NiO纳米颗粒进行了表征.结果表明,所制备的氧化镍颗粒为立方结构,粒径约为14nm的球形,颗粒分散均匀,无明显团聚现象.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...