不锈钢方形截面空心构件内高压成形研究

对不锈钢方形截面空心构件内高压成形进行了实验研究,比较了有无轴向进给和加载路径即内压和轴向进给关系对方形截面构件影响。分析产生折叠、起皱和开裂尤其在圆角过渡区产生开裂的原因,给出了成形的合格零件壁厚分布规律。     

内高压成形技术研究与应用新进展

介绍近年来在内高压成形机理、工艺、设备和应用方面的最新进展。针对大截面差管件,弯曲轴线异型截面构件和枝杈管3类工艺,给出典型零件缺陷形式、形状精度、壁厚分布和工艺参数的影响。详细介绍了皱纹控制与利用,降低整形压力的方法和内压与轴向力耦合作用下管材的塑性失稳起皱分析。最后给出了研制的典型内高压成形件及在汽车、航天、航空中的应用。     

内高压成形起皱行为的研究

对内高压成形起皱过程进行了理论分析、数值模拟和实验研究．分析了加载路径、成形区长径比等因素对皱纹数量和工件成形效果的影响．结果表明：不是所有的皱纹都是失效形式，在某些情况下，管料起皱后仍然可以成形，关键是获得有益皱而不是死皱，通过起皱在成形区聚料是一种有效的预成形方法，该方法拓宽了内高压成形区间．     

变截面波纹件的成形工艺及模具

<正> 1 概述 波纹件在生产实际中有着极为广泛的应用,其材料厚度一般比直径尺寸小得多。通常,波纹件的成形可分为两种情况:一种是等截面波纹件的成形,另一种是变截面波纹件的成形。前者的成形大都很简单,且制模也容易,而后者的成形则较为复杂。对于后者的成形,我厂以前也曾尝试过用类似等截面波     

球形件拉深成形内皱曲研究

利用ANSYS／LS－DYNA3D软件,建立了包括凸凹模、压边圈及板料在内的整体分析模型。对球形件的成形过程进行了数值模拟计算,得到了板料内外层纬向应力场及其变化过程,并给出了判定内皱曲的依据因素。对于揭示板料内皱曲的机理有重要意义。     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理、工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料，综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况，给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件。详细介绍了国内研制的400MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝舍金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件。最后探讨了内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势。     

空心双拐曲轴内高压成形数值模拟

应用动态显式有限元法对空心双拐曲轴的内高压成形过程进行了模拟分析,研究了加载路径对内高压成形的影响,指出了在加载曲线中存在着最佳成形区间,成形压力小于20MPa时,管坯产生起皱,成形压力大于32MPa时,管坯发生开裂,只有合理的应用加载路径,成形压力介于20MPa与30MPa之间,使轴向进给量可以正好补偿径向的变形量才能获得壁厚较为均匀的合格零件。     

H62三角形截面空心件内高压成形的实验研究

内高压成形是一种以液体为传压介质,利用内高压使管坯变形成为具有三维形状零件的现代塑性加工技术.本文进行了H62合金管三角形截面空心件的系列内高压实验研究,分析比较了内压力和轴向进给量这两个重要参数对三角形截面空心件成形的影响,得到实验中优化的内压力与轴向进给量的匹配关系,以及壁厚越小成形越充分的结论.为以后类似实验中如何成形合格的零件及防止缺陷的产生,可以提供借鉴和参考.     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理，工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料，综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况，给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件。详细介绍了国内研制的400MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件。最后指出内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势。     

大截面变化率汽车排气管的多工步液力成形工艺

为解决某乘用车大截面变化率排气管的整体制造难题,以439铁素体不锈钢管作为研究对象,基于eta/DYNAFORM建立了包含合模、补料、成形、整形在内的液力成形过程的有限元模型。并与实验相结合,研究了关键工艺参数对成形质量的影响规律,设计并优化了液力成形加载路径。结果表明,加载路径对排气管的壁厚分布和减薄率有显著影响。第1道次下,经响应面法优化后得到了成形压力、整形压力、轴向补料位移所组成的加载路径,所得到的零件最大减薄率为15.3%。第2道次下,优化后的最大减薄率为5.0%。第3道次下,优化后的最大减薄率为5.2%,以上3道次优化前的累计最大减薄率为31.5%,优化后的累计最大减薄率为23.7%,降低幅度为24.7%。最终通过实验验证证实优化后的液力成形工艺显著降低了零件成形开裂风险,并获得了质量优异的大截面变化率整体汽车排气管零件。     

基于DYNAFORM的内高压成形中预成形工艺改进

对复杂形状空心构件内高压成形工艺进行了数字模拟研究。采用有限元模拟,对矩形截面空心零件弯曲部位在内高压成形过程中产生起皱、破裂等缺陷进行了分析;针对矩形截面空心件弯曲部位,提出采用椭圆截面充液预成形的方法,控制起皱、破裂缺陷的产生,成形质量较理想。并通过试验进行了验证,采用较低压力可以改善内高压成形过程中材料的分布、提高材料的成形极限、控制缺陷产生并提高产品质量。     

A simple experimental tooling with internal pressure source used for evaluation of material formability in tube hydroforming

Material properties have powerful impact on the tube hydroforming (THF) process and the quality of the deformed tube, so it is important to select proper materials and evaluate the material formability prior to conducting the process. A simplified and applied tooling, which has no use for any external hydraulic pressure source but internal one, was designed for charactering the material formability in THF. A pressurized-fluid supplier is automatically established to provide the internal pressure and axial load synchronously required for THF, and the ratio of the two loads is achieved by proper design of the supplier. As a stand-alone hydraulic bulging fixture, the tooling can be worked on a conventional press, even on a single action press. Free bulge forming (FBF), bulge forming with axial loading (BFAL), free and restrained bulge forming (free and fixed ends) can be fulfilled by the tooling, and furthermore, bulge forming with proportional loading to some extend can be realized. Comparative bulge forming experiments under various forming conditions were carried out with the tooling to validate this project and the results suggest that restrained conditions on the tube ends highly affect the FBF, while the ratio of the two loads dominates the BFAL.     

On process parameter estimation for the tube hydroforming process

Tube hydroforming is a forming process where an inner pressure combined with axial feeding deforms the tube to the shape of a die cavity. One of the main concerns when designing such a process is to avoid burst pressure, i.e. the process state where the hardening of the material is unable to resist the increase in inner pressure and wall thickness reduction. The success of a hydroforming process strongly depends on the choice of process parameters, i.e. the combination of material feeding and inner pressure. Especially in hydroforming processes, where the free forming phase is substantial, the process is proved to be very sensitive to the inner pressure. By transforming the problem into a deformation controlled rather than a force controlled process, the results from the process parameter estimation become more reliable but on the other hand less intuitive. In this context, three distinct parameter estimation procedures are suggested. Firstly, a self feeding based procedure is proposed with the intention of being a fast method to be used as a first estimate of suitable process parameters. Secondly, an iterative optimization problem set up is presented. Thirdly, and finally, an adaptive simulation procedure based on process response approximations is proposed, which only requires a limited number of simulation runs.     

轻合金热态液力成形技术

铝合金和镁合金等轻合金在常温下变形能力差,但在加热到一定温度时塑性变形能力大幅提高.为了扩大此类轻合金在工业上,特别是在航空、航天以及汽车行业的应用,需要开发先进的温/热态成形技术.本文首先介绍了轻质合金的主要塑性成形方法,如超塑性成形,板材热冲压成形和气胀成形,然后重点讨论了铝合金及镁合金的热态液力成形技术的国内外研究现状,指出了开展此项研究的必要性和重要意义.     

加载路径对X形管内高压成形质量的影响

借助管材液压成形仿真模拟软件,参照相关理论计算公式,探索确定仿真工艺参数。重点探讨了线性内压加载路径以及梯度内压加载路径对X形管成形质量的影响,同时分析了不同内压加载路径下,成形质量出现差异的原因。结果发现,梯度内压加载方式比线性加载方式更容易获得成形质量较好的X形四通管。     

Analysis and design of hydroforming process for automobile rear axle housing by FEM

An FEM program, HydroFORM-3D, for the analysis and design of tube hydroforming processes, has been developed by modifying and adding some subroutines to the previous rigid-plastic finite element program, and then applied to the hydroforming process for an automobile rear axle housing. This paper includes the theoretical background of the program development. Through a numerical simulation, an optimum process is proposed to meet the practical requirements, which shows the efficiency of the numerical simulation. Two types of hydroforming dies are analyzed by numerical simulation. The sliding-type die has the drawback of a possibility of buckling, whereas the fixed-type die causes bursting failure. The thickness distribution of the final product is affected not only by the types of die, but also by the loading paths. The potential failure site for rear axle housing predicted by the numerical simulation is consistent with the experimental results. The values of maximum axial compression force for the first and second hydroforming processes are also in good agreement with experimental data. To manufacture a sound automobile rear axle housing without failure, it is better to use the sliding-type die and it is also critical to maintain a suitable hydraulic pressure level.     

Manufacture of an automobile lower arm by hydroforming

An automobile lower arm has been fabricated in a prototype form by hydroforming with the aids of numerical analysis and experiments. For the numerical process design, a program called HydroFORM-3D developed here on the basis of a rigid–plastic model, has been applied to the lower arm hydroforming. The friction calculation between die and workpiece has been dealt with carefully by introducing a new scheme in three-dimensional surface integration. To accomplish successful hydroforming process design, thorough investigation on the proper combination of process parameters such as internal hydraulic pressure, axial feeding and tool geometry has been performed. Results obtained from numerical simulation for a lower arm in the hydroforming process are compared with a series of experiments. The comparison shows that the numerical analysis successfully provides the manufacturing information on the lower arm hydroforming, and it predicts the geometrical deformation and the thinning.     

Investigation on formability enhancement of 5A06 aluminium sheet by impact hydroforming

High strain rate (HSR) forming has been found to be able to enhance the formability of sheet metals like electro-magnetic forming. Impact hydroforming (IHF) is proposed, in which the sheet is formed with high-pressure pulse combining hydroforming and HSR forming. An IHF bulge test setup was designed, 5A06 aluminium sheet was tested with strain rate of 2 × 10³ s^?1 showing remarkable thickness strain increase compared with quasi-static condition. A new IHF equipment is designed, the IHF process was verified effective with the equipment, complicated aluminium aircraft sheet part with high drawing ratio was formed that cannot be formed with quasi-static hydroforming.     

Prediction of forming limits and parameters in the tube hydroforming process

Determination of process limits and parameters for hydroforming was conducted applying widely known plasticity, membrane and thin-thick walled tube theories. Analytical predictions were compared with experimental findings. Simple but useful analytical models to predict buckling, wrinkling and bursting as well as axial force, internal pressure, counter force and thinning in tube hydroforming were verified with experimental results.