燃料乙醇发展现状及思考

自20世纪70年代以来,生物燃料乙醇作为车用燃料的研究和产业化受到广泛重视,被认为是未来最重要的可再生燃料之一。本文介绍了燃料乙醇的发展概况,综述了近年来国内外研究开发历程、产业政策和最新进展,对化学合成乙醇路线（合成气催化制乙醇、乙酸加氢制乙醇工艺）和生物发酵制乙醇路线（粮食发酵、非粮原料发酵、合成气发酵工艺）的技术特点、纤维素燃料乙醇产业化存在的困难和问题进行了分析,并对影响燃料乙醇产业发展的因素进行了分析,提出了我国燃料乙醇技术研发和产业发展的相关建议,认为我国应加强非粮原料供应体系建设,积极进行技术研发,加强工业示范并优化燃料乙醇使用环节,促进非粮燃料乙醇产业发展。     

我国非粮燃料乙醇产业发展现状及前景展望

发展非粮燃料乙醇是我国应对环境、能源及粮食危机的重要途径。本文从政策、供给和技术几个方面分析了我国目前非粮(甜高粱、薯类和纤维素等)燃料乙醇产业的技术特点及产业现状,对产业的发展趋势和前景进行了展望,并对非粮燃料乙醇产业的健康可持续发展提出了建议。     

燃料乙醇生产技术路线分析及产业发展建议

对化学合成乙醇路线(合成气催化制乙醇、乙酸加氢制乙醇工艺)和生物发酵制乙醇路线(粮食发酵、非粮原料发酵、合成气发酵工艺)及其技术特点进行了分析,重点阐述了纤维素乙醇生产工艺、核心技术及国内外开发现状,并对我国燃料乙醇产业发展提出了有关建议.     

研发秸杆乙醇技术才是生物质燃料乙醇的根本出路

虽然现阶段粮食仍然是生产燃料乙醇的重要原料，但与民争粮不适合我国国情。“十一五”期间，国家将继续实行生物燃料乙醇项目核准制，其建设项目必须经国家投资主管部门核准，违规审批的、擅自开工建设的，不享受燃料乙醇财政税收优惠政策。发展非粮作物乙醇仍要与粮争地，中国粮食不能承受“能源化”之重，为解决13亿人口吃饭问题，我们的土地已经筋疲力尽。研发秸杆乙醇技术才是根本出路。     

中国第1.5代生物燃料乙醇产业发展现状及展望

介绍了我国以非粮作物木薯和甜高粱为原料生产燃料乙醇的生产技术及产业发展现状,分析了当前产业发展存在的问题,指出加强在原料种收储方面的研究以及种植基地建设,实现原料的大规模廉价稳定供应,同时做好全产业链优化设计,提高项目整体经济性,这将有助于我国1.5代生物燃料乙醇产业发展,满足生物燃料的市场需求和国家既定目标。     

燃料乙醇产业发展现状及推广建议

介绍了燃料乙醇的发展现状,综述了石油基乙烯、煤基合成气和生物质三类原料制备乙醇的工艺技术,并对我国乙醇生产企业的产业发展现状进行分析,进而对绿色生产燃料乙醇的技术研发和产业化提出一些建议。     

非粮燃料乙醇发展综述

本文分析了中国发展非粮燃料乙醇的原因及必要性,介绍燃料乙醇生产技术分类,国内外燃料乙醇生产研究发展概况,指出从长远来看,生产纤维质原料燃料乙醇是解决非粮燃料乙醇发展的根本出路.     

燃料乙醇发展现状及发展潜力

燃料乙醇具有安全、环保和可再生等优点。美国和巴西等国原料充足,出台多项扶持政策,在燃料乙醇发展方面走在世界前列。我国燃料乙醇在政府引导下稳步发展。我国非粮燃料乙醇仍有一定的发展潜力,但应结合原料供应情况,适度谨慎发展;加强宏观调控和政府监管,确保有计划稳步实施;加强纤维素制乙醇技术攻关,解决原料瓶颈。     

新一代生物燃料技术浮出水面

发展生物燃料已成全球共识,但用谷物、甘蔗生产燃料乙醇会影响食物安全,如何经济地用非粮原料生产乙醇是生物燃料产业急需解决的技术问题。     

纤维素乙醇的技术开发与发展前景

9.我国纤维素乙醇开发进展 我国《可再生能源中长期发展规划》指出,今后,将不再增加以粮食为原料的燃料乙醇生产能力,积极发展非粮生物液体燃料。从长远考虑,要积极发展以纤维素生物质为原料的生物液体燃料技术。到2010年,非粮原料燃料乙醇年利用量达200万吨;到2020年,生物燃料乙醇年利用量达1000万吨。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。