薛荔籽果胶对高脂膳食去势大鼠脂质代谢及盲肠内环境的影响

目的：研究薛荔籽果胶对高脂膳食去势大鼠脂质代谢及盲肠内环境的影响。方法：将40 只健康雌性Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠随机分为5 组,其中1 组作为空白对照进行卵巢伪切除手术（Sham组）,另外4 组进行双侧卵巢切除手术（OVX组）,1 周后分为模型对照组和饲喂5%、10%、15%薛荔籽果胶低、中、高剂量组。喂养4 周后解剖测定大鼠血脂和肝脂含量、肝脏组织形态,以及盲肠内容物含水率和短链脂肪酸（shortchainfatty acids,SCFAs）含量等指标。结果：模型对照组大鼠的血脂以及肝脏质量、肝脏脂肪含量、每克肝脏中胆固醇、甘油三酯含量显著高于双侧卵巢伪切除组（P＜0.05）。薛荔籽果胶对双侧卵巢切除大鼠的血脂浓度几乎没有影响,而肝脏质量有升高趋势,但无显著性差异;同时能显著升高盲肠壁湿质量、盲肠壁表面积、盲肠组织湿质量和盲肠内容物湿质量（P＜0.05）;也能升高盲肠内容物中各SCFAs和总SCFAs含量,且具有明显的剂量关系。结论：薛荔籽果胶对高脂膳食引起高脂血症去势大鼠的血脂、肝脂没有降低效果,反而升高了肝脂水平,但在肠道方面,能改善高脂膳食去势大鼠肠道健康。     

水提薛荔籽果胶对去势雌性大鼠肠道健康的影响

目的:研究水提薛荔籽果胶对去势雌性大鼠肠道健康的影响。方法:将32只雌性SD大鼠按体重随机分为4组:卵巢伪切除组（Sham组）、卵巢切除对照组（OVX-CN组）、15%薛荔籽果胶OVX组（FPLP组）、15%柑橘果胶OVX组（CP组）,分别测定大鼠盲肠组织、游离氨、短链脂肪酸（SCFA）以及微生物数量等反映肠道健康的指标。结果:与OVX空白组比较,FPLP组和CP组能显著增加去势雌性大鼠粪便量、盲肠内容物重、壁湿重（p<0.01）,降低游离氨量（p<0.05）,增加肠道内厌氧菌、乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量,升高有益菌与有害菌比例。SCFA含量都有增加的趋势,除了CP组丁酸与OVX空白组没有差别外,FPLP组和CP组盲肠中SCFA含量与盲肠中OVX空白组相比都显著增加（p<0.05）。结论:水提薛荔籽果胶能改善去势雌性大鼠肠道健康。      

柚皮膳食纤维对去势雌性大鼠肠道发酵的影响

研究柚皮中提取的膳食纤维对去势雌性大鼠肠道发酵的影响。将40只SD成年雌鼠随机分为5组,4组大鼠做双侧卵巢切除手术,一周后分为空白组、柚皮原料组、柚皮可溶性膳食纤维组和柚皮不溶性膳食纤维组;用伪切除同龄大鼠作对照(Sham组)。喂养4周后解剖,测定各组体重、盲肠组织重量、盲肠内容物中游离氨、短链脂肪酸以及微生物的数量等指标。结果显示,饲料中添加柚皮原料、柚皮可溶性膳食纤维和柚皮不溶性膳食纤维均能显著增加去势雌性大鼠短链脂肪酸含量和盲肠面积(p<0.05)、降低盲肠内容物pH和游离氨的含量以及增加肠道内有益菌的数量并抑制有害菌生长。柚皮膳食纤维能够明显促进去势雌性大鼠肠道发酵作用,改善肠道环境。      

薯渣纤维素粒度对去势大鼠肠道健康的影响

目的:研究不同粒度纤维素对去势大鼠肠道健康的影响。方法:将40只SD雌性大鼠按体重随机分为5组,每组各8只。将其中4组进行双侧卵巢切除手术(OVX),剩余1组进行卵巢伪切除手术(sham),分别将一组卵巢切除和卵巢伪切除组饲喂空白饲料,剩余3组卵巢切除手术分别饲喂添加10%的普通纤维素、超粉纤维素和纳米纤维素。自由采食和饮水,28d,测定各组体重、盲肠内容物、盲肠组织重量、盲肠中微生物含量、盲肠中短链脂肪酸以及盲肠内容物游离氨等指标。结果:饲喂三种粒度纤维素与空白组相比,其盲肠内容物增加,粪便的排出量增加,盲肠内容物中的有益菌升高,有害菌降低,pH降低,各种短链脂肪酸均升高,游离氨降低。结论:饲喂三种不同粒度纤维素能增加大鼠的排便量,更精细化的纤维素能增加大鼠肠道的发酵作用,从而更有利于肠道健康。      

辣椒素剂量对去势雌性大鼠血脂、肝脂及盲肠内环境的影响

目的：探讨辣椒素剂量对去势雌性大鼠血脂、肝脂及盲肠内环境的影响。方法：选用30 只雌性SD大鼠随机分组为5 组,其中1 组大鼠进行伪切除手术作对照（伪切除组）,另外4 组大鼠做双侧卵巢切除手术,基础饲料喂养恢复1 周后,分为不灌胃辣椒素（空白组）和灌胃5.0、10.0、15.0 mg/（kg·d）辣椒素剂量组（低、中、高剂量组）。喂食相同基础饲料28 d后解剖,测定大鼠血清和肝脏中胆固醇、甘油三酯含量及盲肠面积,盲肠内容物水分含量、pH值、短链脂肪酸和微生物等指标。结果：空白组大鼠的体质量、采食量、血脂、肝脏总脂肪、总胆固醇、甘油三酯总含量均显著高于伪切除组。辣椒素可降低双侧卵巢切除大鼠的体质量增加量、血清和肝脏中胆固醇和甘油三酯含量,且具有明显的剂量关系;同时可以降低盲肠组织总质量、盲肠体质量比、盲肠内容物短链脂肪酸含量,显著降低盲肠内容物有益菌数量（P＜0.05）;辣椒素可以显著升高游离氨含量和pH值,增加有害菌数量（P＜0.05）,但辣椒素各剂量组之间没有显著性差异。结论：辣椒素对因雌激素缺乏引起高脂血症雌性大鼠具有较好的降血脂、降肝脂作用,但对盲肠内环境具有一定的损伤作用。     

不同种类蛋白质对大鼠体内微量元素锌、铜、铁、锰代谢的影响研究

目的以酪蛋白为对照,研究大豆蛋白和花生蛋白对生长期大鼠体内锌、铜、铁、锰4种元素代谢的影响.方法36只生长期雄性SD大鼠随机被分为3组--酪蛋白组、大豆蛋白组、花生蛋白组,分别饲喂含20%酪蛋白、大豆蛋白、花生蛋白的人工半合成饲料,28 d后开始连续收集7 d的粪、尿样品,35 d后处死,取大鼠血、肝脏、肾脏和股骨,用原子吸收法测定其锌、铜、铁、锰含量.结果大豆蛋白组尿铁、锰排量、锌和铁的表观吸收率和表观存留率以及肝锌、肝铜和肾脏锰含量均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),而血清、肾脏和股骨铜含量均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);花生蛋白组尿中各元素排泄量、铜和铁的表观吸收率、铜的表观存留率以及肝脏铁含量均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),而粪铜排泄量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论大豆蛋白质使大鼠对锌和铁的表观吸收率和表观存留率显著增加;花生蛋白质使大鼠对铜的表观吸收率和表观存留率以及对铁的表观吸收率显著增加,提示大豆蛋白质对改善机体锌和铁代谢、花生蛋白质对机体铜和铁代谢的调节具有积极意义.     

比较不同来源钙剂对大鼠骨密度的影响

目的:研究纳米碳酸钙、微晶体羟磷灰钙、乳钙对大鼠骨密度和钙表观吸收率的影响。方法:SPF级4周龄雌性SD大鼠90只,随机分为9组,即纳米碳酸钙、微晶体羟磷灰钙、乳钙低、高剂量组和相应剂量碳酸钙对照组(低、高剂量组饲料钙含量分别为500mg/100g和1000mg/100g),以及低钙对照组(饲料钙含量为150mg/100g)。喂养13周,测钙表观吸收率、骨钙含量和骨密度。结果:不同钙剂组大鼠骨密度均明显高于低钙对照组(P0.05);不同钙剂低剂量组大鼠钙表观吸收率介于52.96%～68.16%之间,高剂量组吸收率介于41.78%～61.30%,均明显低于低钙对照组(P0.05)。结论:与低钙对照组相比,纳米碳酸钙、微晶体羟磷灰钙、乳钙均可明显改善大鼠的骨密度。     

京西稻糙米及精米中9种微量矿物质元素含量对比分析

目的 比较京西稻糙米和精米中9种微量矿物质元素的含量差异。方法 20份京西稻稻谷样品脱壳而成的糙米和进一步加工得到的精米经微波消解法前处理后, 由电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定样品中钙、铜、铁、钾、镁、锰、钠、磷、锌9种微量矿物质元素的含量, 并对数据进行分析。结果 分析20份样品各元素的平均含量, 糙米中的镁、磷、钾、锰、钙、钠、铁、锌、铜元素含量分别的是精米的174.5%、147.1%、143.0%、138.2%、115.7%、113.2%、106.7%、96.6%、95.8%。结论 京西稻糙米中镁、磷、钾、锰的含量远高于精米, 糙米中钙、钠、铁的含量略高于精米, 而糙米中锌和铜的含量略低于精米。     

岩藻多糖对染铅大鼠体内铅及矿物质元素含量的影响

目的:研究岩藻多糖对铅染毒大鼠体内铅及矿物元素钙、锌、铜、铁含量的影响。方法:灌胃醋酸铅溶液建立铅中毒大鼠模型,将大鼠随机分为6组:空白对照组,模型组,阳性药物组及低、中、高剂量岩藻多糖组(50、100、200 mg/kg),连续灌胃8周后,处死大鼠并测定血液和各脏器中铅及矿物质元素含量。结果:与空白对照组对比,除脑组织外,模型组大鼠血液及各脏器中铅元素含量极显著升高(P<0.01),钙、锌、铁矿物质元素流失严重;与模型组对比,中、高剂量岩藻多糖组大鼠血液、肝脏、肾脏中铅元素含量极显著降低(P<0.01),钙、锌矿物质元素流失率下降;与空白对照组对比,模型组大鼠肾脏中铜元素上升9.14%,差异不显著(P>0.05),铅毒性虽未对大鼠肾铜稳态造成不良影响,但铅暴露后阳性药的摄入使大鼠肾脏中铜元素含量极显著降低(P<0.01),下降54.46%。结论:铅染毒导致大鼠血液及各脏器中钙、锌、铁元素严重流失,而岩藻多糖在排铅的同时能有效改善染铅大鼠体内矿物质元素稳态失衡,且其高剂量对股骨、肝脏具有较好保护效果。     

大豆甙元抑制去卵巢大鼠骨矿丢失和相关元素关系的研究

目的:研究大豆甙元对去卵巢引起的骨质疏松大鼠骨矿物质和相关元素含量的影响。方法:实验用40只三月龄雌性清洁级大鼠,分为4组。其中去卵巢+己烯雌酚组(OVX-E)、去卵巢+大豆甙元组(OVX-D)大鼠每日分别灌胃己烯雌酚或大豆甙元,另二组大鼠仅灌胃等量蒸馏水。饲喂三个月后(90d)处死,收集血和骨样,分别测定钙(Ca)、磷(P)、锌(Zn)、镁(Mg)、锰(Mn)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)等指标。结果去卵巢后雌性大鼠血清Ca、P、Zn、Mg含量无明显变化,但灌胃己烯雌酚或大豆甙元的去卵巢大鼠血清P、Zn、Mg含量则较假手术组(Sham)和去卵巢组(OVX)大鼠显著降低(p＜0．01,p＜0．05)。与OVX组相比,OVX-E和OVX-D组大鼠骨骼Ca、Zn含量得到改善;血清和胫骨钙磷比(Ca:P)的显著升高,分别为增加36．4%和48．6%(p＜0．01),接近Sham组。结论:研究进一步证实大豆甙元在改善骨密度的机理之一是,通过减少血清P、Zn、Mg吸收,提高Ca的吸收利用率,有利于Ca和Zn在胫骨中沉积,而增强骨密度。但血清碱性磷酸酶的表达主要与内源性雌激素水平有关。     

Effect of maturity stages on the content of ash components in raw,frozen and canned broad beans

The aim of the present work was to determine the level of ash, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper in fresh and preserved broad bean seeds at the stage of milk-wax maturity. The experiments included two broad bean cultivars, four stages of seed maturity being differentiated in each. With the higher maturity stages, the contents of ash, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium gradually increased in fresh matter of the two cultivars. The contents of zinc and copper showed a slight decreasing tendency, while the levels of iron and manganese varied. Frozen and canned broad bean seeds of milk-wax maturity, prepared for consumption, were a valuable source of mineral compounds. The more mature the seeds, the greater were the contents of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and manganese, and smaller less so for copper, while the levels of iron and zinc varied. Boiled frozen seeds contained more potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and copper than canned products, no differences being found in the contents of calcium and iron. The dehulled seeds contained more phosphorus but less calcium than the intact ones.     

Mineral composition of the protein concentrates made from nontraditional raw plant materials

Protein concentrates obtained from unconventional plant raw material, namely from the oil cake of tomato seeds, corn germs, flax and safflower hold promise as sources of biologically important components including mineral substances. The protein concentrates are marked by a high content of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, manganese and zinc. They are also rich in iron that occurs in the form of a protein complex of bivalent iron. The content of heavy metals and nitrates does not exceed quota permissible for foods.     

Changes in Chemical Composition of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) during Seed Development

Three cultivars of winged bean were analyzed for total dry matter, crude fat, nitrogenous constituents, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and cooking behavior at different stages of seed maturity. Accumulation of dry matter, crude fat and nitrogen occurred during seed development whereas nonprotein nitrogen and tryptophan contents decreased significantly. Reduction in poly-phenol content was observed at all the stages of seed development. There was a significant decrease in total phosphorus content with concomitant increase in the proportion of phytate phosphorus throughout the seed development. In matured seeds, phytate phosphorus accounted for 66—73% of total phosphorus. A reduction in zinc content was noticed in all the cultivars studied. In contrast, calcium, magnesium, iron and copper contents of seeds of different stages of maturity did not exhibit marked differences.     

Nutritional Evaluation with an Animal Model of Cottage Cheese Fortified with Calcium and Guar Gum

Apparent absorption of calcium by rats from cottage cheese was very efficient under the conditions tested. However, overall calcium retention and, to a lesser extent, bone calcium content increased with each increment in dietary calcium. Despite sensitivity of the model to variation in calcium intake, no effect of guar gum on calcium utilization was noted. Increasing the calcium added to cottage cheese increased phosphorus retention, did not antagonize utilization of magnesium and zinc, and only slightly decreased iron utilization in rats.     

Prebiotics enhance magnesium absorption and inulin-based fibers exert chronic effects on calcium utilization in a postmenopausal rodent model

Abstract: Age‐related changes in calcium metabolism play a role in the development of osteoporosis. A 4‐wk feeding study was conducted in 5‐mo‐old ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague‐Dawley rats to assess the effect of various dietary fibers on mineral metabolism and bone health parameters. There were 6 treatment groups: sham‐Control, OVX‐Control, OVX rats receiving daily estradiol (E₂) injections, and OVX rats receiving an AIN‐93M diet supplement with either an inulin‐based fiber (Synergy1® or Fruitafit HD®) or a novel fiber (polydextrose) at 5% wt. of diet. Calcium and magnesium metabolic balances were performed after early (3 d) and late exposure (4 wk) to dietary treatments. Rats receiving polydextrose had significantly higher net calcium absorption efficiency and retention than all control groups and a trend (P≤ 0.10) for higher calcium absorption when compared to inulin‐based fibers after early exposure but the advantage did not persist over long‐term exposure. The inulin‐based fibers had positive chronic effects on calcium metabolism that were related to changes in the gut, that is, production of short chain fatty acids and higher cecal wall weights. All fibers improved magnesium absorption and retention in early and late metabolic balances; effects on magnesium metabolism were more pronounced than for calcium. Practical Application: Steady growth in US middle‐aged and elderly populations has led to higher incidences of several chronic diseases including osteoporosis, a bone disease that primarily affects postmenopausal women. Recent research suggests that certain dietary fibers (prebiotics) enhance mineral absorption and may impart bone health benefits. This work examines the impact of prebiotic supplementation on mineral metabolism and bone health using a postmenopausal rat model. Study findings will aid future investigations in ascertaining the factors related to potential bone health benefits of prebiotic which will aid in developing an effective prebiotics food product/supplement that will address the bone health needs of consumers.     

Mineral retention in three-week-old piglets fed goat and cow milk infant formulas

Goat milk and cow milk are commonly used in infant formula preparations and, as such, understanding the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas made from these milks is important. In this study, a goat milk infant formula was compared with an adapted (whey-enhanced) cow milk infant formula with respect to mineral absorption and deposition using the 3-wk-old piglet as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Equal numbers of piglets (n = 8) were fed either the goat milk formula or the cow milk formula. The mineral composition of the prepared goat milk formula was higher than that of the prepared cow milk formula for most minerals, including calcium (75.1 vs. 56.7 mg/100 mL) but excluding iron, which was higher in the prepared cow milk formula (0.92 vs. 0.74 mg/100 mL). The amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and manganese absorbed by the piglets were significantly higher for the goat milk formula, whereas the amounts of zinc, iron, and magnesium absorbed were significantly higher for the cow milk formula. Apparent mineral absorption, relative to intake, was statistically higher in the cow milk formula for calcium and phosphorus, although the actual differences were very small (less than 1.3%). For copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium there was no significant difference between treatments in apparent mineral absorption, whereas for manganese, absorption was higher for the goat milk infant formula. The absolute mineral deposition was higher in piglets fed the goat milk formula for calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, whereas iron deposition was higher in the piglets fed cow milk formula. For all other minerals tested, there were no significant differences between treatments. The goat milk infant formula provided a pattern of mineral retention in the 3-wk-old piglet very similar to that of the adapted cow milk infant formula. The minor differences observed between the 2 appeared to be due to the different mineral contents of the 2 formulas.     

Changes in phytate and minerals during germination and cooking of fenugreek seeds

The effects of germination, cooking and roasting on the phytic acid content, total phosphorus, water soluble inorganic phosphorus and mineral content of fenugreek seeds have been estimated. After 96 h germination, the dry weight of fenugreek seeds decreased while total ash content increased. Phytase and phosphatase activity of the ungerminated and germinated seeds have been assayed. It is observed that during germination the phytic acid values diminish and the water soluble inorganic phosphorus values increase. Phytase activity which is absent in the ungerminated seeds originates after germination and the phosphatase activity is increased in the germinated seeds. Heat treatment practised in cooking and roasting fenugreek seeds has less effect on phytate elimination than does germination. Changes in calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc are found to be dependent on the loss of dry weight which occurs during processing of fenugreek seeds.