Evaluating local elasticity of the metal nano-films quantitatively based on referencing approach of atomic force acoustic microscopy

Traditional technique such nanoindenter(NI) can’t measure the local elastic modulus at nano-scale(lateral). Atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) is a dynamic method, which can quantitatively determine indentation modulus by measuring the contact resonance spectra for high order modes of the cantilever. But there are few reports on the effect of experimental factors, such length of cantilever, contact stiffness on measured value. For three different samples, including copper(Cu) film with 110 nm thickness, zinc(Zn) film of 90 nm thickness and glass slides, are prepared and tested, using referencing approach in which measurements are performed on the test and reference samples (it’s elastic modulus is known), and their contact resonance spectra are measured used the AFAM system experimentally. According to the vibration theory, from the lowest two contact resonance frequencies, the tip-sample contact stiffness is calculated, and then the values for the elastic properties of test sample, such as the indentation modulus, are determined. Using AFAM system, the measured indentation modulus of copper nano-film, zinc nano-film and glass slides are 113.53 GPa, 87.92 GPa and 57.04 GPa, which are agreement with literature values MCu=105-130 GPa, MZn=88.44 GPa and MGlass=50-90 GPa. Furthermore, the sensitivity of contact resonance frequency to contact stiffness is analyzed theoretically. The results show that for the cantilevers with the length 160μm, 225μm and 520μm respectively, when contact stiffness increases from 400 N/m to 600 N/m, the increments of first contact resonance frequency are 126 kHz, 93 kHz and 0.6 kHz, which show that the sensitivity of the contact resonance frequency to the contact stiffness reduces with the length of cantilever increasing. The novel method presented can characterize elastic modulus of near surface for nano-film and bulk material, and local elasticity of near surface can be evaluated by optimizing the experimental parameters using the AFAM system.     

用复合振子模型计算纳米尺度滑动摩擦力的研究

以光滑界面摩擦为研究对象,探讨用复合振子模型计算纳米尺度滑动摩擦力的原理和方法,推导出滑动摩擦力和摩擦因数的计算公式,并用原子力显微镜探针在硅试样和云母试样上做扫描实验进行验证。实验值与理论计算值的对比结果表明,两者所反映的规律基本一致,表明所提出的理论和方法可行。研究表明,滑动摩擦力与接触面积成线性增长关系,并随宏观振子横向刚度的增大而减小,由于可通过改变摩擦表面的几何形貌来改变宏观振子的横向刚度,因此这一结论将为摩擦控制提供一种新途径。     

Design of a nonlinear vibration absorber using three-to-one internal resonances

A weakly nonlinear vibration absorber is designed to attenuate the primary resonance vibrations of a single-degree-of-freedom weakly nonlinear oscillator having cubic nonlinearity. The linearised natural frequency of the nonlinear absorber is tuned to be approximately one-third the linearised natural frequency of the primary nonlinear oscillator. The low frequency mode for the absorber is favourably considered based on the fact that the nonlinear absorber can be easily realised in practice by using a light-weight mass attachment with small values of linear and nonlinear stiffness of coupling. For a given primary nonlinear oscillator and absorber mass, implementation of three-to-one internal resonances requires the smallest value of the absorber linear stiffness among three options for utilising internal resonances to design nonlinear absorber. The method of multiple scales is used to obtain the averaged equations that determine the amplitudes and phases of the first-order approximate solutions to the vibrations of the primary nonlinear oscillator and nonlinear absorber. It is found that the absorber response may admit either forced vibration having the forcing frequency or a combination of forced vibration and free-oscillation term having one third the forcing frequency. The nonlinear absorber can effectively suppress the amplitude of primary resonance response and eliminate saddle-node bifurcations occurring in the frequency-response curves of the primary nonlinear oscillator. Numerical results are given to show the effectiveness of the nonlinear absorber for suppressing nonlinear vibrations of the primary nonlinear oscillator under primary resonance conditions.     

Micromechanically consistent calculation of rotational stiffness of radial tire

The rotational stiffness of a radial tire is one of the most important structural properties of the sidewall, and it has been evaluated conventionally by using a simplified model. However, in this paper, it is found that the conventional shear modulus used for the calculation of the stiffness is not micromechanically consistent. We examine the conventional shear modulus of the sidewall from the viewpoint of micromechanics, and present a new micromechanically consistent shear modulus for evaluating the rotational stiffness attributed to the shear deformation of sidewall. The developed method is discussed and rationalized through an approximate quantitative analysis. The calculation based on the micromechanically consistent shear modulus is validated by comparing it with experimental stiffness and the conventionally-calculated stiffness. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Jeong Sam Han Yong-Woo Kim received his Bachelor degree in Mechanical Engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, in 1982, and his Ph.D. degree from Yonsei Graduate School in 1991. Dr. Kim is currently Professor at Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sunchon National University in Sunchon, Korea. Dr. Kim’s research interests include structural analysis, machine design, and tire mechanics.     

连铸结晶器非正弦振动装置建模与固有特性分析

为实现机械系统驱动的结晶器非正弦振动波形偏斜率的在线调节,设计出一种双伺服电机驱动的结晶器非正弦振动装置。阐述其工作原理,建立三维模型并进行运 动学仿真;建立扭转-平移耦合动力学模型,推导其动力学方程。研究表明,非正弦振动系统的质量矩阵是常量,刚度矩阵、阻尼矩阵随时间周期性变化。最后,基于瞬时机构凝固法,分析了系统偏心轴的转角、振幅、构件惯性参数及刚度对其固有频率的影响。     

基于光学相干层析气冲印压技术研究角膜生物力学特性

结合频域光学相干断层层析术(SDOCT)以及空气脉冲印压技术(OCT气冲印压系统)研究了角膜的生物力学特性。采用热成型硅胶模拟角膜形态设计制作了8种不同硬度的角膜仿体,通过联接吊瓶和压力传感器控制并设定角膜仿体的前房压力。运用快速气脉冲作用于角膜,同时用OCT记录角膜整个动态形变过程,测得了角膜仿体形变参数——最大压陷深度(DA),并分析得到了反映角膜生物力学特性的硬度系数。结果显示:角膜仿体中央的实际厚度为(504.12±17.04)μm,不同硬度硅胶的角膜仿体的杨氏模量为90~1 400kPa,同一角膜仿体的杨氏模量值与模拟前房眼内压成正相关。同一眼内压下3次重复性实验表明OCT系统测量参数DA具有很高的重复性(ICC=0.992 6);不同观察者A和B的一致性实验表明,DA具有很好的一致性(差值均值为1.1μm)。不同眼压下所得仿体角膜的硬度系数与传统的拉伸实验测得的该仿体的杨氏模量具有明显的相关性(r=0.99,P0.001)。得到的测试结果表明,OCT气冲印压系统可以用来检测角膜生物力学特性,系统测量结果精确可靠。     

Numerical and experimental investigation of nonlinear vortex induced vibration energy converters

In this paper, effects of bi-stable stiffness and hardening stiffness on the performance of a Vortex induced vibration (VIV) energy converter are theoretically and experimentally studied through a wake oscillator model and a computer-based force-feedback testing platform. Based on the simulation and experimental results, it is found that the bi-stable stiffness is potential to allow the system to operate at low velocity water flows, while the hardening stiffness will extend the operating range at high velocity flows. Subsequently, in order to take the advantages of both types of stiffness, a combined nonlinear stiffness is proposed and verified experimentally to demonstrate its capability in improving the overall operating range of the VIV energy converter.     

The dynamics of the dry friction oscillator taking into account pre-displacement and tangential contact stiffness

A one-dimensional model of the dry friction oscillator is considered taking into account the phenomena of pre-displacement and tangential contact stiffness. The dynamic parameters and characteristics of the basic mode of stabilized vibrations are determined for the cases of force and kinematic excitation. The obtained results are compared with the Coulomb model of the force of friction, which gives evidence that this model is inapplicable to calculating low-amplitude oscillations. The effect of the tribological contact parameters on the resonance characteristics of the oscillator and the damping properties of the friction contact are investigated.     

基于悬臂梁位移模型的直升机桨叶损伤检测

从悬臂梁位移模型出发,建立桨叶结构损伤检测的位移残差范数准则,通过桨叶实测位移残差的范数分析结构是否存在局部裂纹损伤,研究一种基于悬臂梁位移模型的桨叶结构损伤检测方法.桨叶结构损伤用裂纹大小或刚度下降等参数指标表示.采用能量方法分析裂纹对梁元弯曲刚度的影响,建立裂纹梁有限元模型,根据桨叶有限元模型构造一种节点力残差向量,利用该力残差向量可确定损伤位置和损伤程度.最后,通过实例验证方法的可行性和有效性.     

直齿圆柱齿轮啮合刚度的影响因素及其规律性

通过对齿轮啮合刚度计算公式的数学分析,确定了直齿圆柱齿轮啮合刚度的影响因素及规律性,指出渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮的啮合刚度与齿轮模数无关。采用新的当量齿形刚度公式的计算结果进一步验证了本文所得刚度影响因素及规律的正确性,并表明了当量齿形对刚度计算结果的影响。     

Vibration characteristics of hollow cantilevered beams containing an electro-rheological fluid

Electro-rheological (ER) fluids undergo a phase change when subjected to an external electric field, and this phase change typically manifests itself as a many-order-of-magnitude change in the rheological behavior. This phenomenon permits the global stiffness and energy-dissipation properties of the beam structures to be tuned in order to synthesize the desired vibration characteristics. This paper reports on a proof-of-concept experimental investigation focused on evaluating the vibration properties of hollow cantilevered beams filled with an ER fluid and, consequently, deriving an empirical model for predicting field-dependent vibration characteristics. A hydrous-based ER fluid consisting of corn starch and silicone oil is employed. From the observation of modal characteristics, the beams are considered to be uniform viscoelastic materials and are modeled as a viscously-damped harmonic oscillator. Natural frequency, damping ratio and elastic modulus are evaluated with respect to the electric field and compared among three different beams: two types of different volume fraction of ER fluid and one type of different particle concentration of ER fluid by weight. Transient and forced vibration responses are examined in the time domain to demonstrate the validity of the proposed empirical model.     

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ULTRASOUND PLATFORM FOR THE EVALUATION OF PLANTAR SOFT TISSUE PROPERTIES: A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON SILICONE PHANTOM FEET

A novel ultrasound (US) platform, consisting of an embedded US transducer connected in series with a circular silicone layer, was developed to evaluate the mechanical properties of human plantar tissues in this study. Force exerted by the foot was determined based on the deformation of the silicone layer, which was measured by US. The platform could capture the deformations of both the silicone layer and plantar tissues simultaneously. The stiffness of the plantar tissue was then extracted from the force-deformation curve. To test the feasibility of the US platform, eight phantom feet with different stiffnesses were tested using this new system. The moduli of the phantom feet were also measured by the tissue ultrasound palpation system (TUPS). The results showed that the phantom stiffness determined using the platform was in linear correlation with the corresponding modulus measured by the TUPS (R² = 0.8914). The current system can be improved by using several US transducers to perform multiple measurements at the same time for reliable assessment of human plantar tissues in a non-invasive, convenient, and cost-effective way.     

Duffing oscillation and jump resonance: Spectral hysteresis and input-dependent resonance shift

The purpose of this paper is to present experimental results for jump resonance observed in a vibrating cantilever beam of a macro-scale atomic force microscope (AFM), and to connect these results with the well-known Duffing nonlinear oscillator dynamics. The paper gives a review of the theoretical analyses of such behaviors, as well as detailed experimental results for nonlinear frequency-domain jump resonance in the vibrating AFM probe. The experimental results clearly show the model-predicted input-dependent resonant frequency shift. A real-time simulation model of the experimental system is also presented as a useful tool to understand the nonlinear dynamic structure, as an aid in identifying the Duffing equation parameters, and allow simulation studies of ideas such as controlling the nonlinear system behavior. We also present a feedback linearization algorithm to compensate for the cubic stiffness internal to the Duffing nonlinear oscillator. The simple experimental system described herein can be easily and inexpensively constructed to allow students and researchers to conduct their own experiments with such nonlinear dynamics.     

Estimation of the equivalent complex modulus of laminated glass beams and its application to sound transmission loss prediction

The complex modulus E(jω) characterizes the visco-elastic behavior of a material. Using a system identification approach, this modulus can be measured via broadband modal analysis experiments. The technique is applied to determine the equivalent complex modulus E(jω), with its uncertainty bound, of multilayer glass beams from transversal vibration experiments in free-free boundary conditions. This property is related to the effective complex bending stiffness of the laminated glass specimen, and is further used for predicting the sound transmission loss of a multilayer plate. The data are rationalized in the terms of the linear visco-elastic properties of the polymer interlayer.     

Practical behavior of advanced non-linear hydraulic servo system model for a mold oscillating mechanism depending on line volume

We studied a mold oscillating mechanism for continuous casting. An equivalent hydraulic servo system model was established including a non-linear property and line volume near the hydraulic cylinder. The analysis focused on a practical behavior of the system. To observe an oscillated object and dynamic responses, an equivalent stiffness, damping ratio and simple mass-damper-spring 1-DOF model were established by Karl-Erik Rydberg’s research, and showed hydraulic cylinder pressure and line volume near the hydraulic cylinder. Especially, hydraulic pressure including statue of a mechanical and hydraulic cylinder was analyzed in the time and frequency domain. The results were validated by comparing responses between the 1-DOF model and the nonlinear hydraulic servo system model. The line volume that connects the hydraulic cylinder and the hydraulic servo valve has great effect on damping ratio and natural frequency of the hydraulic servo system. When the line pipe has high volume compared to normal statue, the hydraulic cylinder pressure has sharp peak frequencies that are located on natural frequency and its duple-harmonic terms with sideband peaks; (±2×exciting frequency) space. Based on this fact, we investigated the model using sensitivity analysis, and explained an oscillating mechanism about the mold oscillator by applying additional spring. A design of robust control for the mold oscillator was suggested by Negative strip time criterion, and maximum additional spring stiffness was shown.     

轮对-轨道系统波磨预测模型的建立及预测分析

基于摩擦自激振动导致钢轨波磨的理论,通过轨下垫板等效替代扣件系统,建立轮轴之间采用过盈配合的轮对-轨道系统的有限元预测模型,采用复特征值分析法预测轮轨系统的摩擦自激振动。通过对比所建模型和采用弹簧阻尼对模拟扣件的模型之间的差异,发现所建模型在预测效果上更接近现场测试结果。通过控制变量法研究摩擦因数、轨下垫片等效弹性模量对波磨预测结果的影响。仿真结果表明：摩擦因数在0.2～0.6范围内时,随着摩擦因数的增大波磨发生的可能性会增加;扣件垂向刚度在50～90 MN/m范围内时,随着扣件刚度的增大即轨下垫板等效弹性模量的增大,系统发生不稳定振动的可能性会降低。仿真预测与实验结果一致,进一步验证了模型的有效性。     

Aging nonlinear oscillator

The model of an oscillator, whose amplitude and self-frequency depend on time, has been generated. If the stiffness is decreased, the self-frequency increases and amplitude decreases. The aging oscillators are characterized by hysteresis properties.     

Determining the effectiveness of vitamin C in skin care by atomic force microscope

This article presents the results of experiments, which examine cell mechanisms with the goal of confirming the effective action of the active ingredients used in anti‐aging cosmetics. Skin stiffness measurements with the use of an atomic force microscope on two forms of vitamin C (ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate and l ‐ascorbic acid) have been presented. The estimated Young's modulus for three types of cells (a control as well as cells treated with two forms of vitamin C) has shown significant differences in the stiffness of the tested cells which was confirmed in the histological staining experiment. The presented results indicate the dependence between collagen synthesis and the stiffness of cells treated with two forms of vitamin C.     

压电力传感器晶片与电极接触刚度影响研究*

以压电力传感器为核心的多分量测量系统是航空、航天等领域重要的力学测量装置。压电力传感器中晶片与电极结合面接触刚度是基础性能参数,对压电力传感器的分载效应及灵敏度,多分量测量系统的整体刚度及静、动态性能有直接影响。由于尚无对该参数的研究,导致在设计封装压电力传感器过程中缺少相应的理论依据,在使用多分量测量系统时存在标定困难等问题。针对以上问题,研究晶片与电极结合面接触刚度的影响因素,建立基于分形理论的接触刚度模型,优化了晶面表面形貌、压电材料、电极材料、预紧力等参数。在此基础上,研究接触刚度对传感器性能——刚度、灵敏度、固有频率等影响,提出一种以接触刚度为约束的晶片表面形貌优化方法。基于结构函数法,建立分形理论与实际工程测量参数的联系,通过两种压电晶体——石英与硅酸镓镧,四种电极材料——钛合金、不锈钢、黄铜、铝,试验验证了理论模型。试验表明,优化晶片表面分形参数、提高预紧力、选用弹性模量小的电极有助于提高晶片与电极接触刚度,进而提高传感器的整体刚度、灵敏度和固有频率。研究为高性能压电力传感器的设计提供了理论参考。     

某型飞机翼身连接接头可靠性分析

首先将标准有限元程序与改进的均值法相结合，对某型飞机翼身连接接头处的刚度可靠性进行分析，结果表明在所给载荷和允许应变的情况下，该接头结构在外载变异系数为0．15，弹性模量和剪切模量的变异系数分别为0．05时仍具有较高的可靠度。然后又将标准有限元分析程序与响应面法结合，在假设接头的响应极限状态方程为一不包括交叉项的二次多项式的基础上，利用有限元分析确定响应极限状态方程，通过迭代运算，保证响应极限状态方程在最有可能失效点处与接头结构真实的隐式极限状态方程有很好的近似程度。两种方法的计算结果具有较好的一致性。最后基于弹塑性应变分析，给出大过载情况下低周疲劳寿命可靠性分析结果，得到在给定寿命要求下结构可靠度随疲劳寿命变异系数变化的曲线，并给出在要求可靠度情况下安全寿命随疲劳寿命变异系数的变化曲线，为该型飞机的设计定型提供依据。