多种ZnO纳米结构和ZnO/ZnS核壳结构的制备

以Zn(NO3)2.6H2O和CO(NH2)2为原料,采用均匀沉淀法,制备出了棒状、花状、球状纳米氧化锌(ZnO)。将ZnO微球体分散在Na2S溶液中,通过离子替代法,成功制备了ZnO/ZnS核壳结构。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等测试手段对ZnO纳米结构和ZnO/ZnS核壳结构的晶体结构和表面形貌进行了表征,初步探讨了纳米ZnO和ZnO/ZnS核壳结构的生长机理。根据测试结果得知,ZnO纳米棒呈现六方纤锌矿结构,随着Zn2+浓度逐渐增加,ZnO纳米结构形貌由单分散的棒状聚集成花状,最后演变成球形。ZnO/ZnS复合结构为内核ZnO,外面包覆一层ZnS的核壳结构。所有的纳米ZnO均具有相似的发光特点,ZnO/ZnS核壳结构的发光性能有了很大的改善。     

ZnO/ZnS核/壳纳米结构的形态及其演变模式

用两步生长的方法在醋酸锌和六亚甲基四胺水溶液中生长ZnO纳米棒阵列,然后以ZnO纳米棒阵列为模板,在Na2S水溶液中硫化0.5～6 h形成ZnO/ZnS纳米结构.用XRD,SEM和TEM表征了ZnO/ZnS核/壳纳米结构的晶体结构、表面形貌.研究了ZnO/ZnS核/壳纳米结构的形态及其转变的模式.在硫化过程中,ZnO首先形成ZnO/ZnS核/壳纳米棒,随着硫化程度的增强,核/壳结构顶部出现空洞,空洞扩展形成管状结构,进一步硫化,管状结构坍塌.硫化形成的ZnO/ZnS结构的形态不仅依赖于初始纳米棒的直径大小和硫化时间的长短,还依赖于纳米棒的分布密度.     

ZnO-Ni壳核丝状阴极场发射特性研究

采用水热法在Ni丝上制备锥状ZnO,形成ZnO-Ni壳核丝状阴极。采用X射线衍射分析仪进行物相分析,表明该ZnO具有沿002面生长的取向。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其表面形貌,表明Ni的表面生长有一层分布均匀的锥状ZnO。通过场发射性能测试,结果表明ZnO-Ni壳核丝状阴极具有比平面结构中的ZnO纳米锥阴极更优良的场发射性能,并对该结果进行讨论。     

ZnO纳米棒的低温生长及光致发光性能

采用化学溶液沉积法在ITO导电玻璃上制备近一维ZnO纳米棒.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和光致发光谱(PL)对样品进行表征,研究了不同Zn2+摩尔浓度和不同生长时间对样品的结构、形貌和光致发光性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的ZnO纳米棒为纤锌矿结构并沿c轴择优取向生长.另外,随着Zn2+摩尔浓度的增加,纳米棒的直径增大.当Zn2+摩尔浓度为0.1M时,ZnO纳米棒的直径和长度都随生长时间的增加而增加.PL测试表明,样品均具有良好的发光性能,并且ZnO纳米棒的结晶质量随着Zn2+摩尔浓度和生长时间的增加均有所提高.     

ZnO纳米棒的低温生长及光致发光性能

采用化学溶液沉积法在ITO导电玻璃上制备近一维ZnO纳米棒. 利用X射线衍射（XRD) 、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和光致发光谱（PL）对样品进行表征,研究了不同Zn2+摩尔浓度和不同生长时间对样品的结构、形貌和光致发光性能的影响. 结果表明,所制备的ZnO纳米棒为纤锌矿结构并沿c轴择优取向生长. 另外,随着Zn2+摩尔浓度的增加,纳米棒的直径增大. 当Zn2+摩尔浓度为0.1M时,ZnO纳米棒的直径和长度都随生长时间的增加而增加. PL测试表明,样品均具有良好的发光性能,并且ZnO纳米棒的结晶质量随着Zn2+摩尔浓度和生长时间的增加均有所提高.     

两步法生长ZnO纳米棒的结构及其发光特性

应用两步法在玻璃衬底上制备了高度取向的ZnO纳米棒,并研究了衬底和反应时间等参数对其结构及发光特性的影响。从样品的扫描电镜(SEM)图中发现,利用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)方法在玻璃衬底上生长一层ZnO薄膜作为修饰层,可以明显提高水热法生长的ZnO纳米棒的结晶质量。样品的SEM和光致发光(PL)谱表明,在有ZnO修饰层的玻璃衬底上生长的ZnO纳米棒分布均匀,排列致密,取向性好;缺陷发光的发光强度约是激子发光峰的2倍,且随着反应时间增长,样品的缺陷发光增强而激子发光减弱。     

溶液浓度对ZnO纳米棒形貌和发光的影响

为了获取高质量、高取向排列规则的ZnO纳米棒,玻璃衬底预先用脉冲激光沉积方法制备一层ZnO薄膜作为籽晶层,应用水热法在玻璃衬底上生长ZnO纳米棒。探究了籽晶层及不同溶液浓度对ZnO纳米棒结构和发光的影响,用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪测量样品的形貌和结构,用组建的光致发光测试系统对样品的室温光致发光光谱进行测定。结果表明,ZnO纳米棒具有高度取向且分布致密均匀;光致发光光谱显示ZnO的近带边发射比深能级发光略低;随着溶液浓度的增加,近带边发光和深能级发光相对强度的比值依次降低。     

Bi掺杂ZnO籽晶层生长纳米ZnO薄膜性能研究

采用溶胶 凝胶法制备得到不同浓度Bi3+掺杂ZnO籽晶层,又进一步采用水热法合成了六方纤锌矿结构的ZnO纳米棒。通过X线衍射（XRD）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）、光致发光（PL）谱等测试手段对样品结构、形貌和光学性能进行测试和表征。结果表明,在不同浓度Bi掺杂ZnO籽晶层上生长纳米ZnO薄膜,ZnO的晶体结构没有改变,均为六方纤锌矿结构,且(002)晶面的峰强明显高于其他晶面的峰强值;在FESEM电镜观察下发现,不同掺杂浓度Bi掺杂ZnO籽晶层上水热生长的纳米ZnO薄膜均为纳米棒状。PL光谱显示随着Bi掺杂量增加,样品的近紫外发射峰和晶格缺陷峰等峰值明显增大,且有红移现象产生。其中禁带宽度随着Bi掺杂量的增大而减小,说明Bi3+可以有效地调节ZnO的禁带宽度。     

ZnO纳米棒的低温制备及表征

以硝酸锌、氨水为原料,采用低温水浴法在不同的温度下大规模制备了团簇状ZnO纳米棒,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)、室温光致发光(PL)等手段对ZnO纳米棒进行了表征.SEM结果表明,环境温度对ZnO的形貌和性质有很大的影响,随着温度增加,ZnO长径比越来越大,当温度为90℃时ZnO的平均直径100 nm,长度约为5 μm;EDX和XRD图谱表明,ZnO纳米棒是高纯的六角纤锌矿结构;对90℃条件下制备的ZnO进行光致发光性能测试,观察到波长位于423 nm附近有较强的蓝光发射.     

表面增强喇曼光谱的Au@SiO2核壳纳米粒子制备北大核心

研究了核壳纳米颗粒的表面增强喇曼光谱（SERS）,并制备了不同SiO2厚度的Au@SiO2核壳纳米粒子进行喇曼光谱分析测试。首先,采用化学还原法制备出酒红色的金溶胶溶液。接着,添加不同量的正硅酸四乙酯（TEOS）制备了以Au为核、不同厚度SiO2为壳包裹的Au@SiO2核壳纳米粒子。然后,采用紫外-可见光（UV-Vis）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对Au@SiO2核壳纳米粒子的结构进行表征。最后,不同SiO2厚度的Au@SiO2核壳纳米粒子和未进行表面修饰的金溶胶溶液中滴入等量质量浓度为0.1 mg/L的罗丹明B,离心干燥后用喇曼光谱仪测试表面增强喇曼光谱效应。结果表明：罗丹明B的检出限可达到2.1×10^-7 mol/L,在扫描范围为300-1 800 cm^-1,激发波长为532 nm的条件下,SERS活性随TEOS用量的增加先增大后减小。TEOS的用量为120μL时,罗丹明B的表面喇曼增强效应最佳。     

电沉积法制备SnS薄膜

采用了电沉积在SnO2透明导电玻璃上制备了硫化锡（SnS)薄膜，并对用电化学法实现Sn和S共沉积的条件参数进行了理论探讨，实验中，利用SnCl2和Na2S2O3的混合水溶液作为电沉积液制备了均匀的SnS薄膜，对实验参数进行了优化，对薄膜进行了X－射线衍射（XRD），扫描电子显微（SEM）测量及光学测试，。实验发现，制备的薄膜为多晶的斜方晶系结构，晶粒大小约为150nm，直接光学带隙在1．36－1．73eV之间可调。     

SnS薄膜的制备及其特性研究

以硫代乙酰胺、三乙醇胺、氯化亚锡和氨水作反应物,氯化铵作缓冲剂,采用化学浴法在玻璃衬底上沉积SnS薄膜。用XRD,SEM等手段分别对薄膜样品的晶体结构及表面形貌进行了表征。XRD分析结果表明薄膜样品为具有斜方晶体结构的多晶SnS薄膜,SEM测量结果显示薄膜晶粒尺寸为数十纳米。此外,本文还简要分析了氯化铵在反应中的作用。     

Core/Shell Quantum Dots Solar Cells

Semiconductor nanocrystals, the so‐called quantum dots (QDs), exhibit versatile optical and electrical properties. However, QDs possess high density of surface defects/traps due to the high surface‐to‐volume ratio, which act as nonradiative carrier recombination centers within the QDs, thereby deteriorating the overall solar cell performance. The surface passivation of QDs through the growth of an outer shell of different materials/compositions called “core/shell QDs” has proven to be an effective approach to reduce the surface defects and confinement potential, which can enable the broadening of the absorption spectrum, accelerate the carrier transfer, and reduce exciton recombination loss. Here, the recent research developments in the tailoring of the structure of core/shell QDs to tune exciton dynamics so as to improve solar cell performance are summarized. The role of band alignment of core and shell materials, core size, shell thickness/compositions, and interface engineering of core/thick shell called “giant” QDs on electron–hole spatial separation, carrier transport, and confinement potential, before and after grafting on the carrier scavengers (semiconductor/electrolyte), is described. Then, the solar cell performance based on core/shell QDs is introduced. Finally, an outlook for the rational design of core/shell QDs is provided, which can further promote the development of high‐efficiency and stable QD sensitized solar cells.     

p‐Si/SnO2/Fe2O3 Core/Shell/Shell Nanowire Photocathodes for Neutral pH Water Splitting

Silicon is one of the promising materials for solar water splitting and hydrogen production; however, it suffers from two key factors, including the large external potential required to drive water splitting reactions at its surface and its instability in the electrolyte. In this study, a successful fabrication of novel p‐Si/n‐SnO₂/n‐Fe₂O₃ core/shell/shell nanowire (css‐NW) arrays, consisting of vertical Si NW cores coated with a thin SnO₂ layer and a dense Fe₂O₃ nanocrystals (NCs) shell, and their application for significantly enhanced solar water reduction in a neutral medium is reported. The p‐Si/n‐SnO₂/n‐Fe₂O₃ css‐NW structure is characterized in detail using scanning, transmission, and scanning transmission electron microscopes. The p‐Si/n‐SnO₂/n‐Fe₂O₃ css‐NWs show considerably improved photocathodic performances, including higher photocurrent and lower photocathodic turn‐on potential, compared to the bare p‐Si NWs or p‐Si/n‐SnO₂ core/shell NWs (cs‐NWs), due to increased optical absorption, enhanced charge separation, and improved gas evolution. As a result, photoactivity at 0 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and a low onset potential in the neutral solution are achieved. Moreover, p‐Si/n‐SnO₂/n‐Fe₂O₃ css‐NWs exhibit long‐term photoelectrochemical stability due to the Fe₂O₃ NCs shell well protection. These results reveal promising css‐NW photoelectrodes from cost‐effective materials by facile fabrication with simultaneously improved photocathodic performance and stability.     

Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical characterization of SnS photoabsorber films

A comparative study on the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical behavior of SnS thin-film electrode in acidic media was carried out to investigate the SnS-electrolyte interface reactions. The cycling voltammetry examinations were performed to characterize the oxidation and reduction reactions during electrochemical decomposition of the SnS layer in a background solution of 0.1 M H₂SO₄. It was observed the presence of passivating oxide-hydroxide layers on the surface on SnS films and studied dynamics of its formation. The corresponding interface reactions were discussed in details and compared with state-of-the-art in similar researches.Photoelectrochemical measurements show that the decrease of photoactivity of SnS is caused mainly by tin hydroxide ultra-thin layer formation on the SnS surface. On the other hand, after electrochemical reduction of the passivating hydroxide layer the photoactyvity increase is observed e.g. electrochemical oxidation at +1200 mV vs. SCE forms on the surface of SnS ultra-thin SnO layer and increases photoactivity almost 4 times.In this paper, special attention is paid to modification of SnS photoabsorber interface by the electrochemical treatment.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Iron/Iron Oxide Core/Shell Nanocubes

A simple method for the preparation of iron/iron oxide nanoparticles with core/shell cubic morphology is presented. The synthesis of the nanocubes was carried out through decomposition of a preformed iron oleate complex at high temperature. Although this procedure has been shown previously to produce monodisperse magnetite spheres,^[1] the use of squalene as a solvent and the presence of sodium oleate was found to induce cube formation. A detailed high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of the nanocubes was performed for structural characterization. The core/shell structure, an iron core surrounded by magnetite (Fe₃O₄) shell, was confirmed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) filtering analysis. The results obtained by HRTEM analysis are in agreement with X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and magnetic analysis. The Fe nanocubes are superparamagnetic at room temperature with a saturation magnetization M_S = 101 A m² kg^–1 and magnetic anisotropy density K_eff = 1.6 × 10⁵ J m^–3 at low temperatures.     

Soft Core/Shell Packages for Stretchable Electronics

This paper presents materials and core/shell architectures that provide optimized mechanical properties in packages for stretchable electronic systems. Detailed experimental and theoretical studies quantitatively connect the geometries and elastic properties of the constituent materials to the overall mechanical responses of the integrated systems, with a focus on interfacial stresses, effective modulus, and maximum extent of elongation. Specific results include core/shell designs that lead to peak values of the shear and normal stresses on the skin that remain less than 10 kPa even for applied strains of up to 20%, thereby inducing minimal somatosensory perception of the device on the human skin. Additional, strain‐limiting mesh structures embedded in the shell improve mechanical robustness by protecting the active components from strains that would otherwise exceed the fracture point. Demonstrations in precommercial stretchable electronic systems illustrate the utility of these concepts.