氨基乙酸中性电镀镍工艺

采用氨基乙酸作配位剂,在中性电解液中以铜为基材电沉积镍,研究了氨基乙酸质量浓度、阴极电流密度及镀液温度对镍电沉积过程及镀层性能的影响。电解液组成与工艺条件为:H2NCH2COOH 160g/L,NiSO4·6H2O 120g/L,NiCl2·6H2O 12g/L, /L,pH7.0,温度50℃,电流密度0.4A/dm2。结果表明,随氨基乙酸质量浓度的增大,电镀镍阴极极化增强,电流效率降低,镍镀层表面结瘤减少;随阴极电流密度的增大,镍镀层表面的裂纹变宽且结瘤增加,硬度和阴极电流效率下降;提高电解液温度有利于减少镍镀层表面的裂纹和结瘤,还能显著提高镍镀层显微硬度和电解液的阴极电流效率。     

中性电镀镍工艺探索研究

在中性镀镍电解液中,以柠檬酸钠作为镍配位剂,镀液温度控制在45℃,研究了柠檬酸钠含量和阴极电流密度对镍镀层表面形貌、电解液电流效率和阴极极化的影响。结果表明,当阴极电流密度为0.6A·dm~(-2)、柠檬酸钠质量浓度为120g·L~(-1)时,镀层平整致密且裂纹较少,电流效率最高。糖精作为光亮剂,能较好地减少镍镀层裂纹,当糖精质量浓度为1.8g·L~(-1)时,裂纹彻底消失,但对划痕的消除效果不佳。但过高的糖精质量浓度不利于镀液电流效率,糖精质量浓度为0.6g·L~(-1)时有较好的镀液电流效率。     

糖精对柠檬酸盐中性电镀镍影响的研究

研究了糖精添加剂对柠檬酸盐中性电镀镍的影响,重点考察了糖精质量浓度对电镀镍阴极极化、电流效率、镀层表面形貌、硬度及其耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,低电流密度下,糖精可以增加电镀镍的阴极极化;随着糖精质量浓度的增加,阴极电流效率和镀层内应力都降低,但镍镀层硬度却呈上升趋势;此外糖精的加入增大了镍镀层在NaCl溶液中的电荷传递电阻,提高了镍镀层的耐蚀性。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对硫酸盐电镀镍的影响

研究了阳离子型表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对硫酸盐镀镍层的硬度、内应力、表面形貌、孔隙率及电解液的电流效率、分散能力、阴极极化、电化学反应阻抗的影响,并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征了镀镍层的微观结构。结果表明:CTAB的加入能显著细化镀镍层的晶粒尺寸,提高镀镍层的硬度和拉应力;随着CTAB的质量浓度的增加,镀镍层的孔隙率减小,而电解液的电流效率、分散能力变化不大;在电解液中添加CTAB,使阴极极化作用略有减弱,且镍沉积阻抗减小;镀镍层呈现(200)晶面择优取向,且随着CTAB的质量浓度的增加,镀层(200)晶面的相对取向密度增大。     

平行冲刷给液电沉积镍层的显微硬度研究

采用平行冲刷给液方式电沉积镍层,并系统研究了冲液速率、阴极电流密度、电解液温度和电解液pH值对镀层显微硬度的影响规律。结果表明:镀镍层的显微硬度随冲液速率的加快(0.6~2.2m/s)和阴极电流密度的增加(1~11A/dm2)均呈现明显的增大趋势,随电解液温度的升高(35~50℃)微幅增大,而随电解液pH值的升高(3.5~5.5)呈先增大后趋于稳定的变化趋势。     

超声波对硫酸盐镀镍及镀层性能的影响研究

研究了硫酸盐镀镍过程中施加超声波对阴极极化能力、阴极电流效率、分散能力、电化学反应阻抗、镀层内应力和硬度的影响。结果表明,镀镍过程中施加超声波能够降低阴极极化、提高阴极电流效率、改善电解液的分散能力、减小镍沉积阻抗;还能细化镀层晶粒、降低镀层内应力、提高镀层的硬度。     

工艺参数对高速镀锡电流效率及镀锡层表面形貌的影响

采用自制旋转阴极装置模拟带钢的高速运动,并研究了电流密度、阴极转速及Sn~(2+)的质量浓度对甲基磺酸盐高速镀锡电流效率和镀锡层表面形貌的影响。结果表明:提高阴极转速和Sn~(2+)的质量浓度及降低外电流密度,可以提高电流效率;提高阴极转速和降低外电流密度,有利于镀锡层形成多晶态的形貌。电流效率与镀锡层结晶状态有良好的对应关系,电流效率越高,结晶越细致。另外,增大阴极转速能减小扩散层厚度,提高电流密度上限和电流效率,降低Sn2+的质量浓度下限,从而提高生产效率并降低生产成本。     

碱性无氰镀锌液组成和阴极电流密度对电流效率与锌层外观的影响

采用库仑计测定了由ZnO、NaOH和光亮剂组成的碱性无氰镀锌液的阴极电流效率,研究了阴极电流密度、光亮剂和ZnO含量对阴极电流效率和镀锌层外观的影响。镀液添加光亮剂会降低阴极电流效率,但可改善镀锌层的外观,使镀层表面光亮;随着阴极电流密度的增大,阴极电流效率降低,镀锌层外观变差;随着镀液ZnO含量的增大,阴极电流效率提高,镀锌层外观变差。阴极电流密度为0.5 A/dm~2时,镀液中适宜的ZnO含量为8~11 g/L,最佳为11 g/L;阴极电流密度为1.0 A/dm~2时,镀液中适宜的ZnO含量为8~10 g/L,最佳为10 g/L。     

表面活性剂OP-10对硫酸盐镀镍的影响

研究了非离子型表面活性剂OP-10对硫酸盐镀镍镀层硬度、内应力、表面形貌、孔隙率及电解液阴极电流效率、分散能力和阴极极化的影响。采用X-射线衍射仪分析了镍镀层微观结构。结果表明,加入适量的OP-10能细化镍镀层的晶粒尺寸,0.4mL/L OP-10使镍镀层表面出现大量凹坑。随着OP-10的增加,镍镀层的硬度和拉应力增大,孔隙率减小,而电解液的电流效率、分散能力变化不大。在较低的过电位下,OP-10能显著增加镍沉积的极化电位。分析表明,当ρ(OP-10)在0～0.3 mL/L时,镍镀层的结晶取向为(200)面;当ρ(OP-10)为0.4 mL/L时,镍镀层的结晶取向则转变为(400)面。     

离心高速电镀镍工艺研究

为提高电镀镍的沉积速率以提高劳动生产率 ,采用自行研制的离心高速电镀镍装置。研究了电流密度与沉积速率、晶粒尺寸及镀层硬度的关系 ,结果表明 :采用此装置 ,镀液在阴极表面切向流速、极限电流密度及沉积速率均增大 ,使得镀层晶粒更细致 ,硬度更高。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。