多粒子的侧向散射光偏振性质分析

分别用直径0.22μm和0.494μm的粒子与过滤的蒸馏水制成不同浓度的悬浮液作为散射粒子场,来寻求用散射光分析未知群粒子场粒子性质的新的方法.实验结果表明,多粒子散射的散射光总光强与单粒子相似,但其垂直偏振分量和水平偏振分量却随着观测面内散射角的改变而有着显著的不同变化,此结论可用于探测未知群粒子场粒子和入射光相关性质的新方法.     

群粒子场粒子性质的侧向散射光分析

分别用直径0.22μm和0.494μm的粒子与过滤的蒸馏水制成不同浓度的悬浮液作为散射粒子场,来寻求用散射光分析未知群粒子场粒子性质的新的方法.实验结果表明,群体散射场侧向散射光的退偏振情况与粒子的直径密切相关,直径大的粒子其水平方向线偏振度远小于直径小的粒子,而其垂直方向的线偏振度却远大于直径小的粒子,此结论可用作探测未知群粒子场粒子性质的新方法.     

散射光法探测微米群粒子场粒子性质的应用研究

提出了用激光进行散射光分析来探知未知群粒子场粒子性质的新的方法.实验中用直径0.22 μm和0.494 μm的粒子分别与过滤的蒸馏水制成不同浓度的悬浮液作为散射粒子场,并采用了波长为0.632 8 μm的激光.通过理论分析,并进行实验研究发现,在微米级群体粒子散射场中,粒子侧向散射光的退偏振情况与粒子的直径密切相关,直径大的粒子其水平方向线偏振度远小于直径小的粒子,而其垂直方向的线偏振度却远大于直径小的粒子.此结论可用作探测未知群粒子场粒子性质特别是用于粒子大小区别判断.     

动态线偏振光散射纳米颗粒粒度测量法的研究与分析

多重散射是传统动态光散射法测量纳米颗粒溶液浓度上限受到限制的主要原因。为此文中提出了动态线偏振光散射纳米颗粒粒度测量法,通过改变颗粒入射光和散射光的偏振状态,降低颗粒间多重散射的影响。现利用Mie散射理论分析了入射光与散射光偏振状态之间的关系,并通过实验方法探知偏振光在散射介质中的传输特性,揭示了在动态光散射中使用垂直偏振光作为入射光的实验依据。最后对动态线偏振光散射颗粒测量法和传统光子相关光谱测量法进行了实验及分析,通过两种方法的比较,验证了上述理论的正确性。     

利用偏振信息的雾天图像全局最优重构

针对雾、霾等强散射环境下相机拍摄图像严重退化的问题,提出了一种降低雾霾环境对图像质量影响的图像去雾重构方法。基于雾天偏振成像模型,分别估计图像每个区域的重构参数,获取全局最优的重构参数。利用偏振滤波的方法估计雾天大气散射光的偏振度分布,利用自适应亮通道方法计算无穷远处大气散射光的强度分布,从而重构出去雾图像。最后,利用偏振度的纹理信息对重构图像进行增强。该方法考虑了图像中不同位置大气杂散光参数的不一致性,对图像每一区域的重构参数分别运算,从而获得全局最优的重构参数图像。该方法还不要求图像必须包含天空区域,并且具有对灰度图像的处理效果较好的优点。     

基于面阵CCD的散射式激光粒度测量方法研究

研究了基于CCD传感的激光粒度测量方法和优化。在系统设计和实验参数优化基础上,设计了CCD传感器的光环尺寸,并基于Mie散射理论,建立了理论计算模型,计算了待测颗粒的理论光能分布。对标称粒径为10.9μm和57.9μm的聚苯乙烯乳胶标准颗粒进行实验,获得颗粒散射光能分布图像,提出了一种新的光环中心确定方法,并由编写的图像处理程序分析散射光能分布。颗粒粒径的反演结果与标称尺寸比较表明,用此测量方法得到的颗粒散射光能分布与其理论分布较一致,稳定性与重复性较好。     

基于后向光散射的颗粒测量技术研究

颗粒粒径和颗粒折射率是光散射颗粒测量技术中的重要参数。为了实现颗粒粒径的测量及其分档,在广义Mie理论基础上,分析了颗粒粒径及折射率对后向散射光能分布的影响,并得到了后向散射光能分布随颗粒粒径及折射率呈周期变化规律。实验验证结果表明,后向散射光能与颗粒粒径及颗粒浓度有关。研究结果可为后续的颗粒测量研究提供参考。     

强光辐照下主镜表面散射引起的视场内杂光分布

在强光辐照情况下,主镜表面粗糙度产生的散射是引起反射系统视场内杂散光的主要因素之一.本文针对主镜的散射,提出了一种简单的处理方法.采用双向散射分布函数(BSDF)描述散射的角分布特性,推导了平行光平行于光轴人射时主镜焦平面上的散射光强分布表达式,并将其与衍射光强分布表达式联立,得到了焦平面上以几何像点为中心,散射与衍射...     

背向散射多点分布式光纤测温系统的研究

背向散射多点分布式光纤测温系统的研究王莉田，史锦珊，王玉田，王珏（燕山大学秦皇岛０６６００４）０引言目前已有一些测量温度分布的传感器问世，例如用偏振光的时间或反射法（ＰＯＴＤＲ）测量所传播的单模光纤中温度对偏振态的影响来测温“’，用散射光时间域反射法...     

基于渡越-切伦科夫辐射原理太赫兹横向场频率特性的实验研究

基于渡越-切伦科夫辐射原理,单色飞秒激光脉冲聚焦到空气中形成等离子体进而辐射出径向偏振太赫兹波,径向偏振太赫兹波经过紧聚焦后在焦点处产生太赫兹波横向偏振分量。为了有效调控太赫兹横向分量的频率分布和振幅特性,首先,通过理论分析太赫兹横向场分量在外加电压下的分布规律,给出不同角度的外加电压对太赫兹横向场频率强度的影响。然后,采用对等离子体施加外部电场的方法,得到一个最佳的纵向电场角度产生高强度太赫兹横向偏振分量。对发展太赫兹波特性的基础研究以及太赫兹技术的应用具有重要的参考意义。     

Sexual dimorphism in the neuronal circuits of the quail preoptic and limbic regions.

A sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the preoptic area of Japanese quail and plays a key role in the activation of male copulatory behavior. The medial preoptic nucleus (POM) is significantly larger in adult male than in adult female quail. Its volume is steroid-sensitive in adulthood and consequently decreases after castration but is restored to normal levels by a treatment with exogenous testosterone. This volumetric difference appears to result only from a sex difference in the adult hormonal milieu and is not affected by embryonic treatments that permanently modify sexual behavior (no organizational effects). In contrast, some cytoarchitectonic features of the POM such as the size of neurons in the dorso-lateral part of nucleus appear to be irreversibly affected by embryonic steroids. The POM is characterized by the presence of a wide variety of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and receptors and can be specifically identified by the presence of a dense cluster of aromatase-immunoreactive cells, by a high density of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells and fibers and by a dense vasotocinergic innervation. Some of these neurochemical markers of the dimorphic nucleus are themselves modulated by steroids. Many of these neurochemical changes appear to play a causal role in the control of male sexual behavior. The quail POM thus represents an excellent model for the analysis of steroid-induced brain plasticity in a behaviorally relevant context.     

Antiwear actions of additives in solid dispersion

In this paper we compare the action mechanisms of different ‘non-soluble’ additives: a dispersion of potassium triborate and overbased detergents formed by calcium carbonate, or borate aggregates dispersed by a detergent. These additives act by producing a deposit issued from their mineral phase, on the friction surface. With the potassium triborate, a solid film of borate, bound to the metal, is only detected on a negatively-polarised surface or in conditions of severe wear when friction surfaces have been activated by abrasion. On the contrary, with the overbased detergent, a solid film is always detected on the friction surfaces, even without activation by abrasion. This additive is decomposed in the contact zone by the effect of the elevated pressure. The present study shows that the method of placement in suspension of the inorganic phase by the detergents is important. It offers the advantage of forming deposits only in the friction zone, instantly and independently of the type and state of the friction surface.     

Degradation of Disk Lubricant: Ramification in Disk Drives and Direct Detection by TOF-SIMS

The degradation of Z-dol catalyzed by Lewis acid centers on the slider surface leads to chain scission forming one type of fragment terminated with a fluorocarbonyl end-group and the other with a trifluoromethoxy end-group. The former, in contact with humid air, converts to a fluorinated carboxylic acid Z-COOH. Z-COOH is an excellent scavenger for alkali or alkaline earth metal ions. Z-COO^-M⁺ thus formed is a strong surfactant, and, in a humid environment, forms microdroplets embodying water in the core. Metal ions thus scavenged on a disk surface can be readily detected by TOF-SIMS, and the microdroplets by optical microscopy in the dark-field mode. The presence of fragments having a trifluoromethoxy end-group on the disk surface can also be established by TOM-SIMS. A careful intensity analysis of peaks due to anions having a trifluoromethoxy end-group permits a semi-quantitative assessment of the extent of degradation. The study has also shown that degradation is caused by such production processes as tape-polishing and by such disk drive operations as the head flying over a single track or over a band in a seek-mode.     

Analytical Solution of the General Linear Viscoelastic Radial Load Equation for Rotary Shaft Seals

The viscoelastic radial load equation for a cylindrical shell representing the seal was derived from the static solution by the correspondence principle and from first principles. The equation decoupled in space and time by a normal mode analysis was solved both by conventional methods with an impact initial condition and rather more efficiently by the Laplace transform method, for a general linear Maxwell body in plane stress. The solution was in the form of a recurrence relation, allowing representation of material properties by any number of Maxwell elements. When subjected to the standard creep test, step radial load, the seal responded with an impact displacement, followed by transient and finally steady creep. The equation was also solved by the finite element method with the semidiscrete approximation. The solution for stress relaxation and oscillatory strain are given in the Appendix.     

等离子高分子导电薄膜的微型机器鱼图像分析

ICPF是能够被1.5 V低电压驱动的等离子高分子导电薄膜,具有质量轻、响应速度快的特点。用长21.6 mm、宽4.6 mm、厚0.2 mm的ICPF薄膜驱动的微型机器人能够以3 mm/s的速度在水中运动。为了对其运动姿态进行检测和控制,设计了微型机器人的图像处理系统,此系统由CCD摄像机、图像接口卡、计算机和波形发生器组成。通过CCD摄像机获取机器人的运动图像序列;利用目标短时相似性,对每一帧图像进行色调自动阈值分割和边缘提取得到目标二值图像;采用改进的Hough圆变换计算出目标在图像中的位置和运动方向。最后,根据目标的位置和运动方向,通过波形发生器,改变ICPF两端的电压和频率来实现对机器鱼姿态的控制。本系统在Pentium 4 2.8 G内存1 G的电脑上,处理一张图片需52 ms,可以实现对机器人的实时检测、跟踪和控制。     

The biological reality of the interlacunar network in the embryonic,cartilaginous, skeleton: A thiazine dye/absolute ethanol/LR White resin protocol for visualizing the network with minimal tissue shrinkage

Third toe phalanges of chicks aged 8–13 days in ovo and 7-day post-natal rat femoral growth plate were examined to determine whether the interlacunar network (IN), a structure with no lipoprotein membrane component or cytoplasmic organelles, is a genuine component of young growth cartilage. In chick phalanges dehydrated by 70% (v/v) ethanol and LR White resin, variable metachromatic staining of the interlacunar network by toluidine blue and red staining by picro-Sirius red indicate the presence of glycosaminoglycans and collagen. The network in phalanges dehydrated by 80% (v/v) ethanol appears little different; however, the network is much less widely detectable in phalanges dehydrated by 90% (v/v) ethanol and, after dehydration by absolute ethanol, is almost completely undetectable. In contrast, when the young cartilage is permeated by a thiazine dye such as toluidine blue, using a solution of dye in the aldehyde fixative, the network is widely detectable, following dehydration by absolute ethanol, both in chick phalanges and in rat growth plate. Comparison of projected areas shows that the extent to which whole chick feet are found to have shrunk, by the time that they are photographed under LR White resin, is determined principally by the extent of dehydration, by 70% (v/v) or absolute ethanol; post-shrinkage areas are 33% or 35% of areas measured in buffer for 70% (v/v) ethanol/LR White resin and 71% or 75% for absolute ethanol/LR White resin (the higher value in each is for the toluidine blue treatment). The network is thus present in radically shrunk tissue, but, significantly, is also fully represented in tissue shrunk by only a conventional margin and is therefore not produced as an artefact by exceptional tissue shrinkage as has been suggested.     

New approximations for the variance in Cavalieri sampling

This study examined an image processing technique that uses a computer to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of neurones from electron micrographs of serial ultrathin sections. The major problems involved were: (a) a distortion of features in electron micrographs; (b) a significant change of cross-section features of neurones in electron micrographs of neighbouring sections; and (c) disagreement between the electron microscopic section face and the coordinate plane desired for the reconstruction. Electron micrographs of a retinal bipolar cell stained with a biotinylated tracer were used. We corrected the distortion of features by means of a warp, a widely used algorithm in morphing image processing. The change of features between neighbouring electron micrographs was minimized by filling the gaps with an interpolated image produced by a dissolve, another algorithm in morphing, as well as the warp. The distortion of the three-dimensional reconstructed image made by piling up features was corrected by making the image with a wire frame model. Furthermore, in order to estimate a closed contour of features, an active contour model, Snakes, was applied to the electron microscope features. Snakes successfully detected the contour of the target feature, but in some electron microscope images broke into the target feature.     

A new method for determining geometric accuracy in the axis of movement of machine tools

Measurements of geometric accuracy in machine tools, especially of errors in moving machine parts against their theoretical axes, are taken by means of displacement pick-ups moving along a reference standard^1,2, such as a cylindrical test specimen. This procedure is impeded by physical form errors in the standards, especially for heavy machines, as well as by adjustment errors in the standards against the machine part to be measured. These disadvantages can be avoided by using a non-material standard like a laser beam with a four quadrant photodiode as sensor and a special analysis of the measurement data.     

基于纯平移两视图几何的镜头畸变参数标定

针对摄像机镜头畸变对系统测量精度的影响,提出了基于纯平移两视图几何的镜头畸变参数标定方法。首先,分析了机器视觉测量中影响测量精度的主要畸变类型,建立了镜头非线性畸变模型。然后,利用射影几何及纯平移两视图几何的固有特性,构建了四组约束方程用于求解畸变参数。最后,针对大视场测量时标定板无法有效充满视场的问题,提出了利用四维电控平台对视场分区域拍摄多组纯平移运动图像的畸变参数标定流程,利用较小的靶标实现了大视场的镜头畸变参数标定。在实验室验证了本文提出的畸变校正方法的可行性。结果显示:提出的方法标定精度较高,标定后图像特征点连线的直线度误差减小了89%,标定精度及可靠性均满足机器视觉测量的要求。     

High-quality cutting of polished single-crystal silicon by wire electrical discharge machining

We discussed a method for cutting smoothly polished single-crystal silicon surfaces by wire electrical discharge machining to obtain a high-quality surface. To cut out parts with smooth surfaces from the plates by rough-cutting in water while maintaining the initial smoothness of the surfaces, several kinds of masks were applied to the polished surfaces before cutting. It was found that although the application of resin masks is effective for obtaining smooth surfaces far from the cut section, the surface smoothness near the section cut in water is less than in the case of cutting in oil. Next, finish-cutting in oil was performed to remove cracks and chips generated by rough-cutting in oil. As a result, although a few chips were generated at edges of the cut section, cracks were successfully removed by finish-cutting, so that the surface quality was successfully improved by finish-cutting in oil.