水包油型蜡晶改性剂乳液在大庆油田的应用

针对大庆外围低渗透油田开采成本高的现状。大庆油田邮适用于大庆低产油井的ＤＯＤＰ－２水包油蜡晶改性剂乳液。室内试验数据表明，每吨油中加入ＤＯＤＰ－２产品２５０ｇ可同井采出液凝点１５℃，防蜡率可达５２．８％。     

低渗透油田油井低能耗集油技术

随着大庆外围油田进入高含水后期开发,采出液含水逐渐升高,采出液的流动性向有利于集输方面发展.因此,为达到节能降耗的目的,选取计量间进行降低掺水温度和集油温度等现场试验,研究不同掺水量、掺水温度、回油进站温度集油环回压之间的变化规律,确定出适合于大庆外围低产低渗透油田的掺水集油参数,并对现场节气效果进行分析,节约天然气30%以上.     

化学生热清蜡技术在油田节能降耗中的应用前景

文中针对油井热洗带来的能耗及其对油井与地层造成的伤害等问题，研究可以取代抽油机井热洗的化学生热清蜡技术。该技术可节省油井热洗耗费的天然气、电、水等能源，是一条适合大庆外围低产低渗透油田提高整体开采效益的新途径。     

化学防蜡、降凝、降粘复合工艺在胜利高凝高粘油田的应用

胜利油田太平、英雄滩、邵家等油田原油属于高含蜡、高胶质、高沥青质原油,原油粘度大、凝点高。针对该油田原油特性研制了FJN-6防蜡降凝剂,优选了SJN-1降粘剂。介绍了FJN-6防蜡降凝剂及SJN-1降粘剂的配方设计、性能指标,简要分析了防蜡、降凝、降粘机理。经室内试验表明：FJN-6防蜡降凝剂可以降低原油凝点11℃,防蜡率达72.3%。SJN-1型降粘剂降粘率达98%以上。现场采用在井筒中实施防蜡、降凝工艺,在输油中实施化学降粘工艺的复合工艺,很好地解决了该油田原油开采及输送的难题。     

低渗透油田产能预测方法研究

1．问题的提出 大庆西部外围油田属低渗透油田,具有渗透率 低、产量低、储层埋藏深、油层多而薄的特点。室 内实验和现场生产都表明,低渗透油田油井见水 后,采液(油)指数下降,给油田稳产造成严重 威胁。同时,由于初期建设时选择抽油机,均留有 较大提液稳产的载荷余地,致使载荷利用率低,能 耗增加。为了进一步降低投资风险,达到降本增效 的目的,必须研究其变化规律,确定比较准确的最 大产液能力。     

二氧化碳驱油井单管环状掺水集油试验

大庆油田于2008年在宋芳屯油田建立了芳48二氧化碳驱试验区,地面集油系统采用单管环状掺水集油工艺。由于目前该试验区油井采出流体中二氧化碳含量远远超出最初的开发预测数据,导致部分油井见气后井口产液温度过低,甚至造成集油环冻堵,致使生产、试验受到影响。因此,针对大庆外围低产、低渗透油田二氧化碳驱油井采出流体温度低和气油比高等特点,开展了单管掺水集油工艺参数摸索试验。试验结果表明,1#集油环在环境温度18℃、井口温度14℃、掺水温度70℃左右、产液量2.3 t/d条件下,单井掺水量为2.0、1.5、1.0和0.8 m3/h时,回油温度分别为46、44、43和43℃,均高于设计要求的40℃,说明上述条件下单井掺水量定为0.8 m3/h以上时能满足该集油环的集输热量要求。     

大庆外围油田电热管集油简化工艺

介绍了适合大庆外围低产低渗透油田建设的电热管集油简化工艺,论述了电热管道的原理、构造特点以及试验和应用情况。应用结果表明,电热管集油工艺是在严寒地区对低产低渗透油田实现单管集油简化工艺及降低投资的重要技术,对大庆外围低产低渗透油田的有效开发有着重要意义。     

一种高效防蜡降凝剂的研制与应用

姬塬油田部分区块原油蜡质、胶质含量高,油井结蜡严重,现有防蜡技术在该区块应用效果不佳,针对上述问题利用蜡晶晶格扭曲机理和微乳液机理,将蜡晶改进剂以纳米颗粒的形式均匀分布在水中,制备出一种不易燃烧、防蜡降黏效果好、密度较大、冬季可方便使用的高效防蜡降凝剂。研究结果表明,在最佳的合成工艺条件下制备出的高效防蜡降凝剂,纳米粒子的平均粒径为100 nm左右。与现场在用产品相比防蜡率由33.56%提高到88.2%,降黏率由31.06%提高至84.1%,原油凝点由22℃下降至14℃。现场采用连续加药方式实验182口井,使用高效防蜡降凝剂后,油井载荷平均下降0.75 kN,油井平均结蜡周期可延长4倍以上,可有效减少洗井次数,提高油井产油量。     

HW-01系列防蜡降粘剂在不加热集油中的应用

为解决大庆油田环状集油流程“三不”(油井采出液不掺水、不加热 ,油井不用热水洗井 )集油试验中集油管道压降上升过快、抽油机不能正常生产的困难 ,在油井油套环形空间连续点滴和批加HW 0 1系列油井及集油管道防蜡降粘剂 ,取得了油井防蜡和降低集油管道压降双重功效 ,既实现了试验集油环秋季、冬季和春季 2 2 1天“三不”集油 ,又节省了大量的油井清防蜡剂 ,取得了良好的节能降耗效果。本文对该试验作了简要的介绍 ,指出了试验过程中出现的一些问题并提出了改进意见。     

大庆外围油田的原油集输工艺

大庆外围油田地层渗透率低、油品性质差、单井产量低、地面建设可依托性差,制约着油田开发。目前在大庆外围油田应用的原油集输工艺主要有双管掺水集油工艺、单管环状掺水集油工艺、电加热集油工艺、单管深埋不加热集油工艺等。结合产能建设及老区改造工程将葡北油田剩余油井改造为单管不加热集油工艺,可以有效地降低生产能耗。     

油基清防蜡剂FLO的研究与应用

FLO油基清防蜡剂主要由1^#、2^#活性剂、降粘剂和有机溶剂组成。室内实验表明，溶蜡速率大于0．02g／min，静态防蜡率大于50％，降粘率大于30％，动态防蜡率大于60％。现场试验表明，采用定期加药方式，可减少洗井次数，提高油井产油量。     

高含蜡柴油低温流动改进剂的研究

针对高含蜡柴油油品的降冷滤点(CFPP)难、对一般低温流动改进剂感受性差等特点，在分析油品正构烷烃含量及其分布的基础上，从分子结构与性能之间的关系进行分子设计，研制出一种蜡晶成核型和另一种具有二元交替共聚结构的蜡晶抑制型的低温流动改进剂。实验结果表明，蜡晶成核型剂对轻质油品能够起到辅助降冷滤点作用，蜡晶抑制型剂能够十分有效地提高几种高含蜡0#柴油的低温使用性能，而这几种油品对目前国内外其它低温流动改进剂的感受性极差。     

The effects of additives on the reduction of the pour point of diesel fuel and fuel oil

One important industrial problem is the wax precipitation of oil fractions. Factors such as oil composition, temperature, and pressure are effective in causing wax precipitation. One way to prevent wax precipitation is using of chemical inhibitors to reduce pour point. Studying the effects of additives on specific oil samples could help solve wax precipitation problems at various oil processing stages. Despite previous studies that have been done at this aim, finding materials that could decrease the pour point and be economically acceptable, environmentally well optimized, and reasonable is still an unsolved problem. So, it is important to make use of effective materials that could be influential in preventing of wax precipitation or reduction of the amount of precipitation and thus decrease the pour point temperature. In this study, the effects of industrial polymer additives and surfactants that are economically acceptable on decrement of pour point temperature were studied by using three oil product samples, namely light diesel, heavy diesel, and fuel oil (Purification Company of Esfahan). Furthermore, optimized type and concentration of the additives were studied. Results showed that copolymer ethylene-vinyl acetate 28% at a concentration of 500 ppm reduced pour point temperature by 12°C for diesel and that copolymer ethylene-vinyl acetate 19% at a concentration of 300 ppm reduced pour point temperature by 9°C for fuel oil.     

The Effect of Tube Orientation and Pour Point Depressant on Paraffin Wax Deposition

Abstract

A flow loop was used to study wax deposition in the laboratory. Data are presented to demonstrate that the tube orientation and pour point depressants have significant effects on the paraffin wax deposition for oil from the Octh Louie, a Cretaceous formation in the Manderson Field, Wyoming. Changing the tube orientation from horizontal to vertical reduced the amount of wax deposited by 28% for a tube wall (T_wall) temperature of 42°F. The circulating oil temperature (T_bulk) was held constant at 76 ± 3°F. The amount of wax deposited was found to be a linear function of the driving force (T_bulk – T_wall) and the wax appearance temperature (WAT) was estimated by extrapolating this linear relationship to a point of zero wax deposition. The WAT thus obtained (94.5°F) varied considerably with the cloud point (62°F) obtained using the ASTM D2500 method. Change in viscosity with time has also been investigated. Addition of a specific pour point depressant (PPD) at a concentration of 5 mL/gallon reduced wax deposition by 52%; concentrations of 10 mL/gallon of oil reduced the wax by 61%. Changing the flow regime from laminar to turbulent also had a significant effect, reducing the wax deposition by up to 42%. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analyses and other relevant property data pertaining to the oil are also presented.     

蜡晶形态结构对原油降凝的影响

 采用偏光显微镜观察了不同条件下蜡晶的形态变化，对蜡结晶过程中的结构、分布状态和生长规律进行了深入的研究，采用气相色谱分析了用52#、62#、80#蜡配制的模拟油中蜡的碳数分布，考察了凝点与蜡含量之间的变化规律，以及沥青质、胶质和大分子降凝剂(PPD)对模拟油降凝、降粘的影响，为改善原油流动性提供理论依据。实验结果表明，蜡晶的微观形态结构、蜡在油中的溶解性能以及降凝剂的降凝作用与模拟油中蜡的碳数分布密切相关，只有当降凝剂分子结构与油中蜡的结构匹配时，才能达到理想的降凝效果。通过实验确定了模拟油降凝时的临界蜡含量为40%（质量分数），大于该临界值后，凝点随着蜡含量的变化幅度将大大降低。     

水溶性防蜡剂FLW的合成与应用

FLW水基防蜡剂主要由1~#、2~#活性剂(用量分别为12.5％)、1％降粘剂和10％助溶剂组成。室内实验表明,防蜡剂加量为100×10~(-6)时,静态防蜡率大于60％,降粘率大于30％,动态防蜡率大于70％。现场试验表明,采用连续加药方式,可减少洗井次数,提高油井产油量。     

新型蜡晶分散助剂的制备及柴油降凝研究

以乙二胺、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸高碳酯为原料，乙醇钠为催化剂，通过Michael加成和酰胺化反应，合成了一种含有长链烷基和多氨基、酰胺基极性官能团的柴油蜡晶分散助剂。红外光谱检测表明产物与理论设计相符。降凝实验表明，单独添加1000μg/g蜡晶分散助剂时，冷滤点降低2—4℃；与降凝剂T1804复配时，凝点最大降低15℃，冷滤点最大降低9℃；与自制降凝剂复配后，凝点最大降低11℃，冷滤点最大降低7℃。说明制备的蜡晶分散助剂与降凝剂有良好的协同效应。     

The Effect of Commercial Additives as Pour Point Depressants for Fuel Oils

When the crude oil temperature goes below the pour point value wax crystals will come out of solution and tend to plug lines and filters. Additionally, the wax deposited in tanks decreases the storage capacity. In general, wax deposition can cause problems in production, storage, transportation, and consumption. Pretreatment of the crude oil with flow improver or pour point depressants has received the greatest acceptance due to its simplicity and economy. Four commercial additives were evaluated as pour point depressant for fuel oils. The structures of the commercial additives were confirmed by FTIR spectra. The results indicate that the n-alkanes carbon distributions display an obvious normal distribution in fuel oils. The distributions of high carbon n-alkanes are all broad so that wax crystals not precipitate in fuel oil at low temperatures is good. These commercial additives were tested as pour point depressants for fuel oil. The obtained data revealed that the prepared compounds depress the pour point of the fuel oil successfully. Comparison of structures of wax crystals in untreated and treated fuel oil was also done by photomicrographic analysis.     

Correlations Between the Pour Point/Gel Point and the Amount of Precipitated Wax for Waxy Crudes

The amount of precipitated wax is one of the key factors that governs the flow properties of waxy crudes. Experimental results of 24 crudes have shown that approximately 2 wt% precipitated wax is sufficient to cause a virgin waxy crude gelling. Accordingly, a correlation between the pour point and the temperature at which 2 wt% of wax has precipitated out from a crude oil; i.e., T_c(2 wt%), and a correlation between the gel point and T_c(2 wt%) have been developed. The proposed correlation of the pour point is in accordance with the correlation developed by Letoffe et al. (1995) on the basis of 14 crudes from eight countries. The development of the gel point correlation and further verification of the pour point correlation indicate that there is a relationship between the gelling of virgin waxy crudes and the amount of precipitated wax. According to these correlations and the amount of precipitated wax, which can be determined only with a little sample by thermodynamic models or Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) experiment, the gel point and pour point of virgin waxy crude can be predicted even if the oil sample is very limited. Heat treatment and chemical treatment can greatly improve flow behavior of waxy crudes, and more precipitated wax is present when the beneficiated (thermally beneficiated or PPD-beneficiated) crude oils gel. Experimental results showed that approximately two or three times the amount of precipitated wax presents at the gelling temperature when the oils were in their beneficiated (thermally beneficiated or PPD-beneficiated) conditions.