Aerosol optical characteristics from a summer campaign in an urbancoastal Mediterranean area

The authors present a preliminary study of some optical properties of atmospheric aerosols over the area of Valencia, Spain, a coastal Mediterranean city. Measurements of spectral direct irradiance in the 300-1100 nm range were taken simultaneously at three sites: rural-continental, rural-coastal, and urban-coastal, all located within a 50 km radius of the city of Valencia. The irradiance measurements were obtained using three Li-cor 1800 spectroradiometers provided with radiance limiting tubes with field of views (FOVs) of 4.7°. The measurements were made under clear sky conditions during a field campaign carried out in the summer of 1998. In order to avoid the uncertainties associated with the determination of the water vapor content and the other atmospheric constituents, the analysis of the spectral aerosol optical thickness (AOT) values was limited to the 400-670 mm spectral band. From the values of the spectral AOT, both the Angstrom coefficients and the aerosol size distributions were obtained. The results show the great dependence of the optical aerosol characteristic on the direction of the prevailing winds (maritime or continental) in this area     

Aerosol properties over bright-reflecting source regions

Retrieving aerosol properties from satellite remote sensing over a bright surface is a challenging problem in the research of atmospheric and land applications. In this paper we propose a new approach to retrieve aerosol properties over surfaces such as arid, semiarid, and urban areas, where the surface reflectance is usually very bright in the red part of visible spectrum and in the near infrared, but is much darker in the blue spectral region (i.e., wavelength <500 nm). In order to infer atmospheric properties from these data, a global surface reflectance database of 0.1/spl deg/ latitude by 0.1/spl deg/ longitude resolution was constructed over bright surfaces for visible wavelengths using the minimum reflectivity technique (e.g., finding the clearest scene during each season for a given location). The aerosol optical thickness and aerosol type are then determined simultaneously in the algorithm using lookup tables to match the satellite observed spectral radiances. Examples of aerosol optical thickness derived using this algorithm over the Sahara Desert and Arabian Peninsula reveal various dust sources, which are important contributors to airborne dust transported over long distances. Comparisons of the satellite inferred aerosol optical thickness and the values from ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun/sky radiometer measurements indicate good agreement (i.e., within 30%) over the sites in Nigeria and Saudi Arabia. This new algorithm, when applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS), and Global Imager (GLI) satellite data, will provide high spatial resolution (/spl sim/1 km) global information of aerosol optical thickness over bright surfaces on a daily basis.     

Remote sensing of cloud, aerosol, and water vapor properties fromthe moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS)

The authors describe the status of MODIS-N and its companion instrument MODIS-T (tilt), a tiltable cross-track scanning spectrometer with 32 uniformly spaced channels between 0.410 and 0.875 μm. They review the various methods being developed for the remote sensing of atmospheric properties using MODIS, placing primary emphasis on the principal atmospheric applications of determining the optical, microphysical, and physical properties of clouds and aerosol particles from spectral reflection and thermal emission measurements. In addition to cloud and aerosol properties, MODIS-N will be used for determining the total precipitable water vapor and atmospheric stability. The physical principles behind the determination of each of these atmospheric products are described, together with an example of their application to aircraft and/or satellite measurements     

黄海海域气溶胶光学厚度测量研究

了解海洋上空大气气溶胶的变化情况具有重要的科研和应用价值。本文在讨论了太阳辐射计的标定、大气气溶胶光学厚度的计算和Angstroem参数的计算等问题的基础上，介绍了利用多波段太阳辐射计对黄海海域气溶胶光学厚度的测量和研究。测量结果表明黄海海域大气气溶胶主要由自然来源的气溶胶构成，气溶胶光学厚度在0．1左右，光学厚度的日变化和逐日变化不大，Angstroem波长指数约为1．2，大气混浊度指数在0．05左右。     

Aerosol retrieval over land from AVHRR data-application foratmospheric correction

Correction of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery for the aerosol effect requires retrieval of the aerosol loading from the images. Two retrieval algorithms that were previously developed for Landsat are modified for the AVHRR. The methods determine the aerosol optical thickness over land surfaces from AVHRR band one data independently of ancillary information. The first method retrieves aerosols based on the atmospheric effect on the path radiance. This method requires the surface reflectance to be 0.02±0.01, which is found over forests in the red channel. Two techniques are used to screen an AVHRR scene for pixels that have this low reflectance. The qualifying requirements for these techniques are discussed, and the method is demonstrated to retrieve aerosol optical thicknesses to ~±0.1. The second method uses the change in contrast for several scenes to determine the change in the optical thickness between the scenes. A reference scene allows absolute determination. The method has an rms error of ~0.1     

新疆博斯腾湖地区气溶胶光学特性的观测分析

于2005年7月底至8月中旬在新疆博斯腾湖地区进行了一次野外遥感试验,其间利用法国CIMEL太阳辐射计对试验区的大气消光特性进行了测量.介绍了利用太阳辐射计对试验区气溶胶光学厚度的测量和分析原理,对测量数据进行处理研究,结果显示观测期间新疆博斯腾湖地区大气洁净,气溶胶光学厚度的日内和日间变化不大,550 nm处的气溶胶光学厚度一般为0.17;(A)ngstr(o)m波长指数α一般为1.19,与6S常用气溶胶模式中的大陆型比较接近;大气混浊度系数β一般为0.08.     

太阳光度计校正系数对气溶胶光学厚度测量误差的影响

分析了太阳光度计测量大气气溶胶光学厚度时,由于校正系数的不确定性而产生的误差.利用推导的误差分析公式,模拟了校正系数在不同相对误差的情况下导致的气溶胶光学厚度的绝对误差;模拟结果显示,校正系数的相对误差小于+2%时可以满足气溶胶光学厚度的测量精度.     

青海德令哈大气气溶胶光学特征及可降水量分析

大气中气溶胶光学厚度和可降水量情况为天文选址提供必不可少的评价依据,为天文观测提供重要参考。利用DTF型太阳辐射计对青海德令哈进行观测,获得2013年9月至2015年1月晴天无云条件下的观测结果,进而得到该地区观测期间气溶胶光学厚度、Ångström指数和大气可降水量的日变化与季节变化特征。该地区的气溶胶光学厚度和可降水量日变化类型较多,可分为六种,有一定的季节性特征。不同季节中,秋季气溶胶光学厚度最小,其他季节相当,而可降水量在夏季最大,明显高于其他季节。Ångström指数春季最小,夏季和秋季次之,冬季最大。总体来说青海德令哈的气溶胶光学厚度和可降水量都较小,大气较干净稳定,适合天文观测。     

The determination of the atmospheric optical thickness over Western Europe using SeaWiFS imagery

The first results obtained from the aerosol-cloud retrieval algorithm (developed at the University of Bremen) are presented. The algorithm enables the observation of the regional characteristics of aerosol and cloud optical thickness both over land and ocean surfaces. The aerosol and cloud optical thickness over Western Europe is derived from the high-resolution SeaWiFS data for October 11, 2001 (11:30 UTC). The most probable value of the aerosol optical thickness was found to be equal approximately 0.25. The frequency distributions of the aerosol and cloud optical thickness are skewed and have long tails for larger optical thickness. It was found that retrieved values of the aerosol optical thickness at wavelengths 0.412 and 0.440 /spl mu/m are close to those measured by five ground-based instruments placed at different locations. The problems related to the retrieval of the atmospheric optical thickness from space are discussed.     

基于实测的大气参数计算厦门海域大气层顶大气散射辐射的角度分布

本文由在地面实测的气溶胶光学厚度与海面反射率计算出厦门海域大气层顶0.55μm波段大气散射辐射的空间分布与0.3-3.0μm地面总辐射，计算的地面总辐射与辐射总表的测量值有较好的一致性。     

基于SCIATRAN模型的大气CO2敏感性分析

SCIATRAN是一种高光谱分辨率辐射传输模型,其参数丰富、调节性强,为反演CO2浓度提供更可靠的仿真资料。研究采用SCIATRAN模型模拟了不同气溶胶类型、气溶胶光学厚度以及地表类型的CO2辐射亮度,分析了不同条件下影响CO2辐射亮度的规律。研究结果表明:气溶胶类型对CO2辐射亮度的影响比例在8%以内。由于城市型气溶胶成分复杂,对CO2辐射亮度的影响比乡村型和海洋型气溶胶稍大;气溶胶光学厚度对CO2辐射亮度的影响比例在-3.52%~42.97%之间,光学厚度越小,CO2辐射亮度则越大;地表类型对CO2辐射亮度影响最大,与参考值差值比例最高达166.43%,且CO2辐射亮度随地表反照率的增强而增强。该研究还通过仿真信号与实测信号的对比,验证了SCIATRAN模型仿真信号的有效性和可行性。     

一种MODIS遥感图像大气校正的快速算法

本文设计了基于大气辐射传输模型对MODIS遥感图像进行大气校正的一种新的快速算法。根据Kaufman气溶胶光学厚度反演方法的基本原理,建立了简化的气溶胶光学厚度反演模型,通过6S模型获取气溶胶光学厚度参数,利用经验公式计算大气反射率及大气透过率等参数,实现了MODIS遥感图像的快速大气校正。     

气溶胶粒子特性和垂直分布对辐射的影响

数值模拟了在给定条件下气溶胶粒子群平均有效半径和折射率虚部不同时大气层顶的反射强度和到达地面的透射强度,以及不同气溶胶垂直分布对各高度层的反射、透射强度和辐照度的影响。结果表明,当大气气溶胶光学厚度相同时,气溶胶垂直分布对15 km以下的反射和透射辐射影响较大;气溶胶粒子群平均有效半径和折射率虚部越小,大气层顶的反射强度和到达地面的透射强度越大。因此,对于准确地计算大气辐射不仅需要考虑气溶胶总光学厚度,还需考虑气溶胶粒子群的平均有效半径、复折射率和气溶胶垂直分布;计算中若只使用气溶胶模型中的经验值会带来较大误差。     

典型滤波器对星载高光谱分辨率激光雷达532 nm通道回波信号的影响

高光谱分辨率激光雷达（High Spectral Resolution Lidar,HSRL）系统利用窄带滤波器将激光雷达回波信号中的大气粒子（云或气溶胶）散射和分子散射成分分开,提升了云或气溶胶光学特性的反演质量。提出了一种基于HSRL探测原理的HSRL回波信号模拟方法,其原理是利用CALIPSO云/气溶胶消光系数产品和数值天气预报数据被用来仿真星载HSRL 532 nm回波信号。两种典型的窄带光谱滤波器:FPI（Fabry-Prot Interferometer）和碘吸收滤波器,作为分子通道滤波器的性能通过仿真的星载HSRL回波信号进行分析。对三种典型:晴空、卷云、气溶胶（两层厚云）的HSRL回波廓线进行详细的敏感分析表明碘分子吸收滤波器的性能明显优于FPI滤波器,其中碘吸收滤波能保持可以忽略不计的相对偏差（4.010-3%）,这是由低光学厚度（1.0）的粒子后向散射效应引起的。但是,如果FPI滤波器的粒子后向散射透过率能保持在10-3水平以下,其仍不失为是一个好的选择。     

海岸带混浊水域MODIS图像的大气校正

大气校正的精确度主要取决于气溶胶光学特性和漫射透过率等参数的精度.针对目前混浊水域上空气溶胶光学特性反演方法的缺点,给出了基于MODIS图像混浊水域上空气溶胶光学特性反演的新方法,论证了该方法的可行性,并给出了一组通过了验证的用来计算大气漫射透过率的参数.讨论了该技术用于海岸带混浊水域上空大气校正的可行性,可以为我国海洋和风云系列卫星资料的大气校正研究提供相关的技术基础.     

气溶胶组分反演方法光学辐射产品 精度的综合分析

基于 2005–2013 年 POLDER-3 多角度偏振观测资料, 通过最新开发的可以实现气溶胶光学特性及组分信息 同时反演的气溶胶组分卫星反演方法获得全球气溶胶综合产品, 并利用 AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) 全球站 点观测资料对反演获得的气溶胶光学辐射特性产品进行了综合评价分析, 讨论了气溶胶组分反演方法的适用性和 先进性。结果表明, 气溶胶组分反演方法应用于多角度偏振观测中, 不仅可以获得高精度的多个波段气溶胶光学厚 度 (AOD) 产品, 还可以获得多个波段吸收性气溶胶光学厚度 (AAOD) 以及不同波段组合下 (440/670 nm, 670/870 nm, 870/1020 nm, 440/1020 nm) Ångstrom ¨ 指数 (AE) 等气溶胶光学辐射特性产品, 并且这些气溶胶光学特性反演产品都具 有较小偏差, 表明气溶胶组分反演方法能够更好地对观测数据实现拟合, 获得更丰富更精确的气溶胶卫星反演产品, 为进一步优化算法并提供更加精确的卫星产品奠定基础。     

DTF型太阳光度计测量大气光学参数的对比验证及误差分析

DTF型系列太阳光度计在合肥地区测量大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)和可降水量(PWV),并与其它测量仪器进行对比验证,各仪器之间测量结果日变化趋势具有很好的一致性.对比分析结果显示:太阳光度计之间测量气溶胶光学厚度和可降水量的均方根误差都在8％以内;太阳光度计测量的可降水量与微波辐射计测量的水汽含量进行对比,均方根误差约5％.通过对比验证和误差分析,DTF型太阳光度计测量AOT和PWV具有较高的可靠性.     

辐照度法在大气监测中的应用研究

首先阐述辐照度法大气环境监测中的应用价值及其测量原理和方法,其次,应用VF921－256光谱辐射计,通过实验研究反演获取了大气环境监测中比较关心的一些特性参数,如气溶胶光谱光学厚度、臭氧柱总量、漫射辐射与总辐射比以及气溶胶谱分布等,最后讲座了辐照度法大气环境监测应用中需要考虑的几个影响因素。     

Validation and refinement of hyperspectral/multispectral atmospheric compensation using shadowband radiometers

First-principles atmospheric compensation of Earth-viewing spectral imagery requires atmospheric property information derived from the image itself or measured independently. A field experiment was conducted in May, 2003 at Davis, CA to investigate the consistency of atmospheric properties and surface reflectances derived from simultaneous ground-, aircraft- and satellite-based spectral measurements. The experiment involved the simultaneous collection of HyMap hyperspectral and Landsat-7 multispectral imagery, in situ reflectance spectra of calibration surfaces, and sun and sky radiances from ultraviolet and visible multifilter rotating shadowband radiometers (MFRSRs). The data were analyzed using several different radiation transport and atmospheric compensation algorithms. Reasonable self-consistency was found between aerosol property retrievals from the radiometers and from dark pixels of the imagery, and, when using the most accurate algorithm, there was excellent agreement between the retrieved surface spectra and the ground truth measurements.