现代防弹材料

防弹材料的研发和生产体现了国家的军事实力,是维护国民安全的重要保证。现代防弹材料的发展日新月异,已逐渐从单纯的防御性能向功能性、灵活性和经济性并存方向发展。从各类防弹材料的特点、防弹材料性能的测试研究进展和防弹性能的改善途径3个方面出发,综述了现代防弹材料的国内外研究进展,指出了其中存在的问题或不足,并预测了今后防弹材料的发展趋势。     

金属防弹材料的研究进展

阐述了防弹、防爆车用金属防弹材料的性能要求和影响因素、应用现状及研究进展,分析了金属防弹材料的发展趋势.结合防弹、防爆车生产的实际情况,重点阐述了防弹板研发的新思路和新进展.     

弹性体防弹材料的研究进展

众所周知弹性体材料以其良好的弹性为其性能的主要表现方面,具有较小的密度和较大的断裂伸长率,玻璃化温度一般在室温以下,常态是橡胶态。近几年,弹性体材料防弹性能的研究成为了防弹材料领域新的热点,弹性体对装甲板,防弹头盔,建筑物等的防弹防爆性能有很好的提升。本文从弹性体防弹的机理与应用研究进展展开了论述,也展望了弹性体防弹材料的研究前景。     

高性能防弹纤维材料选材研究

本文应用V50的相关原理对比分析了两种软质防弹材料的防弹性能,为人们在选择评价防弹材料时提供了一种参考方法。     

高性能纤维在防弹复合材料中的应用

探讨了纤维增强防弹复合材料的防弹机理,阐述了多种高性能纤维的优势与不足。重点介绍了Kevlar纤维、UHMWPE纤维、碳纤维、PBO纤维以及多种高性能纤维混杂工艺在防弹复合材料中的应用。最后展望了未来纤维增强防弹复合材料的发展方向,指出为满足未来对防弹材料的多方面高性能要求,对各种高性能纤维进行适当混杂是未来高性能防弹材料的发展方向。     

美研制出可液固态转换式防弹材料

据报道，美国研制出一种新型的防弹保护材料，这种材料用含有超硬的凯夫拉尔纤维纳米颗粒做填充，类似于液态材料，使用极其方便，同时具有传统的防弹材料的优良保护性能。     

轻型防弹玻璃的结构研究

改变层合防弹玻璃的面板和背板材料及结构组合形式，并通过测量防弹性能和面密度,选出了轻型防弹玻璃的材料与结构。结果表明，以无机玻璃（G）作为面板材料，聚碳酸酯（PC）作为背板的表层材料，定向有机玻璃（DYB）作为中间过渡材料，即G／DYB／PC结构，具有优异的防弹性能，与传统防弹玻璃相比，可减重20％以上。同时还进一步研究了间隙装甲结构。     

陶瓷/纤维/阻尼复合靶板抗冲击性能及优化

随着弹体的侵彻能力逐渐增强，复合防弹装甲成为不可或缺的装备之一。基于ANSYS建立了陶瓷/纤维/阻尼复合防弹靶板的冲击有限元模型，揭示了材料参数和几何参数对复合防弹靶板的影响规律，利用多目标遗传算法优化了碳化硅陶瓷/碳纤维/超高分子量聚乙烯纤维/背层阻尼复合防弹靶板结构，并通过实验验证了优化设计结果的可信性。结果表明：同面密度条件下，涂刷一定厚度背层阻尼对靶板防弹性能的提升较为显著；采用遗传算法优化后的复合防弹靶板结构为：6.9mm碳化硅陶瓷/4.8mm碳纤维层合板/6.0mm超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维层合板/1.1mm阻尼，面密度为36.236kg/m²。相同防弹性能条件下，与陶瓷/装甲钢结构靶板相比，优化后的靶板面密度降低超过49%。     

以色列纳米防弹材料可抵御子弹近距射击

以色列ApNano公司已开发出了一种可抵御机枪子弹射击的新型纳米防弹材料。较之传统的防弹材料,这种利用纳米技术开发的新型产品能够更为有效地分散子弹的冲击力。新型“纳米装甲”的强度是优质钢材的数倍,能够抵御速度为1500m／s的钢制子弹直射,其每平方厘米的承重能力达350t。     

陶瓷基透明防弹装甲研究进展

随着军用载具所受威胁的不断升级,对于驾驶舱的防护要求也在增加.传统以防弹玻璃为主的透明装甲已难以满足使用要求.更轻更薄的陶瓷基透明装甲正在逐渐成为主流选择.与其他防弹装甲相似,透明防弹装甲的主要研究方向包括:寻找性能更优的材料用于装甲组件;通过实验或计算机模拟对结构设计与弹道实验进行指导;更加深入地了解装甲材料所需的主要性能、系统整体性能以及整个系统各组件之间的相互影响.依据这一思路,本文首先简要综述了陶瓷透明防弹装甲研究较多的三种迎弹面陶瓷材料的优缺点、制备工艺以及各自的发展及应用水平,三种陶瓷中蓝宝石的静力学参数最优,而实际防弹效果则以多晶陶瓷更好,导致这一现象的原因主要是两类陶瓷碎裂模式的不同产生的弹丸-陶瓷相互作用效果的差异;然后对多晶陶瓷、单晶、玻璃三种类型材料高应变率下的裂纹扩展特性和防弹性能进行了讨论,高应变速率下材料裂纹扩展特性对冲击能量/速率是敏感的,多晶陶瓷是沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂的复合扩展方式,蓝宝石高能冲击下裂纹扩展特征类似多晶陶瓷,临界能量以下则以沿特定晶面的解理断裂为主;最后对透明防弹装甲各功能层的选材标准和结构设计原则进行了总结与展望,迎弹面优选高杨氏模量、高硬度的细晶粒多晶陶瓷材料,中间层选用具有良好的断裂韧度、高弯曲刚度以及将破碎控制在较小范围的能力的材料,背弹面要求材料具有一定的延展性和低密度的特点.各层之间需相互配合才能实现透明陶瓷装甲防弹效能的最大化.     

Shrinkage compensation approach proposed for ABS material in FDM process

Dimensional accuracy of parts manufactured by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) greatly suffers from the shrinkage problems of the available polymer materials. This paper proposes a constructive idea for resolving the shrinkage issues and explains how shrinkage could be managed by interior geometry of the artifacts fabricated on desktop 3D printers. The main principle for preventing the deterioration on dimensional accuracy of the holes/slots is to utilize the auxiliary lines located from the hole’s perimeter to the outer boundaries of the artifact. Thus, the shrinkage of these auxiliary line segments simply helps to pull the original hole backward, acting against the predicted contraction. In this paper, the proposed approach will be examined using a finite element analysis tool to predict the shrinkage behavior of the fabricated samples along with necessary measurements taken on the Coordinate Measuring Machine. Additionally, an analytical framework for modeling the shrinkage behavior of ABS is to be elaborated. The coherence of the simulations and the measurements are to be analyzed regarding the effect of the geometry and material color on the shrinkage behavior. The discussion involves the improvement on the dimensional accuracy of 3D printed features.     

Ice crystal growth in supercooled solution

Study on the crystal growth of ice in water-ethyleneglycol solution was carried out, experimentally. The ice crystal, which was seeded on top of the capillary tube, propagated inside the tube slowly and began to grow freely at the tip of the tube in subcooled solution. The outer diameter of the tip of the capillary tube was less than 0.1 mm, which was much smaller than that of other researchers. Hence, considerable reduction of the influence of the existence of a capillary was accomplished and the initial growth of a single crystal was observed, precisely. Under the condition of subcooling of less than 8 K, the shape of the crystal was observed to be different from that of the one in pure water. The velocity of dendrite ice growth and the radius of the curvature of the tip were measured. It was found that after the dendrite ice developed to a certain size, the velocity of the dendritic growth and the radius of curvature were kept steady, and its values were dependent on the degree of subcooling and the concentration of the solution.     

Dynamic simulation of a single-effect ammonia–water absorption chiller

A lumped-parameter dynamic simulation of a single-effect ammonia–water absorption chiller is performed. Modeling is based on the continuity of species constituting the ammonia–water mixture and the conservation of energy for each component of the absorption chiller. Ordinary differential equations governing the response of each component and the algebraic equations describing the constitutive relation are solved in parallel by numerical integration. The model has been applied to a commercially available 10.5 kW absorption chiller to study the transients of temperature, pressure, concentration, and void fraction of each component during the start-up operation. The time constant of the absorption chiller is also investigated. The parameters considered are the bulk concentration of the ammonia–water solution, the mass of the solution filled, and the volumes of key components of the absorption chiller. In addition, the reduction of the time constant by a stepwise turn-up and turn-down of the flue gas flow rate during the primary stage of start-up period is demonstrated.     

Capturing Nitrosamines in Environment by Zeolite

To meet the requirement of environment protection, the adsorption of volatile nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic compounds in tobacco smoke, by zeolite is investigated in this article, along with the temperature programmed surface reaction of nitrosamines on zeolite to assess the catalytic capability of the porous material on the decomposition of the carcinogens. The actual function of zeolite to reduce the level of nitrosamines in cigarette smoke is also studied. The influences of zeolite pore's structure and the surface acid-basic properties of the adsorbent on the adsorption are explored in terms of geometric matching content and adsorbent-adsorbate interaction. Moreover, the role played by the cation of zeolite in the adsorption of volatile nitrosamines is discussed and the possible attracting range of the sodium cation in basic zeolite to pull the nitrosamine molecule is tentatively calculated. Owing to the specific ability of capturing nitrosamines, zeolite is proven to be the most effective additive encased within a cigarette as the functional additive for lowering the nitrosamines content of smoke to protect the environment and public health. Other porous oxides such as amorphous silica and alumina are also utilized in these experiments, and their actual functions to trap nitrosamines as well as their potential application as the candidates for cigarette additives are discussed and prospected, too.     

Corrosion Resistance of an electrodeposited Zinc Coating Containing CeO2 Nanoparticles

A Zinc coating containing CeO2 nanoparticles has been deposited by electrodeposition in a zinc plating bath.The content of CeO2 in the coating is 0.22 mass%. The results of weight loss experiments and electrochemistry tests show that corrosion resistance of the Zinc coating containing CeO2 nanoparticles is remarkably improved in contrast to the pure zinc coating in 0.5 M MgSO4 solution. The effects of CeO2 microparticles on the corrosion resistance of the zinc coating have been studied, the results show that CeO2 microparticles have no effect on the corrosion resistance of the zinc coating. SEM and XRD experiments suggest that the presence of CeO2 nanoparticles in the coating causes the modification of the surface morphology and preferential orientation of the crystal planes; therefore, the reason for the enhancement of corrosion resistance is mainly related to improvement of the structure of the coating.     

Archaeometallurgical contributions to a better understanding of the past

Archaeometallurgical investigations, and in particular those employing metallographic techniques, have greatly increased our understanding of the past, primarily by improving our knowledge of the histories of technological developments. However, these studies have potential for contributing to our comprehension of many more aspects of life in the past. The series of case studies presented here illustrate the application of metallography not only in elucidating the history of technology but also in areas such as the dating of objects, the determination of the spread of technologies and the nature and implications of the contact of cultures with the ‘outside’ world.     

Corrosion of reinforcement induced by environment containing chloride and carbon dioxide

Reinforced concrete structures during their exploitation may be exposed to the common action of carbonation and chlorides causing corrosion of steel reinforcement. Therefore, the related data seem to be interesting and important when the evaluation of the service life of the structures is the object of interest. This fact was a motivation for the present experimental study on the sequence of action of chloride solutions and carbonation of the embedding concrete. The results obtained show that carbonation of concrete foregoing the action of chloride solutions may intensify the process of corrosion of steel reinforcement in comparison to the converse sequence of the action of mentioned media. At the same time the natrium chloride solution has been shown as a more aggressive medium opposite to the calcium and magnesium chloride solutions.     

An experimental investigation and modelling of the thermodynamic properties of isobutane–compressor oil solutions: Some aspects of experimental methodology

This paper presents experimental data for the solubility, density and capillary constant for solutions of natural refrigerant isobutane with commercial mineral compressor oil Azmol over a wide range of temperatures and concentrations. Based on information for the capillary constant, the surface tension of the solutions isobutane/Azmol is determined. The experimental data were obtained in the temperature range from 303 K to 363 K and at pressures up to 1.7 MPa using static methods. The experimental data obtained for the solutions of the natural refrigerant isobutane with the commercial mineral compressor oil Azmol are sufficiently described with the help of correlations based on the theory of thermodynamic similarity. The paper reports variation of the vapor pressure, density, capillary constant and surface tension as a function of concentration for the isobutane/Azmol solutions. The enthalpy of liquid phase of the isobutane/Azmol solutions is calculated. The analysis of the behaviour of the excess thermodynamic functions is carried out. The paper examines experimental and methodical uncertainties in the investigation of thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant/oil solutions (ROS). The influence of the time taken to establish thermodynamic equilibrium in the experimental cell on the uncertainty of the experimental data for gas-saturated mixtures such as ROS is discussed. Information about the changing concentration of refrigerant in the liquid phase of the ROS and in the surface layer of the liquid phase of the ROS at increasing temperature is presented. In addition, the experimental data for the density, surface tension and refractive index of the mineral compressor oil Azmol are reported.     

Modelling enthalpy and entropy of pure and mixed refrigerants with an innovative corresponding states method

In this work an original improvement of the Corresponding States technique is developed and a new model, based on a three parameters CS format, is proposed to predict the enthalpy and the entropy of the new generation halogenated alkanes fluids together with some alkanes. Limiting the analysis of the selected fluids to a specific thermodynamic property behaviour, an appropriate conformality approach can be deduced, which allows to set up a predictive model of high accuracy level on a wide range of the enthalpy and entropy surfaces. The fundamentals of the model are innovative scaling parameters deduced from the enthalpy of vaporization and from two dedicated equations, belonging to the selected family of fluids. This allows to set up innovative models following a CS format. Through the introduction of advanced mixing rules, the models can be simply extended to calculate the corresponding properties for mixtures. The proposed models allow also the calculation of VLE for systems of rather regular behaviour. The required inputs for a pure target fluid are an ideal gas isobaric heat capacity correlation, a single value of saturated liquid density and of vaporization enthalpy; if the last one is lacking, a single value of vapor pressure can be alternatively supplied. For non azeotropic mixtures the enthalpy and entropy models are predictive, whereas in case of azeotropy VLE calculations are possibly only applying regressed interaction coefficients. Due to the lack of accurate experimental enthalpy data and to the particular nature of the entropy function, the validation of the models is proposed against fundamental dedicated EoS available, both for pure and mixtures, for a significant number of the studied family of fluids. The predictive character of the proposed approach as well as the high performances reached, make these models particularly suitable for the new families of fluids regarding advanced technological applications.     

Untersuchung von Schmelz‐ und Rekristallisationsprozessen sowie Riss‐, Oxid‐ und Porenbildung beim Schweißen

Investigation of melting and re‐crystallization processes and of crack, oxide and pore formation during welding In the paper some known investigation methods of the primary re‐crystallization and of the structure of the crystallization front are discussed. All these methods have disadvantages, in some cases they cause a limited validity or are expensive. The presented new method is based on the micrographic recording of the melting and solidifying metal surfaces. The method overcomes the above‐mentioned disadvantages. It is able to investigate in the welding seams not only the primary re‐crystallization processes but also the secondary ones including the formation of cracks and pores and the appearance of non‐metallic inclusions like oxides. The facilities of the method are demonstrated on some examples of use.