Elements in rice on the Swedish market: part 2. Chromium, copper, iron, manganese, platinum, rubidium, selenium and zinc

A survey of the levels of some essential and non-essential trace elements in different types of rice available on the Swedish retail market was carried out in 2001-03. The types of rice included long and short grain, brown, white, and parboiled white. The mean levels found were: chromium (Cr) = 0.008 mg kg(-1), copper (Cu) = 1.9 mg kg(-1), iron (Fe) = 4.7 mg kg(-1), manganese (Mn) = 16 mg kg(-1), platinum (Pt) < 0.0003 mg kg(-1), rubidium (Rb) = 3.3 mg kg(-1), selenium (Se) =0.1 mg kg(-1); and zinc (Zn) = 15 mg kg(-1). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the determination of Pt, Rb, and Se, after acid digestion. All other elements were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after dry ashing. Intake calculations were performed and it was concluded that rice may contribute considerably to the daily requirements of the essential elements Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn if rice consumption is high. The levels of some elements, e.g. Fe and Mn, were significantly higher in brown compared with white rice.     

富铁锌硒麦芽面包的生产工艺研究

对小麦芽粉的添加量对面包品质及对面团粉质性能的影响进行了研究探讨,通过正交实验确定了最佳的生产工艺条件;按照确定的最佳添加量进行铁锌硒的强化实验。实验结果表明,小麦芽粉要经过烘烤处理,最佳添加量为6％～8％;含铁、含锌与含硒的麦芽粉要分别按比例加入面包,面包中有机态的铁、锌、硒含量均大大提高。      

Short communication: Effects of supplementing diets of Holsteins with copper,zinc, and manganese on blood neutrophil function

The effects of supplementing diets with sulfate or glycinate Cu, Zn, and Mn on blood neutrophil function were examined in 27 late-lactation Holstein cows having a mean (± standard deviation) days in milk at time of neutrophil assays of 216 ± 31 d. Cows were assigned to 9 blocks of 3 and were grouped by parity, milk production, and days in milk. Cows within each block were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) control diet devoid of supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn; (2) diet supplemented with Cu, Zn, and Mn via sulfates; and (3) diet supplemented with Cu, Zn, and Mn via glycinate form. All cows were initially fed a control total mixed ration with basal mineral concentrations of 8 mg/kg of Cu, 35 mg/kg of Zn, and 35 mg/kg of Mn for 30 d. During the treatment period, cows fed diets with mineral supplementation via sulfates or glycinate forms had target total dry matter dietary concentrations of 18 mg/kg of Cu, 60 mg/kg of Zn, and 60 mg/kg of Mn for 30 d. Control cows were fed the control diet devoid of supplemental minerals for an additional 30 d. In vitro neutrophil functions were measured after 30 d on experimental or control diets. Percentage of neutrophils phagocytizing, intracellular kill, and phagocytic index did not differ among treatments. Serum concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn were also not affected by dietary treatment after 30 d. Results from this study demonstrated that dietary Cu, Zn, and Mn supplemented either as sulfates or glycinate form for 30 d had no effect on either in vitro blood neutrophil function or serum concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn in late-lactation Holstein cows.     

广西部分地区市售大米中硒、锌含量调查与分析

目的 调查广西部分地区市售大米硒、锌含量水平。方法 按照随机采样的原则, 在2015~2016年广西6个区域(南宁、崇左、百色、钦州、北海、防城港)所管辖的35个区、县采集市售大米。硒含量按照GB 5009.93-2010中的氢化物原子荧光光谱法进行检测, 根据GB/T 22499-2008富硒稻谷中大米中硒含量在0.04~0.30 mg/kg之间作为评价富硒大米的标准; 锌含量按照GB 5009.14-2010 食品中锌的测定进行检测, 分析大米中锌含量水平。结果 共采集710份大米, 其中275份大米为富硒大米, 富硒米比率为38.7%, 硒含量均值为0.048 mg/kg, 最大值为0.164 mg/kg; 锌含量均值为13.3 mg/kg, 最大值为25.6 mg/kg。市售大米中硒平均含量达到富硒大米的要求, 锌含量也超过了国际水稻研究所报道的精米中的锌含量12 mg/kg的平均水平。结论 该实验数据可为后期研究大米中硒、锌与健康水平关系提供参考依据。     

Distribution of some essential trace elements in commercial flour-mill streams

The iron, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, nickel, selenium, protein and ash contents of two different bread grists and flour samples from the first to fourth break and A to J reduction systems of a commercial flour mill were determined. Iron, zinc, manganese and selenium levels followed the trend of ash and protein with the lowest from the A, B and C rolls and highest from either the fourth break or J roll. Copper and chromium levels were relatively homogeneous among the grist and mill streams while for nickel there was only a slight increase through the break and reduction systems.     

Elements in rice from the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium, lead and arsenic (total and inorganic)

A survey of the levels of cadmium, lead and arsenic in different types of rice available on the Swedish retail market was carried out in 2001-03. The types of rice included long and short grain, brown, white, and parboiled white rice. The mean levels found were as follows: total As: 0.20 mg kg^-1, inorganic As: 0.11 mg kg^-1; Cd: 0.024 mg kg^-1; and Pb: 0.004 mg kg^-1. ICP-MS was used for the determination of As (total and inorganic) after acid digestion. Lead and cadmium were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after dry ashing. In countries where rice is a staple food, it may represent a significant contribution in relation to the provisional tolerable weekly intake for Cd and inorganic As.     

Elements in rice from the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium,lead and arsenic (total and inorganic)

A survey of the levels of cadmium, lead and arsenic in different types of rice available on the Swedish retail market was carried out in 2001–03. The types of rice included long and short grain, brown, white, and parboiled white rice. The mean levels found were as follows: total As: 0.20 mg kg^?1, inorganic As: 0.11 mg kg^?1; Cd: 0.024 mg kg^?1; and Pb: 0.004 mg kg^?1. ICP-MS was used for the determination of As (total and inorganic) after acid digestion. Lead and cadmium were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after dry ashing. In countries where rice is a staple food, it may represent a significant contribution in relation to the provisional tolerable weekly intake for Cd and inorganic As.     

Vitamin A stability in triple fortified extruded,artificial rice grains containing iron,zinc and vitamin A

Multi‐micronutrient‐fortified rice could be an effective and sustainable approach to combat micronutrient deficiencies. We produced hot‐extruded artificial rice grains fortified with 10 mg iron (as micronised ground ferric pyrophosphate), 5 mg zinc (as oxide, sulphate or carbonate) and 750 μg vitamin A/g [as retinyl palmitate (RP)] and measured RP stability. The rice was designed to be mixed 1:200 with natural rice. Mean RP losses were 5.3% during extrusion, 28.5% during storage and 9.8% during cooking. Storage losses after 18 weeks at 30 °C in plastic packages exposed to light were ca 40% with iron and zinc causing no further losses. In aluminium packages (no light), mean RP losses were ca 20%. Iron, but not zinc, increased RP degradation. Zinc sulphate increased the negative effect of iron. The relatively good stability of RP during hot extrusion can be explained by the closed surface and dense nature of the artificial grain protecting RP from oxidation.     

Survey of iron,zinc, calcium,copper, lead,and cadmium in rice samples grown in Iran

In the present study ninety nine polished white rice samples were collected in three areas, all over Lorestan Province located in the west of Iran, and analysed for six elements by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). For individual elements, Zinc (Zn) showed the highest concentration among the analysed essential elements with a mean of 28.6 mg kg^?1 and next to copper (Cu) of 22.8 mg kg^?1. Analysis of the essential and toxic elements for possible inter-area variation by ANOVA showed that there are significant differences between the areas. There was no significant difference between areas for Zn concentrations. Most of the samples nearly contained world wide average concentration of iron (Fe) and Zn in rice grains that were reported by various researches. But, the content of calcium (Ca) in the rice samples produced in Lorestan Province were much lower than other countries, meanwhile Cu concentrations were much higher than other studies. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) concentrations in the sampled rice were lower in comparison with their upper limits (0.1 and 0.2 mg kg^?1 for Cd and Pb, respectively) approved by Iranian Ministry of Health. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no health problems result from Lorestan rice consumption, for these two elements.     

Short communication: influence of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection on serum copper, zinc, and iron concentrations

The goal of the present study was to characterize changes in serum trace mineral concentrations in cattle with experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Nine primiparous Holstein-Friesian cattle were challenged with approximately 150 cfu of Staph. aureus ATCC29740 by intramammary infusion on d 6, 7, and 8 of lactation. Serum Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations were determined immediately before and at 24, 48, and 72 h after the final intramammary infusion of Staph. aureus. Infection status (cfu/mL of Staph. aureus), milk somatic cell count, and mastitis score were also determined at these times. Infection resulted in a decrease in mean serum Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations to 89, 83, and 81% of preinfection concentrations at 24 h postchallenge. One-way analysis of variance for repeated measures demonstrated a significant change in serum zinc concentration. The reductions in trace mineral concentrations were of less magnitude than observed following experimental E. coli mastitis.     

Effects of pH and phosphate status of a silty clay loam on manganese,zinc and copper concentrations in soil fractions and in clover

The field pH of a silty clay loam soil affected manganese, zinc and copper concentrations in the fraction extracted by DTPA; lower pH soils had higher metal concentrations. The soil pH also affected manganese and zinc but not copper concentrations in the soil solution, and in shoots of clover grown in pots. Metal concentrations in soil fractions were not affected by soil phosphate status, but zinc and copper concentrations in clover shoots were significantly lower when plants were grown on soils of high phosphate status. Manganese and zinc levels in shoots were predicted slightly more accurately by using soil solution data than by using concentrations extracted by DTPA.     

Effects of iron and zinc foliar applications on rice plants and their grain accumulation and grain nutritional quality

BACKGROUND: Foliar sprays of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) fertilisers are known to be an effective way to improve Fe and Zn concentrations in rice grain. However, results can differ significantly among different rice cultivars and/or types of foliar fertiliser. In this study, several Fe‐rich rice cultivars were used to identify an effective foliar fertiliser for optimal Fe and Zn enrichment of rice grain. RESULTS: Foliar Fe amino acid (Fe‐AA) fertiliser significantly improved the Fe concentration in brown rice of most cultivars. Compared with the control, the average Fe concentration in all tested cultivars was increased by 14.5%. The average Fe concentration was increased by 32.5% when 1% (w/v) nicotianamine (NA) was added to Fe‐AA, while the average Zn concentration was increased by 42.4% when 0.5% (w/v) ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O was added to Fe‐AA. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that NA at a suitable concentration added to Fe‐AA fertiliser could accelerate Fe accumulation in rice grain. A relatively low concentration of ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O added to Fe‐AA significantly increased Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grain. The study identified some useful foliar fertilisers for enhancing the levels of Fe and Zn in selected Fe‐rich rice cultivars. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定花粉、人参、黄芪中微量钴、铜、锰、锶和锌

介绍了采用微波消解试样,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪直接测定花粉、人参、黄芪中微量钴、铜、锰、锶、锌的方法.该方法操作简单、快速,检出限低,准确度好.为进一步研究花粉、人参、黄芪与微量钴、铜、锰、锶、锌的关系.提供了很好的分析方法和信息.     

由松针制取三种叶绿素钠盐及其稳定性的研究

为提高叶绿素的稳定性,以松针为原料,以乙醇水溶液为溶剂提取得到叶绿素,再经过皂化、酸化、铜代(或锌代、铁代)及加碱成盐等过程,分别制备得到叶绿素铜钠盐、叶绿素锌钠盐和叶绿素铁钠盐,将它们配成相同浓度的水溶液,颜色分别为深绿色、翠绿色和茶黄色。进而比较了它们对光、热、pH及氧化剂的稳定性,结果表明叶绿素铜钠对光照的稳定性最好;叶绿素锌钠对温度稳定性较好;pH会引起三者的异构化造成吸光值的改变;低氧化剂浓度下,三者均较为稳定,但高浓度时其稳定性均下降较快。      

Influence of organic selenium supplementation on the accumulation of toxic and essential trace elements involved in the antioxidant system of chicken

The aim of the study was to investigate the interactions between selenium (Se) and various trace elements, both toxic and essential, involved in the antioxidant system. A total of 128?day-old chicks (Gallus gallus, broilers) were used to investigate the effect of Se yeast supplementation on the accumulation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). There were four replicates of four dietary treatments: T1 (basal diet with no added Se, analyzed to contain 0.21?mg?kg^?1), T2 (T1 with 0.15?mg?kg^?1 Se added), T3 (T1 with 0.3?mg?kg^?1 Se) and T4 (T1 with 3.0?mg?kg^?1 Se). At week 4 and 6, two chickens per replicate pen were sacrificed for whole blood, breast muscle and liver sampling. Samples were analyzed by ICP–MS. Supplementation with Se-yeast, not only increased Se concentration but also reduced Cd concentration in the tissues. Selenium was negatively correlated with Cd and positively correlated with Zn, Cu and Fe. Cadmium was negatively correlated with Zn and Cu. Zinc was positively correlated with Cu. Iron was negatively correlated with Cu and uncorrelated with Zn and Cd. The balance between Se, Cu, Fe and Zn is important for proper antioxidant defense since they are an integral part of various antioxidant enzymes.     

铜、铁、锌、锰添加水平对蛋青鸡生长性能及养分利用的影响

525只1日龄罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分为5处理,每处理7重复,每重复15只鸡。所有处理使用一种基础日粮,统一添加碘和硒。铜、铁、锌、锰四种微量元素添加方案如下,A组不额外添加;B组按50%NRC标准直接添加;C组和D组将日粮铜、铁、锌、锰总量补齐到2倍和3倍NRC水平;E组以基础日粮铁含量与NRC标准比值为基准,将其余微量元素校正到同样倍数。铜、铁、锌、锰添加形式均为硫酸盐。结果表明,1~18周龄生长蛋鸡典型基础日粮中添加铜、铁、锌、锰不影响采食量(P>0.05)、期末体重和能量表观代谢率(P>0.05),过量添加降低日增重和饲料转化率(P<0.05),但提高蛋白质表观代谢率(P<0.05)。随日粮微量元素水平增加,排泄物铜、锌、锰含量线性增加(P<0.05),铜、锌、锰表观代谢率呈先增加后降低二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。西北地区典型蛋青鸡基础日粮中铜、铁,锌、锰已满足需要,无需额外添加。     

Determination of selenium concentration in rice and the effect of foliar application of Se‐enriched fertiliser or sodium selenite on the selenium content of rice

Atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry was used to determine the selenium (Se) concentration in 30 rice products of different species from Southern China. The Se level ranged from 0.015 to 0.046 µg g^?1. Considering the average daily individual consumption of rice products in Southern China, the average dietary intake of Se supplied by this source is only 6–18 µg day^?1 for an adult. This low Se intake from rice products is mainly responsible for the low total Se intake of inhabitants in Southern China. Foliar spraying of Se‐enriched fertiliser or sodium selenite with 14–18 g Se ha^?1 in the heading stage of rice growth increased the Se content to 0.178–0.421 µg g^?1 in rice products. The concentration and amount of Se‐enriched fertiliser can be varied to achieve an optimum concentration of Se in rice products. The authors suggest that these Se‐enriched rice products can contribute an increase in Se intake of 50–100 µg day^?1 on average if their Se concentration is controlled in the region of 0.15–0.50 µg g^?1. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of an injectable trace mineral supplement containing selenium,copper, zinc,and manganese on immunity,health, and growth of dairy calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 subcutaneous injections of a multimineral preparation, each containing 60 mg of zinc, 10 mg of manganese, 5 mg of selenium, and 15 mg of copper at 3 and 30 d after birth on immunity, health, and growth of dairy calves during the preweaning period. The study was conducted in upstate New York in 2 commercial dairy farms. A total of 790 Holstein heifer calves were randomly allocated at birth into 1 of 2 treatments: trace mineral supplement (TMS) treated or control. Blood samples were collected at 3, 14, and 35 d after birth to evaluate glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, haptoglobin, and neutrophil and monocyte function. Incidence of diseases and average daily gain was evaluated in the first 50 d of life. At 14 d of life, TMS-treated calves had increased neutrophil activity compared with control calves. Moreover, TMS-treated calves had greater GPx activity on d 14 after birth than control calves. The TMS treatment reduced the incidence of diarrhea (TMS = 41.7% vs. control = 49.7%) and combined incidence of pneumonia or otitis or both (TMS = 41.7% vs. control = 49.1%). Additionally, GPx was greater for calves diagnosed with otitis at d 35 after birth. However, calves diagnosed with pneumonia had decreased GPx activity at d 35 after birth. Serum SOD and haptoglobin concentrations were not affected by treatment or disease. Moreover, no effects were observed on average daily gain and survivability between TMS-treated and control calves during the preweaning period. Supplementation with trace minerals at 3 and 30 d of life increased neutrophil function and GPx activity and reduced the incidence of health disorders.     

A slurry sampling method for the determination of iron and zinc in baby food by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A slurry sampling method is proposed for the determination of iron and zinc in baby food by flame atomic absorption spectrometry without sample digestion prior to analysis. The effect of slurry concentration (the ratio of solid sample to total slurry volume), different acids at various concentrations as diluent and the addition of dispersant on accuracy and precision were investigated. The samples were dried at 105°C overnight and ground using an agate mortar. To obtain quantitative recoveries, 500?mg of sample was slurried in 20?ml of 0.05% Triton X-114 containing 0.1?M HNO₃, homogenised using a high-performance overhead disperser at 15,000?rpm for 5?min and directly aspirated into the flame. The accuracy of the method was tested by determination of analytes in various certified reference materials. The limits of detection of the method (N?=?10; 3σ) for iron and zinc were 5.5 and 3.4?µg?g^?1, respectively, using a very dilute slurry of baby food, which gave a very low background signal. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the determination of iron and zinc in different baby food samples obtained from markets in Turkey. The range of iron and zinc content for the samples were 33–76 and 15–73?µg?g^?1, respectively.     

Injectable trace minerals (selenium,copper, zinc,and manganese) alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress during an aflatoxin challenge in lactating multiparous Holstein cows

Trace minerals are vital in the antioxidant response during oxidative stress; however, limited research is available on the effects of trace mineral supplementation during an aflatoxin (AF) challenge. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of 2 subcutaneous injections of 15 mg/mL of Cu, 5 mg/mL of Se, 60 mg/mL of Zn, and 10 mg/mL of Mn (Multimin 90, Multimin North America, Fort Collins, CO) given at 1 mL/90.7 kg of average body weight in response to an AF challenge. Fifty-eight Holstein cows [body weight (mean ± SD) = 734 ± 6 0kg; days in milk = 191 ± 93] were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design. The experimental period (63 d) was divided into an adaptation phase (d 1–56) and a measurement phase (d 57–63). From d 57 to 59, cows received an AF challenge that consisted of 100 μg of aflatoxin B₁/kg of dietary dry matter intake (DMI) administered orally via balling gun. Treatments were saline injection and no AF challenge (NEG), saline injection and AF challenge (POS), and trace mineral injection and AF challenge (MM). Injections were performed subcutaneously on d 1 and 29. Milk was sampled 3 times daily from d 56 to 63, blood was sampled on d 0, 56, 60, and 63, and liver samples were taken on d 0 and 60. Two treatment orthogonal contrasts [CONT1 (NEG vs. POS) and CONT2 (POS vs. MM)] were made. Cows in NEG had lower AF excretion in milk and greater 3.5% fat-corrected milk (32.1 ± 1.37 kg/d) compared with cows in POS (28.6 ± 1.43 kg/d). Feed efficiencies (3.5% fat-corrected milk/DMI, energy-corrected milk/DMI, and milk/DMI) were greater for cows in NEG (1.42 ± 0.07, 1.46 ± 0.07, and 1.45 ± 0.07, respectively) than cows in POS (1.16 ± 0.08, 1.18 ± 0.08, and 1.22 ± 0.07, respectively). Cows in POS had greater milk urea nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen than cows in MM. Liver concentrations of Se and Fe were greater for cows in MM compared with cows in POS. Cows in MM tended to have greater plasma glutathione peroxidase activity compared with cows in POS. An upregulation of liver GPX1 was observed for cows in POS compared with cows in MM. In conclusion, subcutaneous injection of trace minerals maintained an adequate antioxidant response when an AF challenge was present.