聚乙烯醇共混改性紫外光固化水性聚氨酯

以聚己内酯二醇(PCL)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯(PETA)为主要原料,二羟甲基丁酸(DMBA)为亲水扩链剂,通过自乳化法合成了紫外光固化水性聚氨酯,再将其与聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液混合制得紫外光固化WPU/PVA共混物(UV-WPU/PVA)。分别采用红外光谱和X射线衍射表征其结构和结晶性能,并对粒径、吸水率、接触角、热重等性能进行测试,采用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法研究了共混膜的热分解动力学。结果表明,UV-WPU与PVA之间存在着较强的氢键等分子间作用力,UVWPUA/PVA共混膜的结晶性能介于纯PVA和纯WPU之间,随着PVA质量分数的增加,UV-WPUA/PVA共混膜的耐水性能有所下降,热稳定性得以提高,共混膜的热分解活化能在100kJ/mol以上,且随着热分解程度的加深而增大。     

PVDF/PVA共混膜的研究

采用湿法相转化法制备了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混膜,研究了PVDF/PVA共混体系的相容性,并讨论了PVDF/PVA共混比、固含量、添加剂浓度、凝固条件与后处理对膜结构及性能的影响.结果表明,PVDF/PVA为不相容体系,在成膜过程中产生界面微孔;随PVA含量增加,PVDF/PVA共混膜水通量先增大后减小,在PVDF/PVA为8/2时呈较大值,截留率变化趋势则相反;PVA的存在明显改善了PVDF/PVA共混膜的亲水性,表现为随其含量增加共混膜接触角明显减小;随固含量增加,膜厚度增加,孔隙率降低,水通量减小,截留率升高;添加剂PEG600浓度为6%时,孔隙率高,水通量大,但截留率低;凝固浴种类直接影响膜结构及性能;热处理可完善膜结构从而获得性能更优的膜.选择适当的铸膜条件可制成较好的膜产品,而且共混膜通量明显大于各组分通量的加权,表明共混是一种改善PVDF膜性能的有效方法.     

玉米全粉/PVA共混膜的制备及性能

目的利用玉米全粉与聚乙烯醇(PVA)制备共混膜,研究其性能结构,以期替代传统塑料包装袋,缓解白色污染的危害。方法在三乙醇胺和羧甲基纤维素的作用下通过溶液浇铸法制备玉米全粉/PVA共混膜,考察PVA含量对共混膜力学性能、吸湿性能及水蒸气透过性能的影响。结果共混膜的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和撕裂强度均随PVA含量的增加而升高,吸湿率和水蒸气透过率随PVA含量的增加而降低,吸水后共混膜的力学性能有所下降,显微观察表明,PVA含量的增加可提高共混系统的相容性,PVA在原料基体中质量分数为40%~60%时的共混膜拉伸强度可达10 MPa以上,吸湿率小于82%,水蒸气透过率约为12×10^-5 g/(mm·d)。结论该共混膜有一定抗水蒸气和油渗透的功能,基本可满足普通包装材料的要求。     

埃洛石纳米管/水性聚氨酯氟化复合膜的制备及性能

利用原位聚合及表面氟化的方法制备了埃洛石纳米管/水性聚氨酯（HNTs/WPU）复合膜,并考察氨基化埃洛石纳米管（AHNTs）的含量及十七氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷（FAS）氟化对AHNTs/WPU复合膜性能的影响。结果表明:随着AHNTs与WPU的质量比增大,AHNTs/WPU复合膜的力学性能及耐热性呈先升高后降低的趋势,耐水性得到改善。当AHNTs与WPU的质量比为1.5%时,AHNTs/WPU复合膜具有较好的综合性能。AHNTs/WPU复合膜的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率及初始分解温度（T_d5）与纯WPU膜相比分别提高了50%、35%及9℃,复合膜的吸水率降低到5.8%,水接触角提高到95.1°。AHNTs/WPU复合膜经表面氟化处理后,水接触角进一步增大到114.5°,呈现出疏水性,表面氟化处理对复合膜的力学性能及吸水率也有一定的促进作用。      

氯化锂对聚乙烯醇／聚醚砜膜透湿性能的影响

把LiCl当作添加剂加入到聚乙烯醇(PVA)铸膜液中,以聚醚砜膜(PES)作为支撑层,制备PVA/PES复合膜.测试了复合膜的透湿性能.结果表明:由X射线衍射图得LiCl的加入降低了PVA膜的结晶度.PVA/PES复合膜与水的接触角随着LiCl含量的增加而逐渐减少,即随着LiCl含量的增加,复合膜的亲水性增强,这是由于LiCl具有强吸湿性.在保持铸膜液中PVA含量为8%,交联剂(苹果酸)、催化剂(乙酸)浓度不变的情况下,改变LiCl的含量,膜的水蒸气总传质系数、渗透速率和湿交换效率随着LiCl含量的增加呈上升趋势,数据趋势与X射线衍射图、接触角等现象相符合.添加LiCl所制的复合膜不仅不能透过CO2,而且还具有良好的水蒸气渗透性能.     

静电纺羽毛角蛋白/聚乙烯醇/聚氧化乙烯纳米纤维膜的交联改性及表征

采用氧化法从鸡毛中提取角蛋白(FK),将其与聚乙烯醇(PVA)和聚氧化乙烯(PEO)共混,利用静电纺丝技术成功制备出FK/PVA/PEO三元共混膜。为了增强共混膜的综合性能,加入乙二醛对其进行交联改性,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、热重分析(TG)、接触角实验及电子万能试验机对交联前后共混膜的形貌、结构、热稳定性、耐水性以及力学性能进行测试和表征。结果表明:当乙二醛/FK质量比从0%增加至8%时,纤维平均直径由(249.76±38.02)nm增至(399.67±53.44)nm,接触角由(42.1±5.1)°增至(84.9±7.1)°。当乙二醛/FK质量比为6%时,抗拉强度和杨氏模量达到最大,分别为4.57 MPa和6.64 MPa。     

硬脂酸改性超支化聚酯无氟水性聚氨酯拒水剂的制备及性能

以端羟丙基硅油(数均分子量2 000)、三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)、N-甲基二乙醇胺(N-MDEA)和甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)等为原料合成水性聚氨酯(WPU)。为了引入疏水支链结构,采用硬脂酸对端羟基超支化聚酯进行端基改性,得到硬脂酸封端的超支化聚酯。将WPU与硬脂酸改性超支化聚酯(SA-HBPE-3)进行复配,并应用于织物。采用红外光谱对改性前后的WPU及SA-HBPE-3的结构进行表征。通过静态水接触角、吸水率及应用测试,研究了SA-HBPE-3含量对SA-HBPE-3/WPU胶膜耐水性、表面能及拒水性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着SAHBPE-3含量从0增至30wt%,SA-HBPE-3/WPU胶膜的吸水率降至6.63%,涂覆处理织物的静态水接触角升至135.3°。SA-HBPE-3的引入提高了SA-HBPE-3/WPU胶膜的耐水性和涂覆织物的拒水性。当SA-HBPE-3含量为20wt%时,拒水效果达到最优值90分。     

新型聚醚砜/磺化聚醚砜共混超滤膜制备方法的研究

基于自制的磺化聚醚砜(SPES)溶液,直接将SPES溶液与聚醚砜(PES)共混配制铸膜液,制备新型的聚醚砜/磺化聚醚砜(PES/SPES)共混超滤膜,简化了制膜过程.考察了铸膜液中PES与SPES总固含量、凝固浴温度、预蒸发时间和添加剂对PES/SPES共混膜结构与性能的影响.研究发现,随铸膜液温度的降低和铸膜液中酸含量的增加,铸膜液的比浓黏度增加;制备的共混膜断面为致密皮层和多孔支撑层组成的不对称结构;随铸膜液PES/SPES总固含量的增加,共混膜的水通量降低,截留率升高;随凝固浴温度升高和预放置时间延长,共混膜水通量增加,截留率降低;聚乙二醇200(PEG200)和丙酮的加入有利于改善膜性能,当加入量为2%时,共混膜的水通量都高于460L/(m~2·h),对PEG6000截留率都大于85%.     

PBT/PVA复合纳米纤维膜的制备及性能研究

通过将聚乙烯醇(PVA)与聚对苯二甲丁二醇酯(PBT)不同比例混合进行静电纺丝,对所得PBT/PVA复合纳米纤维膜通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、单轴拉伸测试以及水接触角测试进行了表征。结果显示:PBT/PVA混合溶液的可纺性和所得纤维膜形貌随PVA含量增加而变化;纯PBT纳米纤维膜表现为较低的力学性能和疏水性(水接触角为135°),而少量PVA的混入(PBT/PVA=20/1或10/1)可以有效提高所得纤维膜力学性能和亲水性,尤其10/1的PBT/PVA复合纤维膜在力学性能提高的同时表现为超亲水特性(水接触为0°)。     

纳米纤维素增强聚乙烯醇/水性聚氨酯静电纺膜的研究

采用TEMPO(2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧化物自由基)氧化纤维素纳米纤维(TOCNs)作为聚乙烯醇(PVA)/水性聚氨酯(WPU)静电纺膜的增强剂。研究中使用拉伸实验研究TOCNs的增强作用,此外还使用扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、热重分析仪及差示扫描量热仪等对静电纺膜进行结构性能表征。扫描电镜观察发现当纳米纤维素加入量为5%(质量分数)时,其在聚合物基质中分散良好,所得静电纺纳米纤维保持了良好的形态。此外,加入5%(质量分数)的纳米纤维素能够将材料的抗张强度提高44%,且纳米纤维素的加入对材料的热稳定性也有一定的改善,纳米纤维素起到一种纳米填料的效果。鉴于PVA、WPU、TOCNs均为亲水性,无毒且具有生物相容性的物质,所得静电纺膜在组织支架及伤口护理材料等方面具有潜在应用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...