当今大学本科课程中的BIM课程

BIM作为一种方法已经在工程建设(AEC)行业引起了广泛的关注。它利用虚拟的模型涵盖了一个工程项目从设计到建造直至最终运行全生命周期中所有相关的信息。从模型中能够提取预算所需的工程量,定义施工计划需要的工程要素,还可以建立可持续性研究的模拟环境以及为后期设备管理制定工作流程。BIM是一种工具,有助于促进工程建设行业向协作性更强的建造过程转变。由于该行业缺乏精通BIM的资深人才,因此工程建设行业的管理专业毕业生应该为此做好充分准备。正是由于相关合格人才有缺口的预计,亚利桑那州立大学与FIATECH(一家非营利性建筑公司,物料供应商和学术研究的联盟)共同进行了一项研究,目的是了解在BIM日渐成为设计与承包商主要工具的情况下,学术界怎样为行业提供支持。通过调查和现场会议,我们对当前的教学计划进行了评估并提出一些建议,以帮助各个大学重新设定课程教学计划。主要建议包括讲授核心概念,再辅以自己动手实践和讲座结合的方式学习建造过程的方法。另外一个建议是:学校和行业保持紧密合作,将行业内的专业人士请到课堂上,介绍BIM在行业中的实际应用,以实例帮助学生了解未来获得成功所需要掌握的技能。为了进一步对有关BIM课程设置的指导,我们还通过一个班级和几个相关课程对老师教授BIM的方法做了评审。总之,本研究对目前课堂中设置和开发BIM内容的教学方法以及业界对此的希望都做了探究。     

Benchmarking for construction: theory and practice

The UK construction industry has identified benchmarking as one of a number of initiatives to assist in the drive for major improvements in efficiency and economy. At the outset, the industry struggled to see how a technique based upon comparison of similar goods and processes could be used effectively in a project based industry where products, processes and teams changed regularly. This paper discusses the development and testing of a benchmarking model and study methodology for use in construction. The model was derived from an extensive literature review which considered the underlying theoretical basis of benchmarking. The case is made that, to be successful, the benchmarking process is as important as the benchmarks themselves, and that it is based upon constructivist foundations, rather than positivist. As such, any methodology for undertaking benchmarking must take place in a similar vein, i.e. be interactive, team based and flexible but with an underlying rigour provided by the benchmarking model. The paper outlines two case studies to test the benchmarking model and study methodology, discusses the learning and benefits that accrued and introduces further developments.     

Bridge information models for construction of a concrete box-girder bridge

Large construction projects involve collaboration among a large number of participants with different specialised knowledge from various construction processes. A readily accessible bridge information model is needed to enable engineers to innovate prefabricated bridge construction. Three-dimensional (3D) information models can include multi-layered information for different users such as designer, contractor and owner. A construction project life-cycle management system was suggested to integrate and to accumulate valuable information. In this paper, 3D bridge information models for an international concrete bridge construction project were built to integrate design and construction processes. The 3D bridge models were realised by considering work breakdown structure and product breakdown structure to enable digital mock-up and design enhancement and to shorten the learning time of construction engineers. The models were also utilised for the fabrication of precast box segments and for the geometry control during construction. Assessment from the construction director was discussed and additional usage of the bridge information models was suggested.     

Using PLS-PM to model the process of inter-project learning in construction projects

Learning across projects is a vital part of avoiding the repetition of mistakes. The temporary nature of projects magnifies the need to determine the process of inter-project learning and knowledge transfer. A hierarchical model is proposed comprising four dimensions of inter-project learning and their indicators. Data were collected through a questionnaire conducted on professionals working on 36 large construction sites in Malaysia. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) through partial least squares-path modeling (PLS-PM) was used for the hierarchical model identification as well as validity, reliability, and quality testing. The results show two constructs, social and technical, comprise the learning indicators across the construction projects. A new approach to inter-project learning is then proposed that describes the interaction between the four processes — experience accumulation, knowledge articulation, knowledge codification, and knowledge transfer.     

Modeling construction processes using artificial neural networks

The paper evaluates a neural network approach to modeling the dynamics of construction processes that exhibit both discrete and stochastic behavior, providing an alternative to the more conventional method of discrete-event simulation. The incentive for developing the technique is its potential for (i) facilitating model development in situations where there is limited theory describing the dependence between component processes; and (ii) rapid execution of a simulation through parallel processing. The alternative ways in which neural networks can be used to model construction processes are reviewed and their relative merits are identified. The most promising approach, a recursive method of dynamic modeling, is examined in a series of experiments. These involve the application of the technique to two classes of earthmoving system, the first comprising a push-dozer and a fleet of scrapers, and the second a loader and fleet of haul trucks. The viability of the neural network approach is demonstrated in terms of its ability to model the discrete and stochastic behavior of these classes of construction processes. The paper concludes with an indication of some areas for further development of the technique.     

基于交通系统视角的东京地区新城研究

在城市空间由单中心都市区向多中心都市圈、大都市连绵带扩展的过程中,新城建设是促进城市空间优化完善与社会经济持续发展的重要途径。通过梳理东京地区新城和区域交通系统的发展演变历程,探求交通系统建设与新城开发的互动性,并结合东京地区典型新城的发展历程分析,寻求值得上海借鉴的新城建设和交通系统构建的有益启示。其中,东京地区新城关于建设快速直达中心城的轨道交通线路、建立内部中运量交通系统、土地开发与交通系统构建始终保持同步的发展模式,都是值得上海借鉴的经验。     

结果导向的 BIM 工程能力培养路径研究

面向行业需求进行建筑工程类专业学生的 BIM 工程能力培养是 BIM 教育的发展趋势。以结果导向教育（OBE）为教学理念,基于结果链构建 BIM 工程能力培养逻辑框架。借鉴英国 BIM 学习成果矩阵确定 BIM 工程能力学习目标,在投入环节重视学校教师、企业导师和学生的三维跨界整合作用,并以问题导向学习（PBL）指导教学活动,最终建立结果导向的 BIM 工程能力培养路径模型。案例表明,学生的 BIM 认知、团队协作能力和专业核心价值观得到最明显的提升,所有学习目标均达到满意程度,该模型可用于建筑工程类专业学生的 BIM 工程能力培养。该模型是对传统教学模式的改进,可提高建筑工程类专业的 BIM 教学质量。     

将BIM纳入施工管理教育

施工管理教学需要把握由BIM带来的机会与挑战,以保持与时俱进。虽然越来越多的大学建筑,工程和施工(AEC)项目已经开始提供涉及BIM内容的课程,但是几乎没有项目适当地将BIM贯穿于整个课程中。本文阐述了科罗拉多州立大学(CSU)施工管理系为促进使用和学习BIM所采取的方法。为达到这种目的所做的努力,其根本在于在利用行业支持和指导的同时,在学生、行业需求和教师的专业知识之间取得平衡。本文阐述了作者为更好地理解和评估BIM对学生的教育经历所做的贡献,而发展探索性教学单元的过程,以及所获得的初步研究发现。BIM作为工具与方法的作用在教育界和工业界中并没有得到充分的理解。行业领导者认为BIM需要新型的工作程序他们渴望将BIM应用到对其未来员工的教育中。我们计划在试点项目中加入一门将BIM作为一种软件、以其建模为主要内容的课程,目前我们着重开发"BIM教学单元",以展示BIM程序在施工管理实践方面所发挥的作用。这些正在与行业合作开发的单元,强调了在不改变施工基本原则的情况下,如何使BIM的应用达到最佳并提高核心竞争力。经过持续不断的研究和试验性实施,作者试图理解并适应施工管理教育迫在眉睫的转变,从而改进课程,通过应用BIM促进更好的理解和学习。     

Augmented process model for e-tendering: Towards integrating object models with document management systems

The management of the construction industry is exponentially increasing in complexity since it has to deal with highly fragmented, complex and unique combinations of business relations, communications and processes. Each phase in the construction cycle requires effective communication/sharing of information/knowledge as well as coordination among project participants and stakeholders, thus leading to timing and technical content transfer enhancements and/or problems as well as related efficiency and/or profitability loss. Recent advances in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are considered essential and promising in improving sharing/exchange of project information as well as communication among construction industry stakeholders whilst reducing associated costs and time.One facet of such advances in ICT is evident from the proactive indulgement of the construction supply chain in collaborative extranets. Extranets are able to capture the supply chain communication practices and provide a controlled communication hub as well as document management databases with all ICT enhanced features. In parallel, the construction industry has recognized the importance of sharing and exchanging project information across the supply chain through project integrated databases. However, such advancements in the ICT utilisation in construction industry were unable to develop a system that exchanges/shares project information, at the element level, over a well defined matrix of communication that can also integrate into the business processes of the members of supply chain.The objective of this study is to highlight the needs to bridge this gap through the development of an augmented process model which will enable integrated databases to support collaborative extranets at the Tender stage. This paper will discuss the features, limitation and nature of the process and information models which can be integrated into the core business processes of the construction supply chain members. This is basically achieved by investigating the communication processes and information exchanged across the supply chain during the construction tendering phase.     

Stochastic Simulation of Construction Bidding and Project Management

Abstract: A stochastic simulation model of a project management game was developed to assist in training estimators in developing bidding strategies in construction. This paper discusses the development of the conceptual gaming model for bidding on construction projects and the implementation of the model on portable software. The model simulates the actual bidding in construction by creating projects, initiating random phenomena, and keeping track of the performance of the individual players of the game. Upon conclusion of the game the winner is selected as the player that maximizes his relative return on the original investment assigned to him by the game. The paper describes the underlying construction management concepts and the bidding process in general. The database management model is then detailed focusing on the requirements and strategy behind the development of the various databases. The paper also describes the various models utilized in simulating the involved random processes. Finally the operation of the program is introduced and its use in educating construction engineers and managers is highlighted.     

工程项目信息化管理成熟度模型研究

在施工单位实现对工程项目信息化管理,不仅是满足住建部对于建筑业企业的信息化发展目标的要求,更是信息技术快速发展成果在项目管理上的应用。但由于信息系统和工程项目本身的特殊性质,如何对工程项目信息化管理水平进行评价就成为一项紧迫的任务。通过对诺兰模型和米歇模型的借鉴,为企业建立了一个新的信息化战略分层的能力成熟度模型体系,模型包括从设计项目成熟度等级标准、指标体系及综合评价指数。该成熟度模型体系符合系统性、可操作性、导向性原则,能够客观和量化地反映工程项目的信息化程度。     

An LCA-based environmental impact assessment model for construction processes

A quantitative assessment of the environmental impact of construction activities can help decision-makers identify major environmental impact factors and make environmentally friendly construction plans in the early stages of construction. This paper presents an integrated life cycle environmental impact assessment model that is applicable to construction phase studies, where impact factors are examined according to two aspects of a typical construction process: construction equipment and ancillary materials. Environmental impacts are categorized into three safeguard subjects: ecosystems, natural resources and human health. A disability adjusted life year (DALY) model for assessing human health damage due to construction dust is developed. In addition, the environmental impact of earthwork construction is assessed as a case study to demonstrate the application of the proposed model. Results indicate that the proposed model can effectively quantify the environmental impacts of construction processes, and can potentially be used as a tool for contractors to select environmentally friendly construction plans.     

国外生土建筑发展对我国的启示与借鉴

生土建筑形式多样,不仅是中国传 统建筑重要的组成部分,在世界范围内也有 广泛分布。在全球能源危机背景下,生土建 筑材料的生态性能又一次受到世人瞩目。我 国研究生土建筑时间较早,但相较于发达国 家,在研究探索与经验累积等方面还存在一 定差距。本文从研究机构、教育模式、规范 标准三个不同层面对国内外生土建筑研究进 行分析判断,寻找出目前国内外生土建筑发 展的现状和需要改进之处,总结国外先进研 究经验,以高校教育作为理论支撑、规范标 准作为实践场地、研究机构作为理论与实践 结合的统筹研究单位,使三方面形成集“产 学研”为一体的完整链条,为我国生土建筑 的进一步发展提供依据。     

Optimal logistics planning for modular construction using two-stage stochastic programming

The construction sector is currently undergoing a shift from stick-built construction to modular building systems that take advantage of modern prefabrication techniques. Long established in-situ construction practices are thus being replaced by processes imported from the manufacturing sector, where component fabrication takes place within a factory environment. As a result of this transformation, current construction supply chains, which have focused on the delivery of raw materials to sites, are no longer apt and need to make way to new, strengthened, and time-critical logistics systems. The aim of this study is to establish a mathematical model for the optimisation of logistics processes in modular construction covering three tiers of operation: manufacturing, storage and assembly. Previous studies have indicated that construction site delays constitute the largest cause of schedule deviations. Using the model outlined in this paper we seek to determine how factory manufacturing and inventory management should react to variations in the demand on construction sites. A two-stage stochastic programming model is developed to capture all possible demand variations on site. The model is evaluated using a case study from the residential construction sector. The application shows that the model is effective and can serve as decision support to optimise modular construction logistics.     

基于DBN的盾构隧道施工参数优化方法研究

 为严格控制地表沉降,最大限度地减小隧道盾构施工给周围环境带来的不利影响,针对现有方法的不足,基于动态贝叶斯网络(DBN)理论提出一种盾构隧道施工参数优化方法,并将其应用于武汉某盾构隧道工程。首先选定待优化施工参数作为拟建网络结构的网络节点;然后设定离散化规则划分节点状态,以离散化工程实测数据完成参数学习,得到完整的DBN优化模型;该模型经验证用于工程施工参数优化,结果表明：该模型能够正确反映地表沉降与各施工参数之间的内在联系,具备一定的科学性;基于该模型进行反向诊断推理,能够确定各施工参数的最优设定区间;在该区间内对施工参数进行实时优化,能够降低地表沉降风险;该方法实时性强,具备一定的工程应用价值。     

A deep‐learning‐based computer vision solution for construction vehicle detection

This paper aims at providing researchers and engineering professionals from the first step of solution development to the last step of solution deployment with a practical and comprehensive deep‐learning‐based solution for detecting construction vehicles. This paper places particular focus on the often‐ignored last step of deployment. Our first phase of solution development involved data preparation, model selection, model training, and model validation. Given the necessarily small‐scale nature of construction vehicle image datasets, we propose as detection model an improved version of the single shot detector MobileNet, which is suitable for embedded devices. Our study's second phase comprised model optimization, application‐specific embedded system selection, economic analysis, and field implementation. Several embedded devices were proposed and compared. Results including a consistent above 90% mean average precision confirm the superior real‐time performance of our proposed solutions. Finally, the practical field implementation of our proposed solutions was investigated. This study validates the practicality of deep‐learning‐based object detection solutions for construction scenarios. Moreover, the detailed information provided by the current study can be employed for several purposes such as safety monitoring, productivity assessments, and managerial decision making.     

A new interactive model for improving the learning performance of back propagation neural network

The Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) has been used widely in construction management, but in fact, the BPNN is limited by a non-optimum weight adjustment manner and negatively influenced the convergence results. For this reason, this paper proposes the Individual Inference Adjusting Learning Rate technique (IIALR) to enhance the learning performance of the BPNN. The mechanism of the weight adjustment in the IIALR is an individual learning rate for each weight. Furthermore, this paper also establishes the Batch-Online Weight Updating Frequency mode (BOWUF) for the IIALR model, so as to adjust the connected weight of the BPNN properly and effectively. Finally, three cases are used to verify that the IIALR model can be more effective than other modifications of the BPNN. The IIALR model is conducive for assisting with the decision making process of construction management.     

Developing a knowledge map for construction scheduling using a novel approach

A knowledge map is a vital tool for better knowledge management and learning. While application of knowledge maps in the construction domain remains in the initial stages of development, the construction industry is experience-oriented and therefore suited to knowledge maps. This study presents a novel approach for developing a knowledge map for construction scheduling. According to framework-based classification, this study utilizes a science-specific search engine to search for literature on construction scheduling knowledge. Search results are then used to develop a file cabinet knowledge map consisting of a contour map, and several trend and density charts. This map representation compensates for the lack of various meanings in a single knowledge map. For novices interested in learning construction scheduling knowledge, results of this study provide constructive information to know the key issues and research trends in the construction domain. In summary, this study presents a suitable procedure for extracting knowledge from public knowledge sources for development of a knowledge map. The proposed approach can be used for rapid generation of knowledge maps.     

Assessment of construction processes and innovations through simulation

The objectives of this research are to represent construction activities accurately, and to provide a means for assessing the impacts from using innovations. The research approach is the detailed characterization of construction processes, and the development of system and material specific dynamic process simulation models. The ongoing research program is developing a set of specific models, based on extensive empirical data, to enable the accurate modelling of all of the construction processes for a complete facility construction project. A specific process model, glass/metal curtainwall erection, demonstrates the approach, with an analysis of the impacts from a related innovation.     

基于BIM技术的仿真模拟在地铁暗挖隧道施工中的应用

针对城市地铁暗挖隧道施工的重难点,文章采用仿真模拟技术,详细介绍了地质、隧道、机械设备等三维模型的构建方法,探讨了仿真模拟技术在施工组织、施工培训及现场实施等阶段中的应用,实践表明：仿真模拟技术可提前发现施工中存在的问题、降低施工风险、优化施工方案,并得到一种最佳的施工组织方式,为项目管理层提供科学、合理的决策依据。最后,对其在后期运维中的应用提出合理化建议,本文可对类似工程提供借鉴和参考。