土木建造类研究生学科交叉融合培养体系研究与实践

基于大工程观的复合型、国际化人才已经成为土木工程专业研究生培养的目标需求,因此,文章旨在探索学科交叉融合的土木建造类研究生培养途径。以重庆大学土木建造类研究生培养为例,通过目标需求分析,打造良好的多学科融合研究生培养条件,构建智慧赋能、学科交叉土木建造类研究生的培养体系。通过十余年的改革与实践,创新了培养理念、培养模式和培养体系,并在人才培养质量、培养能力、教学改革成果等方面取得了突出成效。通过智慧赋能土木、创新助力建造,有效提升了土木建造类研究生的创新能力和国际化视野,实现研究生培养从传统土木到智慧建造的复合式发展,开辟了土木建造类研究生人才培养改革新方向。     

论土木工程的信息化建设

针对当前我国基础设施和城乡住宅建设迅猛发展的要求,作为我国国民经济支柱产业的建筑业肩负重任,土木工程的信息化建设则是建筑业发展必须把握的重要课题,它包括建筑管理的信息化和建筑技术开发的信息化。土木工程的信息化建设须致力建立土木工程设计、施工的技术和控制信息系统;建立土木工程标准、行业管理、工程管理、企业管理的信息系统;建立土木工程基于互联网的方案优选、施工招投标、材料设备采购、人才招聘的企业商务贸易信息系统。以实现更高层次的技术创新和能力提高。     

The distinctiveness of civil engineering in engineering systems thinking and in new models in engineering education

A revolution in engineering education is coming, but is civil engineering ready? Students learn differently from how they did a few generations ago and the rapid pace of technology change means that the goals of education need to change as well as the method. New engineering degree programmes are arising, and though they aspire to teach a new generation of interdisciplinary engineers, they do not seem to have been developed with civil engineers in mind. While the need for improvements in systems thinking by engineering students is acknowledged by various organisations, the uniqueness of a civil engineering response to the systems challenge is not recognised. Civil engineering education is distinct because of the large scale of the artefacts that need to be created by students, because the scope of civil engineering employment is broader, and because its need in terms of systems thinking is more than project management. The conclusions are that (1) civil engineering education needs rapid and major change, (2) a unique focus on systems is needed in civil engineering education, and (3) civil engineering education needs to follow a distinctive path from the forms that the revolution is currently taking.     

一种新PERT模型在项目管理中的应用

对目前国际上重要的新兴项目管理方法进行了对比和分析。以早期PERT为基础,建立了改进型PERT算法模型。一些时间参数的计算公式被重新组合并应用到改进型PERT算法模型中,使PERT的计算更加方便和准确。最后,给出一个案例网络来证明所使用的新方法是可行的。     

着眼教育全过程 改革教学模式 打造工程类专业通识“金课”

“金课”建设是高等教育质量的保证,是教育全过程建设中的重要一环,当务之急应从教育理念、培养方案、课程设置、教学方法等方面进行“金课”全方位建设。通识类课程是大学本科教育的重要内容,着重培养学生的人文修养、道德情操、社会责任等综合素质。根据不同学科类别的通识课程特点,结合“金课”建设,提高工程专业通识类课程的教学效果,打破传统的专业课程教学模式,由单纯“以教师为中心”的“教”,转变为“以学生为中心”的“学”。以建设“双一流”大学和“金课”建设为契机,专注于课程设置和教学模式的改革创新,结合当前社会环境及学生关注的热点,充分利用工程类专业实体模型、工程实践、移动网络、社交平台、网络视频、传统优秀教学方法等教学方式和手段,积极探索工程类通识课程如何把学生的注意力从“手机”转移到课堂的教学模式。以高校土木工程专业通识课程桥梁美学为例,探索工程类专业通识“金课”的教学方法,供同行借鉴。     

露天矿边坡优化设计方法

露天矿边坡优化设计是矿山企业谋求受益最大化的关键一环。本文基于工程优化原理和系统工程概念,论述边坡工程的系统优化方法。它强调边坡工程与采矿工艺的结合,在总体上,采用系统分析方法和系统仿真技术,在具体步骤上,采用数值计算优化方法,最后推荐出受益大、工艺合理、安全可靠、经济风险小的边坡设计方案。     

The place of expert systems in civil engineering

Engineering is concerned with much more than calculation and numeric analysis. It is concerned with ideas, concepts, judgement and deploying experience which cannot be represented numerically. All of these appear to be outside the realm of traditional engineering computing. Engineers make use of knowledge about objects, events and processes and make declarative statements about them which are often written down symbolically. These limitations of traditional computing in civil engineering can be overcome by expert systems. In this paper we present a number of expert systems dealing with analysis, design and knowledge acquisition in the field of civil engineering.     

新工科背景下应用型高校课程改革探讨——以混凝土结构基本原理课程为例

基于"新工科"背景下土木工程行业的发展变化、应用型高校本科人才培养定位,以及"00后"大学生的特质,提出应用型本科土木工程专业应聚焦学生工程应用能力、工程管理协调能力和工程技术创新能力的培养,以便毕业生能够胜任绿色建造和信息时代工程技术应用、管理工作。基于不同学科知识的交叉融合可引发新的思维方式和创新模式,以混凝土结构基本原理课程改革为例,对课程改革进行探讨。在教学内容方面,主动将土木工程行业中的预制装配式混凝土结构和BIM等新技术与传统知识点进行融合,形成新的混凝土结构基本原理课程框架;在教学方法方面,充分发掘并利用"互联网+"学习平台和丰富的教学手段,激发"00后"的学习热情,从而改善教学效果。     

Borehole seismic characterization of a heterogeneous rock

Borehole reflection seismology can provide very high-resolution subsurface images around the borehole. In the oil and gas industry, the method has been aggressively used for imaging complex structure in and around an oil and gas reservoir. In the civil engineering field, there have been few attempts to apply these methods, although there are many potential needs for this type of technology. Intending to promote utilization of the method in civil engineering applications, we have developed data acquisition and processing techniques, and conducted field experiments to study its feasibility.In the borehole seismic measurement system, we use OYO's OWS as a downhole source and borehole shuttle as a receiver. We have increased the source energy of OWS by 3 times the conventional one to obtain greater transmission power. We have devised a tube wave damper for reducing tube waves in borehole acquisition. For the data processing, we have developed a prestack directional migration technique using three-component data for processing reflection waves arriving at the receiver from all directions around the borehole.To study the feasibility for civil engineering applications, we conducted single- and cross-well seismic reflection surveys in tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The reflection images obtained in the cross- and single-well seismic reflection surveys clearly showed fine layering in a rock and a steeply dipping geological boundary about 20 m away from the borehole, respectively.     

Neue Regelungen für den Grund‐ und Tunnelbau im Bundesfernstraßenbereich – Teil II: Tunnelbau

New guidelines for foundation and tunnel engineering in the field of German Federal Highways, part II – tunnel engineering. A general overview about the structure of the regulations for civil engineering works on the federal highways (ZTV‐ING) and the new regulations for foundation works was already given in the issue 12/2007 of Bautechnik [8]. The modified and new developed regulations for road tunnel constructions in Germany are presented in this issue. Special focus will be laid on the new regulations for mechanised shield excavation methods and on tunnel sealing systems.     

Risk analysis in construction: a paradigm shift from a hard to soft approach

Risk analysis in construction is becoming more popular as competition, project size and complexity increase. Traditional risk analysis relies on rules of thumb. While this approach can work, it is neither robust nor reliable. The development of information technology has made the use of probabilistic estimating and simulation a practicable alternative. These techniques are, however, precise but not necessarily accurate as simplification and many assumptions are used. Further information technology development in expert systems and the paradigm shift in systems engineering from a hard to soft approach has promoted an alternative approach to risk analysis utilizing the theory of fuzzy sets which translates linguistic expressions (such as highly likely) into numerical membership functions. This paper introduces risk analysis in construction against characteristics of the industry. It is argued that normative theories in probability are not as applicable in the construction industry as first perceived. The concept of fuzzy sets is described and the difference in approach in modelling risk between probabilistic and fuzzy methods will be presented. Initial empirical study reveals the applicability of fuzzy sets theory in risk analysis. This is important in that a model of risk analysis can be developed requiring the user to express risk attitude linguistically. Moreover, the results are also in linguistic terms and can, therefore, be understood and interpreted correctly by the user.     

BIM技术在水工程施工教学中的应用探索

BIM技术作为一项新兴技术,在土建行业逐渐得到广泛应用,并给该行业的发展和转型注入了蓬勃的动力。对于向社会推广高素质人才的高校而言,紧跟时代步伐,在土建类学科的教学中引入BIM技术,并对传统教学培养方案进行改革势在必行。文章借鉴国内外高校的BIM教学经验,分析水工程施工课程传统教学的局限,结合BIM技术的特点提出适合该课程的教学方案。     

土木工程智能计算分析研究进展与应用

随着数字孪生等数字化转型理念的推广,土木工程传统计算分析方法逐渐无法满足高效仿真、实时交互等新时代需求。而人工智能技术凭借其强大的拟合能力、卓越的计算效率以及优异的开放拓展性,日益受到研究者的关注,成为传统方法极具前景的更替选择,并发展出了土木工程智能计算分析这一新的研究方向。为系统梳理并展示相关前沿进展,针对土木工程智能计算分析研究进行全面综述,根据处理的问题输入属于静态、动态或是复合特征对现有研究进行分类,归纳各类研究的主要技术路线,统计常用智能算法,并概述在材料、构件、体系三层次场景的典型应用,进而分析了现有研究的局限性。为克服这些局限性,重点介绍完全基于深度学习的土木工程端到端智能计算框架DeepSNA,展示其相较于传统计算方法的高准确性与高效性。并提出四个开放性问题,为土木工程智能计算分析的未来研究方向提供参考。     

恒荷载效应显著结构失效模式分析的弹性模量缩减法

恒荷载效应在土木、水利等大型工程结构的分析中往往占有不可忽略的显著位置。针对传统弹塑性方法分析恒荷载效应显著结构失效模式存在的失效路径依赖性问题,结合截面强度融合技术和弹性模量调整策略,提出恒荷载效应显著结构失效元和失效模式的识别方法,进而建立恒荷载效应显著结构损伤演化和失效模式分析的弹性模量缩减法。首先将恒荷载效应融入构件的截面强度,建立强度和外荷载分布都发生改变的修正结构计算模型;然后根据齐次化广义屈服函数定义单元承载比和基准承载比,建立高承载单元识别的自适应准则;进而通过缩减高承载单元的弹性模量来模拟结构的刚度损伤,并确定结构的极限承载力;最后根据结构进入塑性极限状态时高承载单元的弹性模量缩减幅度批量标示失效元,据此确定结构的失效模式。通过算例分析,验证了该方法具有较强的稳定收敛性,能够取得较高的计算精度和效率,可以更加合理地描述结构的损伤演化过程,具有较强的适用性。     

Research and application of intelligent computation in civil engineering

随着数字孪生等数字化转型理念的推广，土木工程传统计算分析方法逐渐无法满足高效仿真、实时交互等新时代需求。而人工智能技术凭借其强大的拟合能力、卓越的计算效率以及优异的开放拓展性，日益受到研究者的关注，成为传统方法极具前景的更替选择，并发展出了土木工程智能计算分析这一新的研究方向。为系统梳理并展示相关前沿进展，针对土木工程智能计算分析研究进行全面综述，根据处理的问题输入属于静态、动态或是复合特征对现有研究进行分类，归纳各类研究的主要技术路线，统计常用智能算法，并概述在材料、构件、体系三层次场景的典型应用，进而分析了现有研究的局限性。为克服这些局限性，重点介绍完全基于深度学习的土木工程端到端智能计算框架DeepSNA，展示其相较于传统计算方法的高准确性与高效性。并提出四个开放性问题，为土木工程智能计算分析的未来研究方向提供参考。     

浅议土建工程预算时的误差分析

在开展土建工程施工前往往都要对成本进行预算规划,这当中就包含了在工程施工全阶段当中所用到的材料、人工费用以及图纸设计、模型建造及后期装修等资金支出。制定出的预算方案将是土建工程项目在具体开工前最关键的一项参考依据。在实际的预算工作实施过程当中,任意一处环节出错都将会致使最终的工程结果受到严重影响。因而,对于具体土建工程项目而言确保良好的工程预算误差处理意义重大。本文将重点就土建工程预算时所面临的误差影响因素展开具体分析,并在此基础上提出了一些针对性的控制方法。     

Lateral stiffness of steel plate shear wall systems

The accuracy of the finite element method and strip method of analysis for calculating the lateral stiffness of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) systems is assessed by making comparisons with experimental findings. Comparisons revealed that while both methods provide acceptable accuracy, they also require the generation of sophisticated computer models. In this paper, two alternative methods are developed. The first one is an approximate hand method based on the deep beam theory. The classical deep beam theory is modified in the light of parametric studies performed on restrained thin plates under pure shear and pure bending. The second one is a computer method based on the truss analogy. Stiffness predictions using the two alternative methods are found to compare well with the experimental findings. In addition, lateral stiffness predictions of the alternate methods are compared against the solutions provided using finite element and strip methods of analysis for a class of test structures. These comparisons reveal that the developed methods provide estimates with acceptable accuracy and are simpler than the traditional analysis techniques.     

BuildingsLife: a building management system

The financial resources available for infrastructure maintenance and rehabilitation are always limited, which creates a need for efficient resources' management and for the ability to predict maintenance actions throughout the infrastructure's service life. In the context of bridges, management systems have been developed and are already implemented around the world. A much larger variety of maintenance problems and a reduced number of buildings per owner mean that building management systems (BdMSs) are still quite rare. Actually, efficient methods for the service life prediction of building materials still need to be developed. This paper discusses the service life prediction methods used in building components based on deterministic, stochastic or engineering methods. The architecture of a recently developed BdMS – BuildingsLife – is presented, where the service life analysis of components is based on an initial statistical analysis of anomalies obtained from the inspection of in-use buildings. This method analyses the corresponding degradation through the use of deterministic and stochastic models.     

基于信息技术与校企协同的应用型土木类专业综合改革与实践

传统土木类专业人才培养模式存在企业参与度低,课程内容滞后于行业技术发展,理论与实践教学结合不紧密,管理方式落后等诸多不足。通过深入调查研究,提出理论学习—实践成长—理论梳理的"3+0.5+0.5"人才培养新模式,构筑校企联动人才培养的长效机制;融合现代工程智造技术,重构专业课程体系,依托全国BIM技能大赛平台,实施项目驱动式教学,培养学生工程智造能力;利用信息化技术改革传统教学与管理方式,实施无边界教学与实习管理,构建实践教学质量评价量化体系。土木类专业综合改革获得行业企业的认可,人才培养质量与就业质量稳步提升。