Nitrogen uptake efficiency in maize production using irrigation water high in nitrate

In order to achieve efficient use of nitrogen (N) and minimize pollution potentials, producers of irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) must make the best use of N from all sources. This study was conducted to evaluate crop utilization of nitrate in irrigation water and the effect N fertilizer has on N use efficiencies of this nitrate under irrigated maize production. The study site is representative of a large portion of the Central Platte Valley of Nebraska where ground water nitrate-N (NO₃-N) concentrations over 10 mg L^–1 are common. Microplots were established to accommodate four fertilizer N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha^–1) receiving irrigation water containing three levels of NO₃-N (0, 10, 20 mg L^–1). Stable isotope¹⁵N was applied as a tracer in the irrigation water for treatments containing 10 and 20 mg L^–1 NO₃-N. Plots that did not receive nitrate in the irrigation water where tagged with¹⁵N fertilizer as a sidedress treatment. Sidedressed N fertilizer significantly reduced irrigation-N uptake efficiencies. When residual N uptake is added to first year plant usage, total irrigation NO₃-N uptake efficiencies are similar to total sidedress N fertilizer uptake efficiencies for our cropping system over the two year period. Efficiency of irrigation-N use depends on crop needs and availability of N from other sources during the irrigation season.     

氮钾肥生产注意事项

氮钾肥生产控制过程与传统的三元复合肥参数控制差别较大。介绍了中国-阿拉伯化肥有限公司氮钾肥生产中工艺选择、配方优化、工艺参数控制等应注意事项。     

The carbon footprint of maize production as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and maize-legume rotations

Studies on the sustainability of crop production systems should consider both the carbon (C) footprint and the crop yield. Knowledge is urgently needed to estimate the C cost of maize (Zea mays L.) production in a continuous monoculture or in rotation with a leguminous crop, the popular rotation system in North America. In this study, we used a 19-year field experiment with maize under different levels of synthetic N treatments in a continuous culture or rotation with forage legume (Alfalfa or red clover; Medicago sativa L./Trifolium pratense L.) or soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) to assess the sustainability of maize production systems by estimating total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (kg?CO₂ eq?ha^?1) and the equivalent C cost of yield or C footprint (kg?CO₂ ?eq?kg^?1?grain). High N application increased both total GHG emissions and the C footprint across all the rotation systems. Compared to continuous maize monoculture (MM), maize following forage (alfalfa or red clover; FM) or grain (soybean; SM) legumes was estimated to generate greater total GHG emissions, however both FM and SM had a lower C footprint across all N levels due to increased productivity. When compared to MM treated with 100?kg?N?ha^?1, maize treated with 100?kg?N?ha^?1, following a forage legume resulted in a 5?% increase in total GHG emissions while reducing the C footprint by 17?%. Similarly, in 18 out of the 19-year period, maize treated with 100?kg?N?ha^?1, following soybean (SM) had a minimal effect on total GHG emissions (1?%), but reduced the C footprint by 8?%. Compared to the conventional MM with the 200?kg?N?ha^?1 treatment, FM with the 100?kg?N?ha^?1 treatment had 40?% lower total GHG emissions and 46?% lower C footprint. Maize with 100?kg?N?ha^?1 following soybean had a 42?% lower total GHG emissions and 41?% lower C footprint than MM treated with 200?kg?N?ha^?1. Clearly, there was a trade-off among total GHG emissions, C footprint and yield, and yield and GHG emissions or C footprint not linearly related. Our data indicate that maize production with 100?kg?N?ha^?1 in rotation with forage or grain legumes can maintain high productivity while reducing GHG emissions and the C footprint when compared to a continuous maize cropping system with 200?kg?N?ha^?1.     

正渗透水肥一体化灌溉中化肥驱动液的筛选

选择尿素溶液、磷酸二氢钾溶液、硝酸钾溶液、硝酸铵溶液4种化肥溶液作为汲取液,重金属镉溶液作为原料液,CTA膜作为正渗透膜,进行化肥正渗透驱动液的筛选试验。以NaCl-纯水为对照组,设置3次重复试验。定期观测记录质量、EC值、TDS值、体积、流量、进出压力值、温度及pH等变化,计算正向水通量、反向盐通量及正向截留率,并测定溶液中重金属及氮磷钾含量变化。结果表明:性能最佳的化肥汲取液是KH_2PO_4,其水通量高而且溶质返混运动营养损失最低。     

Control of nitrate pollution by application of controlled release fertilizer (CRF), compost and an optimized irrigation system

A nitrogenous controlled release fertilizer (Floranid 32) and a treatment of municipal organic waste compost were tested under two irrigation managements (conventional and ET-adjusted irrigation rates) with the aim of assessing risk of nitrate leaching to the aquifer. A check without N fertilizer was introduced. The experiment was carried out at La Poveda Field Station (30 km SE Madrid, Spain) in alluvial soils with water table depth at 4 m and under maize cropping. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, allocating 12 plots to each irrigation management. Although N fertilizer rate (150 kg ha^–1) was reduced at half as related to a previous experiment, no difference in grain yields was observed. This result relates to a high content of soil-N. Floranid showed promising results in controlling N-leaching in comparison with urea that exhibited an accelerated rate of N release which finally determines low use of N by the plant and marked NO₃ ^– leaching. Treatment of municipal waste compost showed NO₃ ^– concentrations in the soil water solution of similar values as those of urea at 140 cm. ET-adjusted irrigation showed no drainage during the corn growing season and lower NO₃ ^– concentrations in the soil water solution which could indicate a general lower rate of N solubilization.     

肥料的科学生产与施用

结合当前我国肥料生产施用状况、土壤肥力状况、农产品性状、环境状况,论述应该调整肥料生产结构,改良土壤,合理施肥,以提高肥料养分利用率,降低农业成本和环境污染。提出建立以测土配方施肥技术为主体的肥料生产经营、技术服务、部门管理相支撑的、技物相结合的农化服务体系和发展生态农业的建议。     

复合肥生产过程中氮、磷、钾、水含量快速分析探讨

介绍复合肥料生产过程中中间物料氮、磷、钾、水含量的快速检测方法,并就检测结果和所耗时间与国标检验法进行对比。结果表明,快速检验法检测速度快,准确度高,精密度好。复合肥生产过程中,根据中间物料中氮、磷、钾和水含量进行原料配比和参数调整,可大大减少返料量,提高产品合格率。     

智能变送器及其在化肥生产中的应用

介绍ＳＴ３０００系列全智能变送器的测量原理和特点，简述在化肥生产中的应用。     

化肥工业氮、磷减排清洁生产技术及应用

清洁生产是促进经济与环境效益协调发展的重要手段,既可提高资源的利用率,又可从源头削减污染物(如氮、磷)的排放量,减轻末端治理负荷。以化肥行业为例介绍了国内化工企业氮、磷减排清洁生产技术发展情况,并阐述了在太湖流域推广应用情况。     

我国需增加硝基肥产量,提升硝态氮施肥比例

论述了近年国内外生产和施用的氮肥中所含铵态氮和硝态氮的比例关系。硝态氮肥产量占全球氮肥总产量:世界约14%,欧盟约40%,而我国仅占2%。消费结构比例与产量比例相近。世界最大3家氮肥生产商Yara、Terra和PCS的主要产品为硝铵尿素溶液、硝酸盐等含硝态氮产品,产量和销售量占其氮肥总量的50%以上。加快发展我国硝基肥产业,提高硝态氮肥施用量,对优化我国施肥结构、提高肥料利用率有重要意义。     

Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield,oil content,nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola (Brassica napus L.)

Effects of N application and water supply on yield, oil content and N accumulation by canola, cultivar Marnoo, grown on a heavy clay soil in the Goulburn Murray Irrigation Region were investigated. Treatments were rainfed (R_f) or watered at a deficit of 50 mm (40–60 mm, I₅₀) beginning in the spring. N treatments were 0, 50, 100 or 200 kg N ha^–1 at sowing or as split applications of 20/80, and 50/50 kg N ha^–1 at sowing and rosette, respectively.Yield (Y_g) ranged from 170 to 520 g m^–2. Irrigation and N increased yield in both years. Grain yields were increased by N application on the irrigated treatments when 100 or 200 kg N ha^–1 was applied. Oil concentrations ranged from a maximum of 46.4% in treatment N₀ to a minimum of 40.6% in treatment N₂₀₀ and was inversely related to seed N concentration. Although fertilizer N decreased oil concentration, it increased the yield of oil.Nitrogen accumulation (N_b) limited yield of all treatments and was described by the equation, Y_g = 806[1-EXP(–0.039*N_b)]. This implied a decrease in yield per unit of N_b at the higher rates of fertilizer addition with consequent increases in grain N concentration.The efficiency of water use in the production of grain (WUE_g) and biomass (WUE_b) were 7.5 and 23 kg ha^–1 mm^–1 respectively. Nitrogen additions increased WUE_g and WUE_b in both seasons. Maximum values of 8.9 (WUE_g 1986) and 26.8 (WUE_b 1987) were measured from treatment N₂₀₀. These data suggest that the crops made efficient use of the applied water.     

Response of dryland wheat to small supplemental irrigation and fertilizer nitrogen in submontane Punjab

In northern India, the monsoon rains recede much earlier than the sowing time of post-rainy crops and the seed-zone gets dried. Excess rain water collected in near-farm or on-farm reservoirs permits small presowing and/or postsowing irrigation(s) to increase yield which is also limited by N supplies. Field experiments were conducted to match N application rates with available water supplies to optimise wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields. Five rates of fertilizer N (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha^–1) were combined with five irrigation treatments (no-irrigation; 5 cm and 10 cm presowing irrigation, 5 cm irrigation 30 days after sowing and; equal presowing and postsowing irrigations totalling 10 cm). The yield was regressed over crop water supply inclusive of irrigation (W) or exclusive of irrigation (W₁) and applied nitrogen (N). Grain yield increased with increase in both water supply and N-rate. Within certain limits N and W₁ substituted each other for yield and so did irrigation and W₁. Irrespective of irrigation, the amount of N required to substitute for given W₁ to maintain a given yield decreased with increasing W₁. At low W₁, irrigation substituted for small changes in W₁ but with increased W₁, irrigation substituted for larger changes in W₁. Also with increase in N level given irrigation substituted for smaller amount of W₁. These regressions permit recommendations of N in relation to stored water and seasonal rain with or without limited irrigation. The latter was most useful at intermediate W₁.     

Seeding,nitrogen and irrigation management optimize rice water and nitrogen use efficiency

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems - Adoption of appropriate agronomic practices, such as optimum seeding and nitrogen (N) rates, in synchronization with proper water management practice could help...     

复合肥生产中污水处理过程

介绍复合肥生产中污水组成及其处理方法。污水经过 3次中和 ,再经戈尔薄膜过滤器过滤 ,处理后的污水无色、透明 ,其 p H值、氟含量均符合国家排放标准 ,可以循环利用。     

Farm-scale carbon and nitrogen fluxes in pastoral dairy production systems using different nitrogen fertilizer regimes

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems - The nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rate (kg ha?1 year?1) in pastoral dairy systems affects the flow of N through the soil,...     

糖蜜酒精发酵浓缩液生产螯合水溶肥技术研究与应用前景

介绍在糖蜜酒精发酵浓缩液(MAWC)中添加适量中微量元素喷雾干燥制螯合水溶肥的方法,分析其应用前景。针对国内大量糖蜜酒精发酵液处理给制糖企业及环境带来的压力,应用MAWC生产螯合水溶肥可使企业、生态环境、社会多方受益。     

硫基复合肥生产过程智能控制系统

介绍智能控制在硫基复合肥生产过程中的应用实例。为了使现场技术人员和操作人员能够方便、快捷地应用智能控制理论和技术，给出了使用PLC的智能PID控制梯形图，便于读者解决工程实际问题。     

Manure and fertilizer contributions to soil mineral nitrogen and the yield of forage maize

Fifteen field trials were conducted to evaluate soil mineral N measurement as a means for quantifying the total N supply to forage maize and so to form the basis for fertilizer recommendations on a crop-specific basis. In every trial, 4 rates of cattle manure N (nominally 0, 80, 160, 240 kg N per ha) and 4 rates of ammonium nitrate (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N per ha) were factorially combined. Soil mineral N measurements were made before manure application, at the time of maize drilling, 7-10 weeks after drilling and after harvest. Measurements on control treatments which received no manure or ammonium nitrate showed extensive net mineralisation of soil N (mean 140 kg N per ha) in the 7-10 weeks after drilling followed by a decrease due to crop uptake, and probably net immobilisation, of approximately the same amount by harvest. This net mineralisation was probably the reason why only one trial showed a significant dry-matter yield response to ammonium nitrate. Results indicated that , to be useful for N recommendations, soil mineral N measurements should be taken 7-10 weeks after drilling. Only if the amount of mineral N at this time is less than expected crop N offtake should fertilizer N be applied. A mean of around 64% of the N applied in ammonium nitrate could be accounted for in soil mineral N after harvest of the maize, although this was reduced to 24% in the single trial where a dry-matter response to ammonium nitrate was recorded.     

软管泵在磷肥生产中的应用

介绍软管泵的结构特点、性能和应用效果。与隔膜泵比较:一次性投资仅3万元,比隔膜泵少10万元;总功率5.5kW(1台),而隔膜泵需用4台,总功率30kW,保养维护费用少。已广泛用于实验室流体定量输送,化工装置喷雾造粒,浓料浆、沉淀污泥的输送。